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Shlisselburg Fortress(Oreshek) was founded by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, grandson of Alexander Nevsky, in 1323on Orekhovoy Island at the source of the Neva as an outpost on the border with Sweden.

In XIV-XVII centuries The fortress withstood fierce assaults more than once. In 1612After a nine-month siege, the fortress fell and within 90was under Swedish rule for years. Then it was called Noteburg(Nut City).

During the Northern War 1700-1721. Peter I decided to take possession of the Neva, capturing Noteburg on Ladoga and the Nyenschanz fortress near the Gulf of Finland.

The siege of Noteburg began on 27 September (8 October) 1702 under the personal leadership of PeterI. The fortress garrison consisted of 450 people at 148 guns. After a 10-day artillery bombardment of the fortifications from 52coastal and naval guns, soldiers of the Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky regiments, as well as volunteers from other Peter the Great regiments for 50boats under fire crossed to the island and began an assault on the fortress walls.

11 (22) October 1702 After a 13-hour stubborn battle, the Swedish garrison surrendered. 12(23) October Russian ships entered the Neva. Reporting victory, PeterI wrote: “The Fatherland fortress was returned, which was in unrighteous hands 90years... it is true that this nut was extremely cruel, but, thank God, it was happily chewed up. Our artillery has corrected its work very miraculously.”

Peter I renamed Noteburg to Shlisselburg, which means “key city,” as a sign that this fortress is the key to the Baltic Sea. In the XVIII-XIXcenturies, the glory of the “Russian Bastille” was assigned to the Shlisselburg fortress. Disgraced members of the royal family, pretenders to the throne, political criminals and terrorists were kept here. WITH 1907 the fortress became centralconvict prison.

In August 1928 A museum was opened in the Shlisselburg Fortress - a branch of the Museum of the October Revolution. During the Great Patriotic War, almost 500 defenders of the fortressThey defended it for days, maintaining access to Lake Ladoga and preventing Leningrad from being completely cut off from the mainland. Artillery shelling caused significant destruction in Shlisselburg, many monuments turned into ruins.

Since 1965 The Shlisselburg Fortress became a branch of the State Museum of the History of Leningrad.

Lit.: Kirpichnikov A. N., Sapkov V. M. Fortress Oreshek. L., 1979;Fortress Oreshek [Electronic resource] // State Museum of the History of St. Petersburg. B. d. URL: http://www.spbmuseum.ru/themuseum/museum_complex/oreshek_fortress/; Fortress Oreshek [Electronic resource] // Small towns of Russia. 1999-2005. URL: http://www.towns.ru/other/oreshek.html.

“Gods and Goddesses” - Hephaestus. Hermes is the god of trade, messenger of the gods. Hestia is the goddess of the hearth. Demeter is the goddess of fertility and agriculture. Aphrodite is the eternally young goddess. Nymphs. Thetis is a sea goddess. Athena is the goddess of just wars and wisdom. Religion of the ancient Greeks. Dionysus is the god of fun and winemaking. Immortal maidens.

“Gods of the Slavs” - There were four solar gods: Khors, Yarilo, Dazhbog and Svarog. The connection of the gods with the change of seasons. Master of Navi, ruler of the unknown, black god. Why did the Slavs reverence the sun more than anyone else? Dazhdbog is the god of fertility. Thunderer Perun. Customs associated with the worship of Perun. Svarog is the god of fire. Stribog is the god of the wind, the leader of air currents.

“Gods of the ancient Slavs” - Perun, the movement of the ether, thunder. 1.From history... 2.Rituals. 3.Gods. 4.Author. 5.Bibliographic list. Polelya, marriage. Belly, saving life Ice, war. Radegast, god of hospitality and cities. Freeze, winter. King of the sea. Kolyada, peace. Didilia, childbirth. From history... Dogoda, marshmallows. Bug Don. Very little information has been preserved about the paganism of the ancient Slavs.

“Gods in Ancient Greece” - Athena and Arachne. Here, according to the ideas of the ancient Greeks, the immortal gods lived. Hades + Persephone. Hestia. Ocean. Ares - Mars - god of bloody war. The myth of Narcissus. Zeus statue in Olympia. Kron – Time + Rhea. Titian "Venus". On Parnassus. Artemis and Apollo. Moon - Selena. Tell the myth of Narcissus. Eros - Cupid - son of Aphrodite.

“Ancient gods of Egypt” - Was the God of the Sun, the God of Light. Supreme God of Ancient Egypt. In medieval alchemy, the Ankh was a symbol of immortality. Osiris is the God of the Underworld and the Judge of the dead. Introduction. Plan: They turned to Sebek with prayers for the cure of diseases, for help in difficult life situations. Anubis is the patron god of the dead.

“Days of Military Glory of Russia” - Signed by the President of the Russian Federation on March 13, 1995. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, and French. Roll loudly in the bloody darkness of the Hundredth Attack. Suvorov A.V. Passed all military ranks. Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich. Zhukov G.K. Kozhedub I.N. Kutuzov M.I. Pokryshkin A.I. 1. To commemorate what events were the days of military glory of Russia established?

Odessa is the pearl of the Black Sea. St. Petersburg is the pearl of the Neva. At first glance, these cities are very different, but this is only at first glance. In this article I will try to find out what these two magnificent cities were called on old maps, assuming that St. Petersburg was built not by Peter, but by Odessa-Richelieu, what they have in common, and what inconsistencies there are in the official version of the founding of Odessa (Peter has already been written about so many). So, let's begin.

The wonderful Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin left impressions of Odessa and St. Petersburg in his works. In one case, this is an additional chapter to his famous "Eugene Onegin", in the other - the poem "The Bronze Horseman". This is what the addition to Onegin sounds like:

I lived then in dusty Odessa:
There the skies are clear for a long time,
There is a lot of troublesome bargaining
He lifts his sails;
Everything there breathes and blows with Europe,
Everything shines with the south and is colorful
Lively diversity.
The language of Italy is golden
It sounds cheerful on the street,
Where the proud Slav walks,
French, Spanish, Armenian,
Both the Greek and the Moldavian are heavy,
And the son of Egyptian soil,
Retired corsair, Morals.

And here’s how Alexander Sergeevich describes going to the opera:

But the blue evening is getting dark,
It's time for us to go to the opera quickly:
There is delightful Rossini,
Europe's darling is Orpheus.
Not heeding harsh criticism,
He is forever the same, forever new,
He pours sounds - they boil,
They flow, they burn,
Like young kisses
Everything is in bliss, in the flame of love,
Like a hissing ai
Golden stream and splashes...
But, gentlemen, is it allowed
Equate do-re-mi-sol with wine?
Is there only charm there?
What about the investigative lorgnette?
What about backstage dates?
And prima donna? and ballet?
And the box, where, shining with beauty,
Young merchant
Proud and languid,
Surrounded by a crowd of slaves?
She both heeds and does not heed
And cavatina, and prayers,
And half a joke with flattery...
And her husband is dozing in the corner behind her,
Woke up, the odds will scream,
He will yawn and snore again
The finale thunders; the hall is emptying;
The traffic is noisy and in a hurry;
The crowd ran to the square
With the shine of lanterns and stars,
Sons of Ausonia happy
They lightly sing a playful tune,
Having involuntarily hardened it,
And we roar a recitative.
But it's too late. Odessa sleeps quietly;
And lifeless and warm
Silent night. The moon has risen
Transparent-light curtain
Encompasses the sky. Everything is silent;
Only the Black Sea is noisy...

And then I come across a brochure dedicated to the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater. There, after these verses, it is written, I quote: “It does not matter that the very theater that Pushkin recalled in his Mikhailovsky exile is long gone. The poet was not painting a building. He was recreating the atmosphere of a theatrical festival.”
Just like that. It turns out that Pushkin was a great dreamer, and described what he did not see? Was he also considered an inventor, just like Piranesi and Hubert? As we know, the poet spent 13 months in Odessa - from July 3, 1823 to July 31, 1824. Here he wrote two and a half chapters of "Eugene Onegin", completed "The Bakhchisarai Fountain" and much more. And here is a description of the first city theater (note that it is not called “opera” anywhere):

The building of the first city theater was built according to the design of the Italian Francesco Frapolli, and changes to the plan were made by the Frenchman Thomas de Thomon, who erected many buildings in the then capital of the Russian Empire - St. Petersburg. On February 10, 1810, the grand opening of the theater took place. It was a snow-white building like an ancient temple, facing the port. The hall had 800 seats (at that time 12.5 thousand people lived in the city). There were 44 seats on three tiers of boxes, behind which there was a large semicircular space from where about 700 more spectators could enjoy the performance while standing, as in the old Italian theaters.

From memoirs: “The hall of the old theater was three-tiered, with seventeen boxes, and the gallery was right under the ceiling, but so low that the audience almost touched it with their heads. There was no chandelier; it was hung later. The hall was illuminated by kenkets, that is, five-candle candelabra attached to the outer walls of the boxes. The candles were tallow and wax. The stage was lit by large oil lamps. There was no lighting at all in the gallery, as a result of which the light of the hall and stage seemed simply dazzling to us sitting in the gallery. The theater had its own special, specific smell from the soot of candles and ladies’ perfume.”

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And so, after a fire in 1873, in which the theater burned to the ground, completely, and there could be no talk of any restoration, a certain F. Felmer (Ferdinand) and G. Helmer (Herman) were instructed to draw up a project for a new theater (interesting names, is not it). Of course, the chief architect of Odessa with the typically Russian surname Bernardazzi, and the architects Dmitrenko and Gonsiorovsky, according to whose designs most of the buildings in Odessa were built, put a lot of effort into the construction of the new building. Legend has it that F. Fellner, who arrived in Odessa for the opening ceremony, exclaimed: “This is the best theater in the world!” This is the kind of megalomania Mr. Felmer had. This is what the opera house looks like today, built in the 19th century for some reason in a typical Baroque style:

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It seems to me, or was the old theater in a different place than the current opera house? If you look closely at the photographs, you can see that the long house on the right, which can be clearly seen in the photograph of the old theater, has disappeared, and the area is not the same... Maybe there was already an opera house, but it wasn’t an opera house yet? And it wasn’t a theater at all? By the way, the opera house in Dresden, built in 1841 according to the design of who do you think? No, wrong, not Fellner, but Gottfried Semper. Plagiarize, however, Mr. Fellner (by the way, even the sculptures on top are stolen. This is not good)

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To see that Odessa is an ancient city, along with St. Petersburg, I opened old maps (you can download them) and was surprised to find that in the place of modern Odessa there is... the city of Ochakov, and then only the largest ones were indicated on those maps cities that were part of Great Tartaria. And the current city of Ochakov is located 60 kilometers east of Odessa. Here's the map:

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I have highlighted key cities that have retained their names to this day and are on almost all old maps. And now - attention to the screen.

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The first map dates back to 1550, the last - 1665. The list can be continued for a very long time. Until about 1770, this city is on almost every map. And the top of the collection is the city of Odessa on the map of the 17th century.

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Ordessos... Moreover, there is another one - Ordesos (a little higher), which most likely indicates that this is a designation of cities of the same type, and not the name of a specific city.

As can be seen from the maps, the city of Ochakov is located exactly on the site of present-day Odessa, to the south there is Kiliya, then higher up - Belgorod (now Belgorod - Dnestrovsky) and near it a little higher - Ochakov. Here's what Wikipedia says about modern Ochakov:

Back in the 14th century, on the site of modern Ochakov, Genoese colonists built the Lerich fortress. The Genoese also founded their trade center and port here. Since the situation in the region was turbulent due to the constant raids of the Crimean Tatars, the Genoese from Lerić sought protection from the hospodars of the Principality of Moldova, who were gaining increasing power in Europe.

The renewed Ochakov was founded in 1492 by the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, on the site of the Lithuanian fortress Dashev, which was founded in 1415, and was originally called Kara-Kermen (Black Fortress). In 1737, the army of the Russian Empire laid siege to Ochakov, viewing it as the main outpost on the northern coast of the Black Sea. Ochakov was taken by Field Marshal Christopher Minich, but a year later he was abandoned and returned to Turkey.

The second siege of Ochakov took place in 1788 and was sung in Derzhavin’s ode. By that time, the city's garrison numbered 20 thousand soldiers. The fortress was defended by 300 cannons. In the western suburbs there was the castle of Hassan Pasha (Battery Cape).

It’s interesting why, under the “Genoese” and under the Turks, the fortress was called the typical Russian name - Ochakov. Wikipedia, however, tells us that the Turks called this fortress “Özi” or “Achi - kale”, which translated from Turkish means achi - corner, kale - fortress. They are very much not saying something, hiding behind the “Russian-Turkish” wars, although on the old maps of the 16th, 17th and even 18th centuries there is no indication anywhere that this land was owned by the Turks. After approximately 1700, Europe finally ceases to be Tartary, the names of cities change on the maps, and, the most interesting thing is that I noticed (this is not my discovery, but I will still emphasize) that the Caspian Sea changes its shape. Here, for example, is what it looks like before about 1700:

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And here’s how after (our usual form):

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And personally, I wondered - how were cartographers able to figure out that the huge sea had changed shape? There were no flying machines in the 18th century, and even with the tools with which outstanding cartographers drew maps that coincide almost exactly with Google maps... But this is a completely different story.

And here is how St. Petersburg was depicted on old maps. If it was built before Peter, then it should be indicated on all maps of that time... And indeed, in the place where Peter now stands, the city of Oreshek is located. Here is a modern map:

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Just like the previous time, I marked the central cities.

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Gradually, Oreshek becomes Notteburg, Notburg, and in 1702 it completely disappears from all maps, and the majestic St. Petersburg grows in this place in record time. By the way, in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, if you look at the Google map, you can see the remains of perfectly straight streets, in some of the “remains” of the city there are now small villages and settlements with perfectly straight streets. And here's something else interesting:

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In memory of the deeds of days gone by, there are the villages of Oreshek 1, 2 and 3, right next to Lake Ladoga.

Here is the version about Oreshek and Notburg after the conquest of these lands by Peter:

Oreshek Fortress (in Russian chronicles the city of Orekhov; Swedish Nöteborg - Noteburg) is an ancient Russian fortress on Orekhovoy Island at the source of the Neva River, opposite the city of Shlisselburg in the Leningrad region. Founded in 1323, from 1612 to 1702 it belonged to the Swedes. During the Northern War, the Russian army under the command of Boris Sheremetev besieged the fortress on September 27, 1702.

On October 11, after a long bombardment, Russian troops launched an assault that lasted 13 hours and won. Peter I personally took part in the siege as a bombardier-captain. “It is true that this nut was very cruel, but, thank God, it was happily chewed up... Our artillery very miraculously corrected its work,” Peter I wrote then to the Duma clerk Andrei Vinius.

In honor of this event, a medal was cast with the inscription: “Was with the enemy for 90 years.” At the same time, the fortress was renamed Shlisselburg - “key city”. With the construction of Kronstadt in 1703, the fortress lost its military significance and was converted into a political prison.

Here is a modern view of this fortress:

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A logical question arises: would a small island be put on maps along with Constantinople, Rome, Athens, Moscow, Veliky Novgorod, Vienna, Prague, Kiev and many other large cities that have survived to this day (and very few have survived, mainly on in places of large cities that are shown on maps and have not reached us, there are perfectly straight lines - the layout of streets, blocks, squares... but without buildings, cathedrals, bridges, fortifications)...

Like St. Petersburg, Odessa was built according to the canons of an “ancient” city: a colonnade on almost every building, characteristic architectural elements (more details in the next article), a lot of statues in almost every opening - supposedly a distinctive feature of the Baroque, and much more. If you compare these two seemingly dissimilar cities, you get an interesting picture. This is Odessa:

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And this is Peter:

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. The complete pattern looks like this:

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Cathedrals:
Kazansky, Peter

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And Odessa Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral:

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According to the layout:

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Lions and griffins of St. Petersburg and Odessa. Guess where it is:

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Odessa:

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Here is the coat of arms of Ukraine in St. Petersburg:

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And who the actual monument is in Odessa you can read here: ]]> http://atlantida-pravda-i-vimisel.blogspot.com/2013/11/8.html ]]>

And finally - why the current city of Odessa was nicknamed Ochakov, I cannot say for sure, but regarding St. Petersburg - Oreshok - I have one guess...

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Peter got a tough nut to crack... Just like in The Nutcracker.
I wish everyone health and a sober mind)

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The Oreshek fortress was one of the most important bridgeheads for the defense of the Russian Empire until World War II. For a long time it served as a political prison. Due to its strategic location - at the source of the Neva from Lake Ladoga - it took part in various battles more than once and changed hands many times.

The fortress is located on Orekhovoy Island, dividing the Neva into two branches. They say that the current here is so strong that the Neva does not freeze even in winter.

The first wooden fortress on the island was built in 1323 by Prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky. In the same year, the Orekhovetsky Peace Treaty was concluded here - the first peace treaty establishing borders between the Novgorod land and the Kingdom of Sweden. After 20 years, the wooden walls were replaced with stone ones. At that time, the fortress occupied a small area in the eastern part of the island.

In the 15th century, the old fortress was dismantled to its foundations. Instead, new 12-meter walls were built around the perimeter of the island. In those days, Oreshek was an administrative center - only the governor, clergy and other service people lived inside the fortress.

In the 17th century, the Swedes made several attempts to capture the fortress, but all of them were unsuccessful. Only in 1611 did the Swedes manage to capture Oreshek. For almost 100 years, the fortress, renamed Noteburg (which means “Nut City” in Swedish) belonged to the Swedes, until it was taken by Russian troops under the leadership of Peter I in the fall of 1702. Peter I wrote about this: “It is true that this nut was extremely cruel, but, thank God, it was happily chewed.”

Peter I renamed the fortress Shlisselburg, which translated from German means “Key City”. The key to the fortress was fixed on the Sovereign Tower, symbolizing that the capture of Oreshok is the key that opens the way to further victories in the Northern War and to the Baltic Sea. During the 18th century, the fortress was completed; stone bastions were built near the walls on the shore.

With the founding of St. Petersburg, the fortress lost its military significance and began to serve as a prison for political criminals. Over the next 200 years, several prison buildings were built. It existed as a prison until 1918, after which a museum was opened in the fortress.

From the bank of the Neva there is a beautiful view of Lake Ladoga.

A lone fortress guard looks out for enemy ships in the fog.

View of the fortress from the right bank of the Neva from the village of Sheremetyevka. You can only get to the fortress by boat, with local fishermen willingly helping everyone.

The Sovereign's Tower is the main entrance to the fortress. In front of the tower there is a moat with a drawbridge.

The tower is crowned with a key - the symbol of Shlisselburg.

View of the fortress yard. In the center is St. John's Cathedral, behind it is the New Prison. On the left is the Menagerie with the Citadel.

Menagerie. One of the prison buildings. It got its name thanks to open chambers with galleries.

Ruins of the Svetlichnaya Tower.

To the right of the entrance to the fortress is Building No. 4, which housed the prison office, workshops and criminal prison. Built in 1911, Building No. 4 is the last building built inside the fortress. All the ruins are a result of World War II.

Next to Building No. 4 are the ruins of the former Overseer Corps.

View from one of the floors of the Supervisory building to the Sovereign Tower.

Corridors of the Oversight Building.

From the top floor there are excellent views of the territory of the fortress courtyard.

Here you can immediately go to the fortress wall.

Ruins of St. John's Cathedral.

A coastal coastal weapon bearing the name of its creator Kane.

Memorial to the valiant defenders of the Oreshek fortress, who were at the forefront of defense for 500 days and never lost the fortress to the enemy.

Oath of the defenders of the Oreshek fortress:
We, the fighters of the Oreshek fortress, swear to defend it to the last.
None of us will leave her under any circumstances.
They leave the island: temporarily - sick and wounded, forever - dead.
We will stand here until the end.

View of Building No. 4 from St. John's Cathedral. In the foreground are 45 mm guns used in the defense of the fortress during World War II.

Under the green canopy are the remains of the walls of the first Novgorod fortress.

Stone in memory of the Orekhovetsky peace of 1323.

A cross on the site of a mass grave of Russian soldiers who died during the storming of the fortress in 1702.

The building of the new prison, or Building No. 3, also bears the name Narodnaya Volya Prison, since it was originally built for members of the revolutionary organization “Narodnaya Volya”, convicted in 1885.

The interior layout of the prison is designed according to a typical progressive American model.

There were 40 solitary cells on two floors of the prison.

Inner courtyard of the Citadel. The white one-story building is the Old Prison, also known as the Secret House, the main political prison of the Russian Empire. It was built at the end of the 18th century. Inside there were 10 solitary cells, which, by the way, were quite enough to maintain state security at that time. In the background is the Royal Tower.

Memorial in honor of the revolutionaries executed here in 1887. Among them was Vladimir Lenin’s brother, Alexander Ulyanov.

Orekhovoy, Noteburgskaya, Shlisselburgskaya - over the seven centuries of its existence, the Oreshek fortress had several names. This is a unique monument of our history and architecture, located at the very source of the Neva from Lake Ladoga, on a small island, opposite the city of Shlisselburg. Walnut Island is washed by such a powerful current that the water there rarely freezes even in severe frosts. On the shores of the island a strong wind blows from Ladoga, but inside the fortress there is a special microclimate.

The Novgorod Chronicle says that the first wooden fortress was built in the summer of 6831 (that is, in 1323) by the Novgorod prince Yuri Danilovich, the grandson of Alexander Nevsky. A lot of hazelnuts grew on the island, hence the name - Walnut Island. Historically, the Oreshek fortress served as an outpost on the border with Sweden and withstood repeated fierce assaults and sieges.

In the 15th century, the Novgorod Republic joined the Moscow Principality, and the old Orekhovoy fortress was dismantled to its foundation in order to erect a new powerful defensive structure in its place: stone walls 12 meters high, 740 meters long, 4.5 meters thick, with six round and one rectangular towers. The height of the towers reached 14-16 meters, the diameter of the internal premises was 6 meters.

At the beginning of the 17th century, Swedish troops, after a two-month blockade, captured a weakened fortress, in which out of 1,300 defenders, after hunger and disease, no more than a hundred remained. According to legend, the surviving soldiers walled up the icon of the Kazan Mother of God into the wall so that it would help return the island to the Russians.

But in 1617, the Stolbovo Peace Treaty was concluded between Russia and Sweden. He secured for the Swedes possession of the Karelian Isthmus and the entire coast of the Gulf of Finland, which previously belonged to Russia. And the Oreshek fortress, renamed Noteburg (“walnut city”), became Swedish for 90 years.

During the Northern War (1700-1721), the capture of the fortress was the first priority of Peter I. And Noteburg again became a Russian fortress on October 14, 1702. On this occasion, Peter I wrote: “It is true that this nut was extremely cruel, but, thank God, it was happily chewed.” The fortress was immediately renamed Shlisselburg (“key city”), and the town on the left bank of the Neva also became known as the town. The key to the fortress was fixed on the Sovereign Tower, symbolizing the path to further victories in the Northern War and the Baltic Sea.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Shlisselburg fortress heroically defended itself for almost 500 days and resisted, preventing the closure of the blockade ring around Leningrad.

SECRET HOUSE PRISON

The construction of defensive structures in the Shlisselburg fortress ended in the 18th century. But then the construction of prison premises began - it was a strong and reliable place to imprison the most dangerous political enemies of the country. In 1798, the “Secret House” was built for ten prisoners.

Subsequently, the Shlisselburg fortress acquired the sad glory of the “Russian Bastille”. Members of the royal family, prominent government and public figures, Decembrists, Narodnaya Volya members and revolutionaries were kept here.

The first royal prisoner of the fortress in 1718-1721 was Maria Alekseevna, sister of Peter I. Then Evdokia Lopukhina, his first wife, was imprisoned there. The famous Decembrists Ivan Pushchin, Wilhelm Kuchelbecker, the Bestuzhev brothers and others ended up here a hundred years later. The number of convicts grew steadily, and four prison buildings were built. The large new prison had 21 general and 27 solitary cells, some with steam heating. Other cells were stone cells without any heating.

Death sentences were carried out in the fortress. A.I. was executed in the large courtyard of the citadel. Ulyanov (Lenin's brother), who attempted to assassinate Alexander III.

STONE BAG

Inside the “Secret House” there was a separate punishment cell, nicknamed the “stone bag”. In 1906, in the Niva magazine, an author with the initials G.P. published an article about the horrors of this solitary confinement cell. “The unfortunate Ivan Antonovich languished here. In this grave, buried alive, by some miracle he survived for more than twenty years. This is a cheerless, rather narrow cell, damp, like all the others. Until the forties, the bed of this innocent victim of politics existed here.”

“The unfortunate boy” - the heir to the throne, the son of Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna, the great-grandnephew of Peter I, Ivan Antonovich (1740-1764), although he was proclaimed tsar at the age of two months, he should not have become one, for which he was exiled to prison as a child . Many historians call him the Russian prototype of the man in the iron mask, because no one in the state and even in the prison itself was ordered to know what happened to the heir and where he went.

To comply with these cruel rules, John (in prison he was officially called a “famous prisoner”) was kept in complete isolation, he was not allowed to see anyone, not even the jailers. It is believed that during the entire period of imprisonment he did not see a single human face. However, according to some documents, the royal prisoner knew about his origin, was taught to read and write and dreamed of life in a monastery.

WHAT'S HIDDEN BEHIND THE WALLS

Gendarmerie General Orzhevsky, during the construction of the “Secret House” and the transfer here of prisoners from the Alekseevsky and Trubetskoy bastions of the Peter and Paul Fortress, gave the following description of the Shlisselburg Fortress: “a completely isolated shelter, where the building is hidden behind high massive walls.”

Emperor Alexander III feared the insufficient reliability of the political prison in the Peter and Paul Fortress, so on his orders a new prison, designed by him personally, was built in the Oreshek fortress. This was supposed to be the place of a disguised execution. After the arrest of Alexander Ulyanov and other terrorists in 1887, the emperor wrote: “It is advisable not to attach too much importance to these arrests. In my opinion, it would be better, having learned everything possible from them, not to put them on trial, but simply to send them to the Shlisselburg fortress without any fuss. This is the most powerful and unpleasant punishment."

The caretaker of the Alekseevsky ravelin, known for his inhuman cruelty, “Herod” Sokolov, was transferred to the Shlisselburg fortress. He took with him four proven gendarmes to guard the most dangerous political prisoners who rebelled against tsarism and devoted themselves entirely to the revolutionary struggle.

INSTRUCTIONS 1884

In an effort to place prisoners in conditions of complete isolation, to prevent communication with the outside world and fellow prisoners, a special gendarmerie instruction was created. Its text contained eight articles with rules of behavior for prisoners and threats of punishment with canings and the death penalty. The most difficult rule was the ban on physical labor and mental work. The right of prisoners to read was seen as a reward for "good behavior."

M.V. Novorussky, imprisoned for life in solitary confinement, wrote in his “Notes of a Shlisselburger”: “Someone’s imagination carved up the inside of our cell, painting not only the floor with soot and oil, but also the walls to a height of 2 arshins. In the complete absence of furniture, especially if the bed was locked with a hook, the cell turned into a real hearse, and the white vaulted ceiling had to match the silver brocade that served as its decoration on top.”

Prisoners were not allowed to talk or knock with their cellmates. Thanks to the instructions, the prison administration was able to establish a regime that turned the convict prison into a slow death penalty. And “successfully”. Along with everyone else, there were seriously ill prisoners, the insane, awaiting the death penalty. Half of all prisoners in the Shlisselburg fortress died on this island. Several people committed suicide.

As M.N. writes Gernet, who studied the history of royal prisons, the Minister of Justice tried to timidly resist the cruel innovations. He expressed his opinion on the exclusion of corporal punishment for prisoners in the Shlisselburg fortress. He pointed out the undesirability of this because most political criminals belonged to the noble class. The timid objection of the head of the judicial department had no effect on the Ministry of the Interior.

If the struggle of powerless prisoners against cruel instructions had not been crowned with success, they would all have faced imminent death. At first they obtained permission for occasional walks and reading. Later, on the prison grounds they were allowed to organize a library, a workshop and a vegetable garden, where prisoners even grew watermelons.

Since 1965, the Shlisselburg Fortress has become a branch of the State Museum of the History of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). The buildings of the old and new prisons have been restored, the Royal, Sovereign and Golovin towers, sections of the fortress wall have been restored, and the Sovereign's bastion has been cleared. Conservation of St. John's Cathedral, destroyed during the war, has been carried out. Restoration work in the “Russian Bastille” continues.

Nina KONEVA