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Slyudyanka: general information

Population - 18.5 thousand inhabitants (2010).

Marble and cement raw materials are mined near the city. In the past, Slyudyanka was famous for the mining of mica-phlogopite and lapis lazuli.

On the site of the city in 1647, the Kultuk fort was created, then moved. After this, the Slyudyansk winter hut was founded on the Circum-Baikal Tract. In 1899, on the site of the winter quarters, the railway settlement of Slyudyanka was founded, which received the status of a workers' settlement in 1928, and the status of a city in 1936.

Toponymy

The name Slyudyanka is of Russian origin. The basis is the appellative “mica” - the name of a mineral mined for 350 years in the vicinity of the settlement. Slyudyanka did not change its name: it was a fort, a winter hut, a village and a city. Ending -Yanka due to two reasons. Firstly, there was a gradual transformation of the settlement into a city while maintaining the name. Secondly, the river flowing within the city and in the middle reaches of which mica deposits were discovered is called Slyudyanka.

The appearance of the city

Slyudyanka is located on both sides of the railway and highway. It is built up mainly with wooden one-story houses, most of which have small garden plots. Typical modern brick and panel buildings are located only in the central part of the city and near the city-forming enterprises - the railway station, the Pereval quarry, and the mining department.

The area between the railway and the shore of Lake Baikal is occupied by old and largely dilapidated wooden houses built in the mid-20th century. Here, opposite the station, there is a wooden church. A section of the Circum-Baikal Railway with numerous tunnels, bridges and retaining walls originates from the Slyudyanka II railway station.

The landmark of Slyudyanka is the unique building of the railway station, built in 1905 from pure marble. Marble for these purposes was taken from the surrounding Baikal mountains. A monument of railway construction also includes a red brick water tower, preserved in the central part of the city near the bus station.

Geography

Geographical position

Slyudyanka is located in Eastern Siberia, in the south of the Irkutsk region, on the southern shore of Lake Baikal, 110 kilometers along the M-55 highway and 126 kilometers along the Trans-Siberian Railway from Irkutsk. The Circum-Baikal Railway begins from the city. The city stands on two rivers, in the foothills of the Khamar-Daban mountain system. The area of ​​the city is 38.7 km² (without the Slyudyansky municipal formation); 436 km² (together with it).

Slyudyanka is located in the time zone of Irkutsk time, designated according to the international standard as Irkutsk Time Zone (IRKT). The offset from UTC is +9:00. Local time differs from standard time by two hours: astronomical noon in Slyudyanka occurs at 14:00. The difference with Moscow is +5 hours.

Relief

The city is located on a foothill plateau (pediment) at the foot of the Khamar-Daban mountain system. The lowest point of the city is the edge of Lake Baikal, which is 456 meters above sea level. The plateau is formed by estuarine valleys and is filled with alluvial deposits of the Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha rivers. The plateau is inclined towards the water surface of Lake Baikal. Its length from west to east is about 5 kilometers, from north to south - from 2 to 4 kilometers. The plateau is surrounded by the Komarinsky ridge and one of its spurs, jutting into Baikal - the Shamansky Cape. Shamansky Cape is one of the most recognizable elements of the Slyudyansk relief, as well as a popular vacation spot.

Earthquakes

Slyudyanka is located in the Baikal Rift zone, and therefore earthquakes of up to 11 magnitude are possible in Slyudyanka. Large earthquakes (magnitude up to 6 points) occurred in Slyudyanka in 1862, 1959, 1995, 1999. The earthquake in February 1999 damaged the Slyudyansk wastewater treatment plant. But the most powerful earthquake occurred on August 27, 2008.

On August 27, 2008, at 10.35 local time, the strongest earthquake in its history, with a magnitude of 7-9, occurred in the Slyudyansky district. The epicenter was located 50 kilometers north of Baikalsk. In Slyudyanka the tremors reached magnitude 8. By a happy coincidence, not a single residential building collapse occurred in the city and no one died. In houses built in 1940-1950. Numerous cracks appeared (along 40 Let Oktyabrya and Perevalskaya streets). There was a displacement of the railway track and a break in the electrical wiring, so long-distance trains and commuter trains on the Mysovaya - Angarsk section were delayed for several hours. The district administration allocated funds to help those affected by the earthquake. The damage was estimated at 80 million rubles. Holidays for schoolchildren have been extended until September 8. Some houses were declared uninhabitable, demolished, and new ones were built in their place. The building of the former kindergarten, in which primary grades of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 4 were taught, became unusable. It was demolished and kindergarten No. 213 of JSC Russian Railways was built in its place.

Geology

Slyudyanka is located in the foothills of the Khamar-Daban mountain system, consisting of rocks of the age of the Baikal and Early Caledonian folding, in connection with this, the main rocks found in the vicinity of Slyudyanka are granites, marbles, crystalline schists, diopsides, feldspars, etc. Four The most famous minerals of the city are mica-phlogopite, marble, lapis lazuli (lapis lazuli) and marbled limestone.

Phlogopite mica was discovered here by the Cossacks back in 1647; a fort was even founded for its extraction, but then it ceased to be mined. Mica deposits were reborn thanks to Eric Laxman, a famous traveler and geologist. Driving along the southern shore of Lake Baikal, Laxman became interested in the rocks and minerals of the southern Baikal region. He discovered the Malobystrinskoye deposit of lapis lazuli, rediscovered mica deposits and named the river on which the deposits were located Slyudyanka. Despite his efforts, mica mining here began only in 1902, when local ore miner Yakunin discovered mica veins 3 kilometers from the railway station and staked them out. Industrial mining of mica began in Slyudyanka in 1924. The Mica Union trust was created, and then, in 1929, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was organized. Mica mining was carried out at a rapid pace due to the high demand for mica in electrical engineering and military engineering. In 1958, the Uluntui River made its way into the adits and flooded the mines; geologists did a lot of work to drain the water, but in 1974 mica mining was stopped. Now the mica mines may be of interest only to tourists.

Currently, the most used mineral is marbled limestone. Its extraction is carried out by OJSC Quarry Pereval. For the construction of the dams of the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations, cement was needed, and in 1958, in the vicinity of Slyudyanka, a quarry was opened to extract raw materials for cement production. In 2008-2010, the quarry worked intermittently.

An equally valuable mineral is marble of different colors, from white to pink. It was mined in the Burovshchina quarry. After the cessation of mica mining, the Slyudyansk mine was repurposed for the extraction and processing of marble. Marble from Slyudyanka was used for the production of tombstones and as a facing stone. They line the Novosibirsk metro station "Krasny Prospekt", the Kharkov metro station "Proletarskaya", the Moscow metro stations "Barrikadnaya", "Ulitsa 1905 Goda".

Lapis lazuli began to be mined in the vicinity of Slyudyanka immediately after the discovery of its deposit by the already mentioned Laxman. The first batch was sent to St. Petersburg for cladding the walls of Peterhof. It was used to cover the walls of St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg and as a raw material for ultramarine paint. From 1851 to 1863, its extraction in the Malobystrinsky quarry was carried out by the craftsman of the Yekaterinburg lapidary factory Permikin. After 1863, its production ceased for almost 100 years. Obruchev, who visited Slyudyanka in 1889, noted the abandonment of these places. In 1967, the Baikalquartz Gems organization organized the extraction of lapis lazuli, but in 1995 the enterprise went bankrupt.

Academician Fersman in one of his works called Slyudyanka a mineralogical paradise. In addition to the above minerals, about 100 more minerals were found in the mountains near Slyudyanka, such as apatite, diopside, wollastonite, glavcolite, uranotovite, mendeleyevite, goldmanite, azurite, andalusite, Afghanite, bystrite, vermiculite, graphite, dolomite, hydrogoethite, quartz, corundum , laurelite, molybdenite, orthoclase, plagioclase, rhodonite, sphalerite, florensovite, scherl.

Climate

Slyudyanka is located in the temperate continental climate zone. Almost the entire Irkutsk region is located in a zone of sharply continental climate, and the mildness of the climate of Slyudyanka is associated with the location of the city on the shores of Lake Baikal. Thanks to the warming influence of Baikal, winter in the city is milder than in the rest of the Irkutsk region, and due to its cooling influence, spring comes late in the city, the summer maximum temperatures are shifted towards August, and autumn lasts relatively long. The last spring frosts end here on the 20th of May, and the first autumn frosts begin after September 25th. The average long-term duration of the frost-free period is one of the longest in the Irkutsk region. It lasts 126 days. It is longer only in two places in the region - the city of Baikalsk and Peschanaya Bay (135 and 136 days, respectively).

There is little precipitation within the city itself. This is due to the special local air circulation, since the city is located in a basin, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and on the fourth by the water surface of Lake Baikal. Because of this, local winds predominate - breezes and mountain-valley winds, but they do not bring moisture. Northwestern winds bring scant precipitation to the basin, but the bulk of the precipitation falls in the upper tier of the mountains. At an altitude of 1.5 km above sea level, 20 km from Slyudyanka, about 1500 mm of precipitation is already falling at the Khamar-Daban weather station.

In winter, after Baikal freezes, typically anticyclonic weather sets over the city, caused by the Mongolian anticyclone. An inversion occurs, and cold, dry winds flow down the mountain slopes, cooling the area. The highest relative air humidity is observed in November-December during the freezing of Lake Baikal. As the locals say, Baikal floats. Evaporation at 15 degrees below zero forms advective fog.

Climate of Slyudyanka
Index	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	But I	Dec	Year
Absolute maximum, °C	0	8	18	27	33	33	34	32	30	24	13	3	34
Average maximum, °C	−14	−8	0	8	17	22	24	22	15	7	−4	−12	6,4
Average temperature, °C	−19,5	−15	−7,5	1,5	9,5	15	18	16,5	8,5	1	−10	−17	−0,1
Average minimum, °C	−25	−22	−15	−5	2	8	12	9	2	−5	−16	−22	−6,4
Absolute minimum, °C	−46	−44	−33	−20	−8	−5	2	0	−10	−22	−37	−38	−46
Precipitation rate, mm	7	6	7	15	42	84	135	109	51	17	10	5	488
Source: MyWeather2.com

Hydrography

Rivers

Two rivers flow within the city, Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha. The Slyudyanka is a temporary watercourse. This is due to the fact that the main tributary went underground, and its waters were then artificially diverted to Baikal, and glacial and rain feeding is inconsistent. In the past, major floods occurred on the Slyudyanka River. The largest of these occurred in 1971. In order to protect the population, dams were built along the river. Another river, Pokhabikha, has a constant flow into Baikal. This is due to the presence of underground nutrition near this river. In the same place as Slyudyanka, Pokhabikha experienced a major flood by local standards. The problem of local rivers is the formation of ice in winter, especially on Pokhabikha.

Lakes of Slyudyanka

There are several lakes on the northwestern outskirts of Slyudyanka. These lakes were part of the Baikal waters, but during the construction of the Circum-Baikal Road, an embankment was created, and the lakes were separated from Baikal. They are used as fishing spots; after the lakes freeze, winter car races are held on the ice. Muskrats live on these lakes. Some migratory birds use these lakes as a temporary stopover site.

In the mountains, near Chersky Peak, there are several very picturesque lakes, such as Lake Heart and Lake Devil. They appear to be of glacial origin. They are very attractive to tourists and local residents who make one-day treks to them.

Southern Baikal

But still, the main water body for the city is Baikal, specifically its southern part. The waters of Southern Baikal were studied already in the mid-19th century. Benedikt Dybowski, a Polish exile-scientist, studied, together with his assistant Viktor Godlewski, the hydrodynamics and hydrobiology of the waters of Lake Baikal near Slyudyanka, determined the exact timing of the freezing of the lake, and measured the depth of the lake near Slyudyanka. Scientists have found that near Slyudyanka the depth increases sharply, and 15 kilometers from the coast the depth is already 1320 meters. On average, Baikal freezes on January 9 and opens on May 4. The average ice thickness in the southern basin is about 1–1.5 meters.

Soils, vegetation and fauna

The soils in the city are of several types. The first type is swamp soils. They are represented in the western and northwestern parts of the city, in the sector of low-rise buildings on the site of drained swamps. In addition to Slyudyanka, they are found in other coastal parts of the Slyudyansky district, the Baikal region and the northern regions of the region. Another type of soil is alluvial soil. Alluvial soils are found in the Slyudyanka and Pokhabikha valleys when their channels exit the mountain valleys onto the plateau. They occupy a small area. Throughout the city, the soil contains large amounts of mica. The pioneers were amazed by this abundance, and it was thanks to it that they began to search here and found deposits of phlogopite. Also in the vicinity of the city there are podburs and podzols. In terms of vegetation cover, Slyudyanka and its surroundings belong to the East Siberian subregion of light coniferous forests and its southern taiga zone. Siberian pine trees predominate. Cedar or pine pine is the main tree of the Khamar-Daban ridge. Larch and Scots pine are mixed in with it. Near the city there are forests with a predominance of birch and aspen. This is due to the fact that logging was carried out on the mountains nearby the city in the 1950s. To the southeast of Slyudyanka there are endemic fir forests. The undergrowth is dominated by juniper and raspberries, with bergenia, kashkara, and berry bushes growing. The main areas of artificial forest plantations in the city are Lenin, Paris Commune, Perevalskaya, and Sovetskaya streets. The area is home to several species of game animals: sable, squirrel, bear; upland game - wood grouse, black grouse, hazel grouse. Bears began to appear more and more often near populated areas in the Slyudyansky district. One of them even attacked a man in the forest. However, experts believe that there is no threat to the local population. The number of bears in the area is stable and amounts to approximately 1,200 individuals. Due to the lack of food in the forest, bears are looking for food sources near tourist centers.

Ecological state

Due to the fact that the main fuel for boiler houses and heating of private houses in winter is coal, smog is observed in the city at this time. During the establishment of an anticyclone, the smoke does not dissipate in the basin, and a haze constantly hangs over the city. The smog problem was partially resolved with the construction of the Central City Boiler House, which, according to the resolution of the CPSU Central Committee and the USSR Council of Ministers on the protection of Baikal dated April 13, 1987 No. 434, was intended to replace a large number of departmental ones. However, the smog remained. As part of the target program “Environmental Protection in the Irkutsk Region”, funds are allocated for the construction of the Rudnaya electric boiler house.

Many mineral deposits located near Slyudyanka, such as the Baikal iron ore deposit, the Andreevskoye wollastonite deposit, and the apatite deposit, are not developed due to the fact that they are located in the water protection zone of Lake Baikal.

Population

Population dynamics of Slyudyanka, thousand people.

1930	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000	2005	2009
6,4	21,5	20,6	19,8	20,3	21,0	18,9	18,9

According to the latest census, the population of Slyudyanka is 18,542 people, or 0.8% of the residents of the Irkutsk region. The city's population is quite stable, but until 2008 the population was declining, but now it has begun to grow. There is a natural increase in population. For example, in the first half of 2011, 150 people were born in the city, and 140 died. Residents of working age make up 58% of the population of Slyudyanka. Only 30 of them work in enterprises. The level of officially registered unemployment, however, does not exceed 2-3%. Approximately 32% of workers are employed in the secondary sector (on the railway and the Pereval quarry), 34% in tertiary institutions (education, healthcare, etc.), 16% are engaged in self-employment, 18% in other industries.

Religion

In Slyudyanka there are representatives of almost all religious denominations.

The main part of the population of Slyudyanka has long been Orthodox Christians. In the city there is a representative office of the Irkutsk diocese of the Russian Orthodox Church - the parish of St. Nicholas Church.

Nowadays there are practically no adherents of Catholicism in the city, but in the past they played a significant role in the life of the city. In December 1912, residents of Slyudyanka of the Catholic faith submitted a petition to the Administration of the Irkutsk Governorate, in which they wrote that “they are in dire need of establishing a church-chapel and a school, where it would be possible, when a pastor visits... to perform the sacraments and church services". A resident of the city of Zavadskaya bought a house and donated it to the Slyudyansk Catholics. The city also has representatives of such religious movements as Seventh-day Adventists, Pentecostals, Baptists and Jehovah's Witnesses. A common occurrence among Protestants in the city is having many children.

The Muslim diaspora of the city is represented by immigrants from Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. There are no religious buildings for adherents of Islam in the city. Buddhists and shamanists in the area are represented by Buryats from the Tunka Valley and the rest of the Irkutsk region. The nearest datsan is in the Tunkinsky district of Buryatia. Buryat shamanists in the past worshiped Baikal and its elements. The place of rituals and worship was the Shamansky Cape - a peninsula on the territory of the Slyudyansky municipal formation. All the vegetation of the cape is covered with pieces of fabric, which are gifts from the Buryats to Lake Baikal.

Power

Legislative power in the city is exercised by the Duma of the Slyudyansky municipality. Its chairman is A. Timofeev. The Duma is responsible for land, financial, and property issues of the municipality. Apart from them, she is also involved in social policy and agitation. For example, twice a year, on June 12 and December 12, the Duma holds a ceremonial presentation of passports to city citizens who have reached the age of 14.

Executive power belongs to the head of the Slyudyansk municipality (city mayor). Currently, the head of Slyudyanka is Vladimir Nikolaevich Sendzyak.

The Slyudyanka District Court sits in Slyudyanka.

Slyudyanka as a regional center

Slyudyanka is the center of the Slyudyansky district of the Irkutsk region. It was designated the center of the district in 1930, at the time of its formation. The representative body of the district, the district duma, is elected every 4 years. The Duma of the VI convocation is currently working. From Slyudyanka, 7 representatives were delegated to it. The executive body is the district administration. It is managed by the head of the district administration (district mayor). At different times, the mayors of the district were Vasily Saikov and Lyubov Korneychuk. At the moment, the mayor of the district is Andrei Dolzhikov.

Electoral districts

The only official division of the city is into electoral districts. There are 10 electoral districts in the city, including the district in which the village of Sukhoi Ruchey is located.

Dry Brook

Within the city and under its management is the village of Sukhoi Ruchey. The South Baikal fish canning plant was located on its territory. Now many Ruchi residents go to work in Slyudyanka. The main employer of the village is now the Baik-Khan Hotel.

Economy

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

Initially, the territory of Slyudyanka had no agricultural value. The development of the agro-industrial complex is hampered by mountainous terrain, poor soils - podburs and podzols, microclimate - light winters, cold springs, insufficient agroclimatic resources due to the cooling influence of Lake Baikal. Therefore, crop production is represented only by the cultivation of potatoes and vegetables on personal plots in the private sector and summer cottages in the holiday villages of Burovshchina, Muravey, Mangutai. Livestock farming is represented by pig farming, poultry farming and cattle breeding on private farms.

Forestry and forestry have been a long-standing occupation of the Slyudyansk people. The most common forestry trade for the Slyudyansk people was and remains the collection of pine nuts. To the northwest and east of Slyudyanka there are cedar forests. Slyudyansk residents harvest pine nuts there every year. In pre-revolutionary times, for chopping (the local method of collecting pine cones), artels were formed, which harvested the nut, and then at home, the chopping families shelled the nut and made various products from the kernels, such as, for example, pine nut oil. Pine nuts were exported to Western Europe, especially to England. After the war, the Slyudyansky forestry enterprise began to harvest nuts. The nut was sent to the confectionery and pharmaceutical industries. Nowadays, nut harvesting is carried out only by individual people for its further sale.

Fishing is also widely developed in Slyudyanka. Slyudyanka is known far beyond the borders of Siberia and Russia largely thanks to the omul fishery. Slyudyanka is even called the omul capital of Russia. Since ancient times, artels of fishermen have gone fishing in the sea, as local residents call Baikal. Under Soviet rule, they were reorganized into fishing collective farms. During the war, one of them, “Baikal”, even won the III All-Union Prize for shock work. Thanks to the presence of fishing collective farms, a fish canning plant was launched in 1943, focused on local raw materials. However, after the rise of the waters of Lake Baikal after the construction of the Angarsk cascade of hydroelectric power stations, the number of fish began to steadily decline, and the plant switched to Far Eastern raw materials, but was subsequently closed. Nowadays, the catch of omul in Baikal is strictly quotas, but local fishermen continue to catch fish illegally and sell it to fish traders. They, in turn, process the fish, smoke it and sell it at the city station or on a section of the M-55 highway when descending from the Baikal ridge to Kultuk (“serpentine”). Despite the opportunity to legally register the business of these people and increase income to the city treasury, city and regional authorities oppose the trade in cold and hot smoked omul.

Industry

The industry is represented by enterprises of the mining, woodworking and food industries: a separate division of Quarry Pereval of Angarskcement OJSC, Baikal Stone Processing Plant OJSC, Baikalpromkamen OJSC, Slyudyansky Bakery, lumber production of the Slyudyansky Forestry Enterprise.

Quarry Pass

OJSC Quarry Pereval is the largest (annual production volume is more than 1.5 million tons) and one of the city-forming enterprises of the city. Marbled limestone has been mined in the quarry since 1958. At the moment, the OJSC is the largest supplier of raw materials for cement production in the Irkutsk region.

The company's products are limestone crushed stone and crumbs. They are obtained as follows. Drilling operations are being carried out in limestone layers. Then explosives are placed in the drilled passages and an explosion is made. After the explosion, the limestone blocks are loaded onto BelAZ trucks and transported to the primary crushing bunkers. In the primary crushing bunkers, the blocks are ground into smaller stones, then the limestone is delivered in 180 trolleys of 1 m³ each along a unique three-kilometer cableway to the secondary crushing bunkers. There they are converted into finished products and delivered to the warehouse. Subsequently, the crumbs and crushed stone are sent to Angarsk to a cement plant or used to fill roads.

Extraction and processing of marble

“Baikal Stone Processing Plant” and “Baikalpromkamen” are enterprises that remained after the privatization and corporatization of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration.

Until 1974, it was the largest supplier of mica to the Soviet market. After the cessation of mica mining, the enterprise retrained for the extraction and processing of facing stone at the Dynamitnoye and Burovshchina deposits. The reserves of the Dynamitnoye deposit in 1985 amounted to 1 million m³ of marble. During its development, for the first time in domestic stone mining, large-sized excavators and methods of explosive breaking of blocks from the rock layer were used.

In 1991, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration was privatized and transformed into JSC Baikalmramorgranit. Then, Baikalpromkamen OJSC was spun off from it into an independent enterprise for the production of crushed marble stone. Also notable are the enterprises OJSC Burovshchina Quarry, engaged in the extraction of marble at the Burovshchina deposit, and OJSC Baikal Stone Processing Plant, engaged in the production of marble slabs, tombstones and facing stones.

Tourism

The most promising direction for the development of Slyudyanka today is the development of tourism and the business and service sectors that serve it.

In Slyudyanka and its surroundings there are many objects that attract tourists for various purposes of visiting the city. Firstly, Slyudyanka is located on the shore of Lake Baikal. Baikal is a UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site with clear water and pristine beauty. Many tourists, Russian and foreign, would like to see Baikal with their own eyes. In Slyudyanka they may have such an opportunity. In addition, many tourists are attracted by the Shamansky Cape, located near the city. It is a sacred place for the Buryats, the site of numerous archaeological finds and the main sunrise spot for tourists. Secondly, Slyudyanka is located on the Trans-Siberian Railway and the federal highway M-55, which makes it easier for tourists and ensures transport accessibility to the city’s attractions. Thirdly, the Circum-Baikal Railway, an architectural monument of the early 20th century, begins from Slyudyanka-II station. You can get there on the Slyudyanka I - Baikal train, called “Motanya”, and on an express train decorated in the style of the early twentieth century. Driven by an express steam locomotive from the early 20th century. Fourthly, handicraft production and sale of smoked omul are developed in Slyudyanka. Such culinary tourism creates the city’s image as one of the fish capitals of Russia. This sector of the shadow economy serving tourists is the most famous tourist attraction of Slyudyanka outside the region. Fifthly, thanks to the presence of Khamar-Daban, a variety of athletes come to Slyudyanka - skiers, climbers, alpine skiers, hikers, extreme sports enthusiasts, etc. The “Baikal Around the World” ski marathon begins from Slyudyanka. Sixthly, the city is home to the only private mineralogical museum in the region, “Gems of Baikal”. The collection of minerals and rocks arouses admiration not only among tourists and museum visitors, but also among venerable mineralogists.

Despite all this, Slyudyanka was not included in the updated territory of the Gates of Baikal SEZ, since the problems with coal heating and the construction of the Rudnaya electric boiler house in Slyudyanka have not yet been resolved. In addition, there is a lack of infrastructure in Slyudyanka. There are only 6 hotels in the city.

Housing and communal services, heat and water supply

The city has 460,000 m² of housing, or 0.9% of the total housing stock of the Irkutsk region. The city's housing stock is serviced by the municipal division of the Oblkommunenergo company. Comfortable housing accounts for approximately 56% of the total, housing with hot water supply - 34%, floor electric stoves - 49%, approximately 10% of housing is gasified.

Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Teplovodosnabzhenie” is responsible for heat supply. It is provided by 4 boiler houses - the Central City Boiler House, the Pereval Boiler House, the SMP Boiler House and the Stroika Boiler House. The construction of the Rudnaya electric boiler house in the Rudo microdistrict is one of the main construction projects in the city at present. Its construction has been going on since 1995. By 2011, its readiness was about 80%, but part of the funds intended for its construction was transferred to the construction of a sports and fitness center. In the past, the city was served by about 20 boiler houses, most of which were departmental, but in 1987 a decree was issued on the protection of Lake Baikal, and most of the boiler house capacities were transferred to the central boiler house. Private houses are heated primarily with coal, as well as wood. The two main types of heating for private, poorly equipped houses are stove and steam.

Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Teplovodosnabzhenie" is also responsible for water supply. There are two water intakes in the city. The first city water intake is located on the site of former phlogopite mines. This is due to the fact that part of the workings was flooded in the 60s of the twentieth century. Work was carried out to save them, but in 1974 mica mining was stopped, and it was decided to use the water from the mines as drinking water. Water complies with GOST 2874-82. Another water intake is located in the Coastal region. Water is taken directly from Lake Baikal from a depth of about 300 meters. Despite the presence of the BPPM in the Slyudyansky region, Baikal water near Slyudyanka has unique properties: firstly, purity, secondly, shelf life without the addition of foreign substances, and thirdly, oxygen saturation.

The above-mentioned decree on the protection of Lake Baikal implied the construction of new urban wastewater treatment plants, but the idea remained on paper until 1995 due to changes in Russia. By that time, the city's existing treatment facilities were hopelessly outdated. Construction began in 1995, but was interrupted in 1998 for financial reasons. In 2006 the project was resumed. As a result of the 2008 earthquake, the old sewage treatment plant fell into disrepair and virtually untreated wastewater was discharged into the Pohabihu River. Construction was accelerated, and on November 2, 2010, Governor Dmitry Fedorovich Mezentsev, together with Legislative Assembly deputy Gennady Istomin, launched a new housing and communal services facility. Water purification at the facility is carried out using ultraviolet light and putrefactive bacteria without the use of chlorine. They purify 4 thousand cubic meters of fecal and waste water per day.

Construction

In 2010, 23 houses were included in the major renovation program in Slyudyanka. Their total area is 25,616 sq.m., the number of residents is 569 people. Major renovations to the houses have been completed. The major repairs were carried out by 7 contractors. In the same place, 5 emergency houses were settled, in which 185 people lived. The organization Domostroy Profi LLC built 3 apartment buildings within the framework of a municipal contract. The total cost of construction under the program was 49,608 thousand rubles.

The main object of social construction today is the construction of a sports and recreational complex on the territory of the swimming pool, subordinate to the city youth sports school. Its construction began in the mid-1990s, but was resumed only at the beginning of 2011. The new complex will consist of 6 blocks. The facility is included in the program “Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation for 2006-2015”, its estimated cost is about 150 million rubles.

Connection

City telephone code +7(39544). Landline numbers are in 5x-x-xx format. There is also an automatic railway station at the Slyudyansky railway junction in the city. The numbers of this network are in the format 7x-x-xx.

The city broadcasts six analogue channels. There is one point of collective access to the Internet. N.p. The city of Slyudyanka is covered by GSM and CDMA mobile networks of 3 telecom operators (MegaFon OJSC, MTS OJSC, Baikalwestcom CJSC). Fixed telephone services are represented by 13 companies.

There is one payphone, there are four branches of the Russian Post. City postal codes: 665900-665904.

Banking and insurance

Banking activities in the city are carried out by branches of Sberbank, Vostochny Express Bank, Transcreditbank, and VostSibtranskombank.

Insurance services are provided by Sogaz, Rosgosstrakh, VostSibZHASO.

Consumer market

The city has representative offices and stores of such retail chains as “Bonus” (food), “EkoKhim” (pharmacy chain), “Snow Leopard” (electronics), “Euroset” (electronics), “Svyaznoy” (electronics), “ Electronica”, “Network of equipment” (household appliances), “Belorechenskoye” (dairy products of the Belorechenskoye agricultural joint stock company, as well as the local chain of supermarkets “Kurbatovsky” and the chain of confectionery stores and bakeries “Urozhay”. In Slyudyanka there are official communication stores of MTS, BeeLine , Megafon, BVK.

In the city there are gas stations of Kraisneft, OMNI, and Irkutsknefteprodukt companies.

There are also several trading houses in the city: “Asik” (building materials, equipment), “Baikal” (Kurbatovsky supermarket), “Gastronom” (Kurbatovsky supermarket), “Bazar” (indoor market).

The cost of living for 2010 was 5,596 rubles (in 2009 - 5,188 rubles).

Transport

Slyudyanka has been a major transport hub in the Irkutsk region for about a hundred years.

Distance from Slyudyanka to some cities, km

City	Distance
	by rail	by road
Slyudyanka	-	-
Baykalsk	35	39
Irkutsk	126	112
Angarsk	165	156
Usolye-Sibirskoye	193	187
	256	260
Ulan-Ude	330	338
Winter	376	377
Tulun	515	510
Nizhneudinsk	632	633
Alzamay	724	723
Taishet	795	790
Vikhorevka	1064	714
Bratsk	1088*	735
Krasnoyarsk	1213	1159
Ust-Kut	1518**	1104
Ust-Ilimsk	1585	995

* To Anzebi station.

** To Lena station.

Railway transport

The city owes its existence to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. Before this, the transport hub in the south of the region was the village of Kultuk. On the territory of Slyudyanka there are three ESR stations: Slyudyanka I, Slyudyanka-II and Rybzavod (in the territory of the village of Sukhoi Ruchey). The Circum-Baikal Railway begins from Slyudyanka-II station. Slyudyanka became a railway junction when the Trans-Siberian Railway section from Irkutsk to Slyudyanka via the station was built. Andrianovskaya. In October 1949, the first section of the Slyudyanka-Baikal route was equipped with automatic locomotive signaling with hitchhiking. By the end of 1960, a section of the main Trans-Siberian Railway was fully electrified. Mariinsk - Krasnoyarsk - Taishet - Winter - Irkutsk - Slyudyanka over 1,600 kilometers long.

Railroad transport remains the city's main employer and enterprise. At the Slyudyanka-I station there is a depot where locomotive crews are changed. "Russian Railways" owns several important institutions and communications for the city: kindergarten No. 213 of JSC "Russian Railways", built on the site of the department of municipal educational institution secondary school No. 4 that was destroyed as a result of an earthquake, lyceum-boarding school No. 23 of JSC "Russian Railways", cultural center "Zheleznodorozhnik", " Junction hospital of the city of Slyudyanka", automatic railway station of the Slyudyanka railway junction.

The largest enterprises in the city have access roads, the longest of which leads to the Pereval quarry.

Electric trains follow from Slyudyanka in the directions: Slyudyanka - st. Mysovaya; Irkutsk-Sortirovochny; ; Malta. An excursion train, called “motanya” by local residents, runs from Slyudyanka to the port of Baikal, also providing residents of the Marituy municipality and the village of Port Baikal with fuel, food and mail, and the retro train “Baikal Cruise”. It was launched on the Circum-Baikal Railway in 2007. This train is served by conductors in the uniform of the imperial era, and the train itself is decorated in the style of the early twentieth century.

In 2000-10 The Slyudyansky railway junction is being modernized. In 2005, the appearance of the platform and Slyudyansky station was significantly improved. A new landing platform was created. A bust of Khilkov appeared. In 2010, the installation of LED lighting was completed at the Slyudyanka-I station. At the Slyudyanka-II station, the station is being reconstructed in order to organize the passage of trains from the east. One of the transformations at the station was the construction of a new building for workers involved in the operation of the station in 2009-2010. It is also planned to expand the station and build new tracks.

To train personnel for the railway, there are specialized classes at boarding school No. 23 of JSC Russian Railways, organized by IRGUPS.

Automobile transport

The federal highway M55 runs along the main street of the city, Lenin Street. Within the city, it crosses the railway line to the Pereval quarry, the Pokhabikha River, the railway line to the Soyuzkhimreaktiv enterprise and the Slyudyanka River. It is the main thoroughfare of the city. In the city there is a service station and a division of the traffic police of the Irkutsk region of the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs for the Slyudyansky district. There is a traffic police post at the entrance to the city.

Regular transport

Within the city, the main public modes of transport are minibuses and buses. Minibus taxis inside Slyudyanka run along the route: Kvartal microdistrict - Rudo microdistrict. Also, minibuses travel from Slyudyanka along the following routes: Slyudyanka - Baikalsk, Slyudyanka - Irkutsk, Slyudyanka - Arshan (Buryatia), Slyudyanka - Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk - Slyudyanka - Ulan-Ude - Chita. Buses have the following directions: 103 Slyudyanka - Baikalsk, 101 Slyudyanka - Kultuk, Slyudyanka - Mangutai. There is also a bus station in Slyudyanka. Main motor transport enterprises: Barguzin LLC, Mix LLC, Avtovneshtrans LLC.

Water transport

Slyudyanka is located on the shore of Lake Baikal, but there is no pier in Slyudyanka to receive ships. There is a small lake port only in Kultuk. A unique landmark associated with water transport was an old ship that stood at the mouth of the Slyudyanka River. In 2009, the ship was cut into scrap metal.

Culture

Due to the small size of the city, Slyudyanka is a cultural center only at the regional level, but the Gems of Baikal Museum is known far beyond the borders of Slyudyanka and the Irkutsk region.

Houses of Culture

There are three cultural centers in the city - the Pereval cultural center, the Zheleznodorozhnik cultural center and the now inactive Gornyak cultural center. All three were initially departmental and belonged to the Pereval quarry, the Slyudyansky railway junction and the Slyudyansky mine administration, respectively. The buildings of the Slyudyansk cultural centers belong to the “Stalinist Empire” architectural style.

1. DK Zheleznodorozhnik- a cultural center owned by JSC Russian Railways. It hosts city Christmas trees, theater and circus performances, and corporate events. In 2009, a comprehensive restoration of the cultural center was carried out. The Lebedyanka steam locomotive was included in its architectural complex.
2. DK Gornyak- a now defunct cultural center located in the Rudo microdistrict. It was built on the site of the former city cemetery. It hosted theatrical performances and film screenings. Nowadays the building is not used in any way and is in a deplorable condition.

Museums

There are two museums in Slyudyanka: Slyudyanka City Museum of Local Lore and the Mineralogical Museum named after V. A. Zhigalov (“Gems of Baikal”)

Slyudyansk Museum of Local Lore

The Slyudyansk Museum of Local Lore is located in the locomotive depot building. It contains various exhibits, ranging from archaeological artifacts to a model of the Slyudyansky railway junction, representing the history of the city from ancient times to the present. The museum collections contain many photographs telling about the remarkable Slyudyanites and their labor and military exploits. The museum also has a library with various publications, including rare ones, on various branches of history and transport.

Zhigalov Museum

The Mineralogical Museum of V. A. Zhigalov (“Gems of Baikal”) is the only private mineralogical museum in Russia. It was created by enthusiast Valery Zhigalov in 1990. His collection contains about 10 thousand minerals, many of which were collected personally by Zhigalov in the surrounding mountains. Over time, the museum has turned into a real complex serving tourists.

Libraries

There is one library in the city - the Slyudyansk District Library.

Education

The city's first school was built in 1928 as part of the fight against illiteracy. Nowadays it is MBOU (municipal budgetary educational institution) secondary school No. 50. It also housed the Slyudyansky military hospital. In 1956, the first railway school in the Irkutsk region was built in Slyudyanka. Nowadays it is boarding school No. 23 "Russian Railways". Subsequently, other schools in the city were built.

As of 2010, the city has:

4 high schools,

2 main schools,

Lyceum boarding school No. 23 "Russian Railways",

Children's and youth sports school,

Children's art school,

4 kindergartens, including kindergarten No. 213 “Russian Railways”.

Healthcare

The first hospital in the city was built in 1903. It was an emergency room organized to provide medical care to railway workers. By 1920 it had 20 beds. It became known as the railway hospital. Nowadays the hospital is called the Non-State Health Care Institution “Nodal Clinic at the Slyudyanka Station of JSC Russian Railways”.

Its first chief physician was Vitaly Snedkov. He came to Slyudyanka from the Kostroma province. In 1937, he was arrested, but his wife managed to get an audience with Kaganovich, and he signed an order to terminate the case against Snedkov. Then Snedkov became the chief physician, anesthesiologist and chief surgeon of the Slyudyansky military hospital. Vitaly Porfirievich is the first Honorary Citizen of Slyudyanka.

The main state healthcare institution is the Slyudyansk Central District Hospital. It includes the Kultuk district hospital and 8 FAPs (paramedic stations). It has a capacity of 250 beds and serves almost the entire Slyudyansky district.

The main event in recent years has been the merger of the Uzlovaya and district hospitals. Since the hub hospital belongs to JSC Russian Railways, 12.5 million rubles were allocated from the regional budget for its acquisition. The merger and relocation of the central district hospital to the building of the Junction Hospital occurs due to the fact that the capacity of the railway hospital is poorly used, and the maternity ward is not used at all, which is a very serious problem for a city in which there is no maternity hospital. The final move and start of work of the central district hospital in the new location are expected by April 2012.

mass media

In the city there is a municipal unitary enterprise “United editorial office of television, radio, newspaper “Glorious Sea” of the Slyudyansky district.” It includes the official regional newspaper “Glorious Sea” and Slyudyansk Television (STV).

The Glorious Sea newspaper is published once a week on Thursdays. The newspaper has about 4,000 subscribers. From 16 to 24 pages in A3 format. The newspaper is the official newspaper of the city and region. It publishes various official regulations and decrees of district and city administrations. The newspaper was previously called “Lenin's Banner” and was founded in 1931. The newspaper pays attention to issues of the history of the city and region. In 2011, the newspaper celebrated its 80th anniversary.

The local independent newspaper “Baikal News” is also distributed in the city.

Local television is called STV (Slyudyansk Television). It is broadcast in Slyudyanka and Kultuk every Tuesday and Thursday from 19.00 to 21.00 on the broadcast network of the STS channel.

Architecture

The architectural appearance of the city was formed throughout the entire period of its existence.

At the stage of the railway settlement (1899-1905), Slyudyanka was built up with houses for railway workers and depot workers. The station village, in addition to special buildings, consisted of 44 residential buildings, a water-lifting and reservoir building, a wooden hospital with 20 beds and other premises. There were five streets in the city, two on the so-called. The Baikal side, located between Baikal and the railway, and three - from the side of the modern city center. Despite the fact that the buildings were standard, they had differences due to different times of construction. It is interesting that in Slyudyanka there is not a single wooden building in the Art Nouveau style that was erected on the eastern site during the second period of construction. However, soon, due to the influx of population, the city's architectural complex dissolved into the ever-increasing private sector. Despite this, it was the railway village complex that gave the city its unusual old station, water tower and the city's St. Nicholas Church.

In Soviet times, the main architectural style was the Stalinist Empire style. Characteristic buildings are the cultural centers “Gornyak”, “Pereval”, “Zheleznodorozhnik”, and the city administration building. The construction of blocks of panel and brick houses began (Kvartal, Center districts). Complexes of apartment buildings were erected in the Rudo area (the so-called Pentagon). During the Soviet period, urban planning was carried out by the mine administration, the railway and the Pereval quarry.

In Russian times, the nature of construction changed significantly. Firstly, its scale has sharply decreased. Secondly, buildings appeared in the style of 19th century merchant mansions made of red brick. A typical example is the mansion of the former mayor of the Slyudyansky district Vasily Saykov, popularly called “St. Basil’s Cathedral”.

Architectural landmarks

Slyudyansky station

The Slyudyanka train station is the only building in Russia entirely built of white and pink unpolished marble. The station project was developed specifically for Slyudyanka and the Circum-Baikal Railway. Initially, it was planned to build a brick station in Slyudyanka, but the Italian architects and builders who were involved in the design and construction of tunnels and viaducts on the Circum-Baikal Railway decided to change the material of the building. At the same time, it has not yet been possible to establish who the architect of the station building was. Thanks to Baikal marble, the decoration of the station has become fundamentally different. There is not a single marble station on the entire Trans-Siberian Railway. In the first years the station was striking in its whiteness, but later it turned yellow.

In 2005, in honor of the centenary of the opening of traffic on the Circum-Baikal Railway, a comprehensive reconstruction of the Slyudyansky railway junction was carried out, including the Slyudyansky station building. VSZD carried out a comprehensive reconstruction of the building, recreating elements of the architecture and interior of the early 20th century. The openwork grilles and stonework were restored, and the building itself now has recreation rooms, a dining room, and a comfortable waiting room. Ticket sales terminals and a public address system were installed inside the station. During the renovation, the architectural elements of the building and the station area were restored. Also, as part of the reconstruction of the junction, a monument to M.I. Khilkov, the Minister of Railways during the years of construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway, was erected.

St. Nicholas Church

This is the history of this church. In its place there originally stood a small chapel. But, returning from a trip around the world from Japan, Grand Duke Nikolai Alexandrovich, the future Emperor Nicholas II, visited Slyudyanka. He was dissatisfied with the absence of a church in the village and proposed that an alley lined with trees lead from the gates of the future station to the doors of the future temple, and that everyone passing by could pray. The former rector of the Slyudyansk Church, Archpriest Vladimir Sharunov, who died in May 2004, spoke about this. At first they decided that from the Polovinka pad of the Circum-Baikal Railway it would be possible to move the already built frame of the church to the Maly Baranchik station, but then they chose the rapidly growing village of Slyudyanka. The church was moved here at the beginning of 1906. It was consecrated in 1906 by the priest of the neighboring Kultuk church, Innokenty Churinov, since, apparently, a priest had not yet been appointed in the Slyudyansk church. Then the church was dismantled in 1914, and the old building of St. Nicholas Church was built on the site where the modern church stands. The church operated until 1929, then, as part of the fight against Orthodoxy, it was closed and used as a club named after May 1. During the war, soldiers lived in it. In 1947 the church reopened. Since 2008, work has begun on major repairs due to the consequences of the earthquake. The supporting structures were strengthened and the lost elements of the religious building, such as crosses and bells, were restored. Now the church is open after a major renovation and services are held there. The temple building is a historical and cultural monument of federal significance, and on February 20, 1995, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 176, it was placed under state protection.

Water tower

There is a water tower in the city center. It was built by exiled Poles in 1900 to provide the railway junction with drinking water. It was built of red brick on a granite foundation in the Art Nouveau style with Gothic elements. Now, along with the old steam locomotive L-3504 (Lebedyanka), the tower is part of the Zheleznodorozhnik cultural center complex.

Sculpture groups and memorials

There are several sculptures, monuments and sculptural groups in the city.

Memorial in Pereval Park. In honor of the victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War, a memorial was created in Pereval Park in memory of the Slyudyanites who did not return from the front. It consists of a monument to the soldier-liberator (a soldier holding a lowered sword in his right hand and looking sadly at the ground) and 12 plates with the names of those who died for the Motherland. The names of those missing or killed at the front are engraved on the slabs. Among them are the Heroes of the Soviet Union Tonkonog and Beresnev. In front of the memorial, every year a local Victory Parade and a review of Youth Army members are held.

Memorial in Uluntui Pad. On June 22, 1989, in Uluntui Pad, on the site of the old city cemetery, it was decided to organize a memorial in honor of the soldiers who died and died from wounds in the Slyudyansky military hospital. The composition of the memorial is a monument in the form of a five-pointed star-portal to memorial slabs and slabs with the names of soldiers engraved on them. At the moment, the memorial is in poor condition. The local name of the monument is “Star”.

Monument to V.I. Lenin. Located near the depot building. Repeatedly, local authorities after the collapse of the USSR insisted on moving or destroying the monument, but an initiative group of Slyudyansk residents - members of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation - defended it and holds rallies in front of it on Lenin’s birthday.

Monument to the Bear and Monkey. It is considered one of the most unusual monuments in Russia. Located at the intersection of Lenin and Gornaya streets at the turn to the Central Boiler House along the M-55 highway. Depicts a scene from Krylov’s fable “The Mirror and the Monkey.” The bear sits in front of the monkey, who looks in the mirror. The idea of ​​the monument belonged to local road services. The fact is that this section of the route was very dangerous due to a fairly sharp turn. An obstacle was needed before which drivers would slow down. It became a statue depicting a scene from a fable. Over the course of 35 years, the statue has aged noticeably. Some elements are no longer there. The monument was erected in 1978.

Monument to the Cosmonaut. Located on the M-55 highway when leaving the city on the way to the village of Sukhoi Ruchey. The monument appeared immediately after Gagarin's flight. The names of the sculptors have not been preserved. According to local historian Yakovets, it was installed by Moscow sculptors in 1961-1962. In the 80s A funny thing came out of the monument: a man tried to try on an astronaut’s helmet and got stuck in it. Everything ended well.

Monument to M. N. Khilkov. A bust of Mikhail Nikolaevich Khilkov was installed in Slyudyanka in honor of the 100th anniversary of the construction of the Circum-Baikal Railway in 1905. Khilkov, who was then the Minister of Railways, supervised the construction of the road and himself chose the place for the construction of Slyudyanka, in fact being its founder. The monument was erected as part of the renovation of the Slyudyanka station and the Slyudyansky railway station.

Rocket. The “Rocket” monument was installed in the courtyard of the Regional Clinical Hospital. Its author was the former head physician of the hospital Valentin Ulyanov. Inspired by the flight of Soviet cosmonauts, he independently made a monument from pipes.

Sport

The main sports popular in the city are cross-country skiing, hiking, martial arts and motorsports.

The location of Slyudyanka near Khamar-Daban determined the development of the first two sports. The most popular hiking route is the so-called. trail to Chersky Peak. Some athletes tackle the mountain course in one day. The popular route “Baikal Around the World” begins from Slyudyanka. It starts in Slyudyanka and ends at the Orekhovaya Pad stop. Prepared participants complete it in 2-4 days. The Khamar-Daban ski ultra-marathon (110 km) also starts from Slyudyanka. Its route crosses the rivers Spuskovaya, Slyudyanka, Utulik, Bezymyannaya. The history of the marathon began in the 1960s. The beauty of the area attracted climbers and skiers. In 1980, a group of Irkutsk climbers completed the route in one day for the first time. The first such ultra-marathon was held in 2000, and its holding became a good tradition for the Slyudyansky district. The ultramarathon record is 7 hours 56 minutes.

Motorsport is developing in Slyudyanka thanks to the Pereval quarry. One of the stages of the Siberian Federal District mountain car racing championship is held in the city of Slyudyanka near this quarry. The ten-kilometer track with a height difference of about 500 meters, various surfaces (asphalt, marble chips, gravel) and sharp turns (up to 180 degrees) is one of the most difficult tracks in Russia. The record for this route is 4 minutes 49 seconds. The competition is held in two divisions: engine volumes 1600 and 3500 cc. cm.

Natives and residents of Slyudyanka

1. Sergei Mironovich Kirov - Soviet statesman, revolutionary. Conducted propaganda work in Slyudyanka.
2. Boris Zakharovich Shumyatsky - Soviet statesman, participant in the civil war in Siberia, revolutionary. Worked at the Slyudyansky depot.
3. Ivan Vlasovich Tonkonog - Hero of the Soviet Union. He worked at the Slyudyansk depot.
4. Grigory Efimovich Beresnev - Hero of the Soviet Union. The first Soviet soldier to cross the Western Dvina.
5. Alisa Mon is a Russian pop singer, born in Slyudyanka.

There was a plan to destroy the city of Slyudyanka with its entire population. In 1987-1989, Irkutsk and the south of the Irkutsk region were terrorized by Stakhovtsev’s gang. In 1989, Stakhovtsev planned to commit a robbery at the Slyudyansky branch of Sberbank. To prevent the authorities from investigating the robbery (and the amount of the loot was supposed to be 11 million Soviet rubles), the criminals planned to seize the Slyudyansk mine management and detonate a huge amount of explosives stored there for blasting work at local quarries. The resulting landslide would have wiped Slyudyanka off the face of the earth. Only the arrest of the leader and his main accomplice saved the city from destruction.

The city, whose name was given by mica-phlogopite, inherited from the mining administration the purest, underground, and therefore strategically safe, source of fresh water. In 1956, two horizons of the fourth phlogopite mine were flooded with water from an underground river. There is no way to abandon the mine - the country needs strategically important raw materials. It was decided to divert water from the horizons. How? Geologists developed a project for an adit running through the entire city underground, through which water was supposed to go to Baikal. The length of this adit turned out to be 2800 meters. The water was caught and released into the lake, and the horizons were modified. And Slyudyanka is still fed with water from this adit, which has become the new bed of an underground spring.

By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of March 20, 1936, the working village of Slyudyanka in the East Siberian Territory was transformed into a city of regional significance. Going back decades, Slyudyanka could be described as two cities: one on the surface, the other underground. The first stretched from the coastline of Lake Baikal to the south, where 4-story comfortable houses were built, sweeping away the small wooden buildings of the townspeople. The second city arose on the southern outskirts of the first, at the mouth of the valley in 1927. The underground city was built deep into the bowels of the earth until 1973. This invisible city remained as a monument to those who worked for the good of the fatherland.

1. Mine shaft. Below, 6 horizons and about 150 meters in depth await us.

More than three hundred years have passed since the discovery of the first mica plate in the Slyudyanka Mountains by Kultuk hunters until our time. For many millennia, the earth stored in the layers of its rocks a rare mineral that splits into the thinnest translucent plates. The first capital geologists climbed the slopes of local mountains at the beginning of the 20th century. So they returned to Moscow and St. Petersburg with small hexagonal crystals. When revolutionary perestroika began, in 1925 Moscow entered into a trade agreement with England for the supply of Baikal mica from a still truly unexplored, unexplored deposit. But knowledge, significant investments and hard work did their job - the earth discovered its precious depths.

5. Horizon 130 meters, depth about 70 meters.

The first attempts to carry out mining operations by deepening each individual vein were complicated by the lack of lifting mechanisms. Therefore, we had to start digging adits. Given the existing terrain, this solution was the most reasonable. The situation in the country did not allow the use of mining equipment - drill hammers, compressors, metal trolleys, rails, pipes and much other equipment and devices. The country was in a difficult economic situation and it so happened that there were workers, but everything else was missing. But the work had to be done and with hard work the miners began to lay the foundation of the future underground city. Its construction lasted 47 years...

In 1927, Sibslyudtrest was formed - an industrial enterprise for the extraction and processing of mica. Omitting the details of the stagnation stage, we move on to the third stage. Beginning in the summer of 1939, after the crushing destruction of the engineering and development workers and the workers of the Slyudyansky mine in 1935-1938, the trust administration began a decisive attack in the construction of the foundation of the underground city - deep exploration. Funding for this type of work has also been increased. After approval of the mining plans at the First “Main” mine, the excavation of shafts No. 2, 3, 4 began.

10. Ore chamber.

13. Sixth horizon, 140-150 meters underground. The end of a mine shaft, an underground river flows here. View of the mine shaft from the horizon.

14. The phlogopite vein is clearly visible, zigzagging around the rock.

Mine No. 4 was located on the flank of the productive platform. Its depth then was 100 meters. work began on the mountain. 110 meters to the cross-cut with cross-cut No. 2 of the mountains. 11 meters of shaft No. 1. During the war, only clearing work was carried out on veins prepared for excavation, and dumps from previous years were moved through. Only in the late forties was it possible to begin deep exploration. Three crosscuts were laid from the shaft of mine No. 4 along the strike of pyroxene-amphibole gneisses at intervals of 20 meters with a horizon of 130 and 110 meters. The cross-cuts in the northwest direction were assigned numbers 2, 4 and 6, in the south-west - 1, 3, 5. From the forward cross-cuts, after 150-160 meters, field drifts were cut through, from which core drilling wells passed (a type of fast-rotary drilling in which rock destruction occurs along the ring, and not over the entire face area), as the cheapest type of work, were included in the scheme of heavy-type workings.

When the crosscuts crossed the calcite-phlogopite veins, they began driving drifts in the southwestern and northwestern directions. Samples were taken in the drifts at intervals of 5 meters. The sample included one explosion, and the rock was exposed to the surface, where mica was sampled. After processing the sample in the Quality Control Department (technical control department), the obtained data was entered into graphs by geologists. This was a voluminous work, since there were more than two thousand exposed veins in the deposit. Based on the samples received for each individual vein, reserves were calculated.

17. Crossroads with trolleys standing in a row. The chain consists of 24 trolleys in total.

18. Feet begin to get stuck in river silt, strewn with mica plates. The plates cast a glare, reflecting the light of the lantern and it seems that you noticed a shekel, but this is just an optical illusion.

In the spring of 1947, it was decided to change the methodology for calculating reserves. After two years of work, the Moscow State Reserves Commission (State Commission for Reserves) approved phlogopite reserves for the Slyudyanskoye deposit at 40 thousand tons. The State Bank has increased annual funding for the mining enterprise by 6-7 times. This contributed to successful work in the mines. The first mine began cutting horizons from the shaft of mine No. 4, mastering the depth and exploring the southeastern flank of the deposit.

If you look from the surface, where the underground city lies, you will not see anything except steep mountain slopes overgrown with forest. Your attention will be attracted only by narrow quarry cracks on the left slope of the valley at its mouth. In the dry riverbed there is a huge pit - a quarry for vein No. 6 and its neighbors. Further along the watershed, in the valley, through the thick brush of alder trees, one can see the Strelka quarry. And finally, behind the hill of the second mine is a quarry represented by brown biotite gneisses... Underground, everything looks different. The northwestern flank of the exploration workings adjoins the bed of the Slyudyanka River, and the southeastern flank borders the foot of the Stanovik ridge. The distance is 3 km, the width is 250-300 meters and the height at some points reaches 300-350 meters. The two components of the facility - Mine No. 1 and Mine No. 2 - are the basis for the entire underground city. The first mine was explored at 10 horizons, the second at 11. This entire combination of horizons and main connecting workings could previously be traced on a block diagram compiled by the mine department, which, unfortunately, is now lost.

On October 17, 1961, the Slyudyansky Mining Administration was awarded the title of “Communist Labor Collective.” In mine No. 4 on the mountain. 152 meters in vein No. 64 during the excavation of a sublevel drift by the team of V.V. Wilkoit uncovered a phlogopite crystal that reached a long axis of 2.2 meters in size. Preparatory work in the mountains. 89 meters of shaft No. 4 in one of the blind veins, M. Zhabin’s team uncovered barrel-shaped phlogopite crystals measuring from 40 to 60 cm in diameter.

22. Here the noise of the river reaches its climax. The dust stands in a column and the cry of a comrade will no longer be heard here.

23. Having passed along the drift, the source of the noise becomes visible. The river brought down hundreds of liters of groundwater from the upper horizon like a waterfall.

As the underground mining system developed to a depth, for the first time in 1939, at mine No. 1, groundwater was discovered in the shaft of mine No. 2 at a horizon of 42 meters. The organization of a drainage installation did not bring results. 17 years passed and on a horizon of 29 meters in the 4th shaft in the mine workings a “second” water appeared, the influx of which amounted to about 50-100 cubic meters. m/hour. Water also appeared in the shaft of the second mine.

25. Arrow.

26. The first deposits of the mineral adjacent to phlogopite - apatite. Its green splashes are visible in the huge calcite blocks.

It was necessary to take action. A drainage system was installed in shaft No. 4 to pump out water. Then they decided to go through drainage excavation for the mine workings of mine No. 2. When calculating the option of drainage through the shaft of mine No. 4, the annual cost of work was determined at 150 thousand rubles (excluding the increase in water inflow) as the mining system developed.

28. Drill hammer.

On September 20, 1956, a proposal was submitted to BRIZ to drain the field of the lower horizons of mines 1, 2, 4, 8 through a drainage adit planned from the eastern storm railway bridge to the crosscut No. 1 of the horizon + 4 meters of mine No. 4, with a total length of 2675 linear meters. in 1957, a comparative calculation was made of two options: organizing drainage along the shaft of mine No. 4 with a horizon of +4 meters and driving a drainage adit from Lake Baikal to the shaft of mine No. 4. The main disadvantages in carrying out such work were the difficult ventilation conditions for a very long mine and the duration of the work (5.4 years). It was decided to pump out the water anyway. On September 1, 1957, they began to drill chambers for the installation of drainage pumps, and on September 18, 1958, a breakthrough of fissure water occurred into the chambers being prepared. The option of pumping water through the mine shaft was no longer available.

Baikal adit... It took three years of going through all the authorities to prove the need for its passage. November 19, 1962 brigade A.M. For the first time, Pestova began to carry out excavation of such a significant length and complexity of a mine working. From the very beginning, the progress of the Baikalskaya adit was quite successful. The face reached a distance of 1200 meters in a year and a half. In some months the adit moved at a speed of 100-200 meters. Upon reaching 1200 meters, water poured out of the opened gaping crack. To avoid such incidents, core drilling wells were drilled, which greatly slowed down the process of passing the adit. The water level kept rising, which made it difficult for haulage trains loaded with rock to move. It seemed that the electric locomotive, sparkling with lights, was floating, and not rolling on its small wheels.

31. The train consists of already 25 trolleys.

32. Rock loading trolley.

Upon reaching a distance of 2850 meters, the influx of water at the face increased sharply. But in mine No. 4 the level dropped by 25 meters, thereby freeing the +29-meter horizon with all the flooded equipment from water. And immediately the opportunity arose to begin exploration and production work, which was stopped 5 years ago.

The last stage was the passage of an oncoming field drift 300 meters long from the fourth shaft at a horizon of +49 meters. It was connected by the shaft of a blind shaft to the Baikal adit. This urgent task was completed in 6 months. The Baikal adit was supplied with compressed air and electricity, and the rock mass was lifted through the shaft of mine No. 4. A natural draft of the air stream was formed along the mine workings knocked down from the adit. There are only 250 linear meters left before the breakdown with the mine yard of mine No. 4 at the horizon of +4 meters.

40. Electric locomotive.

43. Some trolleys can still be pushed along the rails.

44. We approached the shaft of another mine, the structure of the building is very reminiscent of the shaft of the Central mine. Perhaps this is it and they connect on this horizon.

47. From the blind trunk we return to the ore chamber.

48. Huge apatite vein. Apatite is one of the most common minerals in the Slyudyansky region. As a trace mineral, it is found in all rocks and mineral deposits. The most significant accumulations of apatite are associated with quartz-diopside rocks, in which it sometimes displaces diopside.

50. Traces of the last visitors.

51. We returned to the mine shaft and walked along the horizon towards Baikal, where the river goes. But to our surprise, the river sank into the ground, and the cross-cuts here were covered with ice.

56. A very narrow and damp drift of unknown purpose.

58. This concludes our underground journey.

59. And somewhere above, on the shore of Lake Baikal, behind the iron green door you can hear the sound of the river.

60. Outside the boundaries of a small town, she found the strength to break out from underground, through soil and stone.

61. The city, whose name was given by mica-phlogopite, inherited from the mining administration the purest, underground, and therefore strategically safe, source of fresh water. Two horizons of the fourth mine were flooded with water from an underground river. There is no way to abandon the mine - the country needs strategically important raw materials. How to drain water from horizons? Geologists developed a design for a 3,200-meter-long adit through which water would flow into Baikal. In reality, the length of the adit was 2800 meters, completed in 1970. The water was caught and released into the lake, and the horizons were modified. And Slyudyanka is still fed with water from this adit, which has become the new bed of an underground spring.

62. Through the horizons, through the sweat and blood of Slyudyansk miners, through years of work. And its name is the Baikal adit.

Silantiev V. P. Slyudyantsy in the rear and at the front

Slyudyanka, 2000

Chapter 1. Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic WarChapter 2. The first women's locomotive brigadeChapter 3. Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)Chapter 4. Master of high speedsChapter 5. The first days of the warChapter 6. Valiant LaborChapter 7. Slyudyansky hospitalChapter 8. Japanese prisoners of war in SlyudyankaChapter 9. Fought for the MotherlandChapter 10. Our Stars are GoldenChapter 11. Brothers in ArmsChapter 12. A reward awaits the heroChapter 13. Brest Red Banner...Chapter 14. War HeroesChapter 15. Road to VictoryChapter 16. The song was born in SlyudyankaChapter 17. In the war with JapanChapter 18. Alive, stand up!

Chapter 1.

Slyudyansky district on the eve of the Great Patriotic War

What was the Slyudyansky district like on the eve of the Great Patriotic War? The Slyudyansky district was formed in 1930 according to the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. It included Kultukskaya, Listvenichnaya and Murinskaya volosts. Soon the volosts as administrative units were abolished and village councils and the Slyudyansky Village Council were formed. Slyudyanka owes its name to the richest reserves of mica-phlogopite, the deposit of which in the basin of the river of the same name was discovered by Russian explorers back in the 17th century. With the construction of the railway, it became not only a center for the extraction of unique mica, but also a large railway settlement, and then a city. In 1934 Listvenichnoye has been transformed into a workers' settlement. In 1935, B. Goloustinsky and M. Goloustinsky village councils were included from the Irkutsk region into the Slyudyansky district. In 1936, the working village of Slyudyanka was transformed into a city, and the village of Kultuk into a working village. This territorial and administrative division existed for more than thirty years, until 1963. The area cut through by the railway resembled a steel horseshoe, framed by green taiga and white mountain peaks, and embraced the coastal strip of the entire Southern Baikal from the Snezhnaya River to Peschanaya Bay, including, naturally, the source of the Angara, and along the Tunkinskaya Valley the Cossack village of Tibelti. According to official data, as of January 1, 1939, 25,343 people lived in the area, including in Slyudyanka - 12,231, in the territory of Listvenichny Village Council - 4814, Kultuksky - 5015, Marituysky Village Council - 1075, Utuliksky - 1316, Tibeltinsky - 564, B. Goloustinsky - 927, M. Goloustinsky - 401.
The 30s were the period of the Stakhanov movement. In railway transport, this movement was led by the driver of the Slavyansk locomotive depot, Petr Krivonos. In the summer of 1935, he carried out a heavy train at a record speed for that time. The methods of work of Pyotr Krivonos were widely introduced on the East Siberian Railway, including in the locomotive depot of the station. Slyudyanka. One of Krivonos’ followers among the Slyudyanites was driver Boris Nikolaevich Buivit. With his careful attitude to technology, he increased the mileage of the locomotive between lifting repairs, and in 1936 he brought this mileage to 100 thousand kilometers. At that time this was a record. In May 1936, Boris Nikolaevich was among a large group of railway workers on the East Siberian Railway at a meeting in Moscow. The Siberians were met in the Kremlin by Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin. One of the participants in this meeting, a resident of Slyudyanka Konstantin Antonovich Zimmerman (in Moscow he was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honor) recalls that Kalinin asked with particular interest about the work of the Siberian railway workers, and at the end of the meeting he took a photo with them (photo not found). There, in the Kremlin, Buivit was awarded the Order of Lenin. He became the first holder of this honorary order among the Slyudyanites. In response to the highest award of the Motherland, Buivit undertook to increase the mileage of his locomotive between turning tires to 120 thousand kilometers. The standard for the road at that time was 40 thousand. Buivit and his fellow drivers Nikolai Avtsin and Nikolai Okhotin carefully looked after the locomotive, preventing unnecessary slipping, weakening of springs, etc. In December 1936, they drove an empty train from the Petrovsky Plant to Taishet, the locomotive's mileage reached 90 thousand km. But the locomotive was still in good condition, and then they decided to ride it along an unfamiliar profile. The car passed this test too. The machinists set the task of bringing the route to 120 thousand kilometers. On April 10, 1937, the obligations were fulfilled. The photograph that Buivit sent to the Museum of the History of the Slyudyansk Locomotive Depot shows the steam locomotive EM No. 740-47, which came out of lifting repairs after a 120-kilometer run without turning the bandages. Near the locomotive is Buivit with the Order of Lenin on his chest, the head of the depot I.A. Vertyachikh, the teacher of the Federal Educational Institution A, I. Klimov, drivers N. Okhotin, N. Avtsin, assistant drivers Ershov and N. Sheiko. During the Great Patriotic War, Boris Nikolaevich Buivit headed the depot team. In subsequent years, before retiring, he worked in the Irkutsk department of the railway, was awarded the second Order of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor, and was twice awarded the title of “Honorary Railway Worker.”
The years 1930-1940 are characterized by further growth in mica mining, the introduction of machinery into production, and the development of socialist competition. Teams of miners led by G.I. Blyumov, G.A. Filimonov, S.S. Tumanov and others have proven themselves well. In 1933, a power station was built (now one of the buildings of Khimreaktiv), and the exploitation of the famous vein No. 6 began (behind 50 thousand tons of mica were taken all the time). In 1937, mine No. 4 came into operation. During this period, the Stakhanov movement also developed among the miners. The followers of Alexei Stakhanov were miners S.I. Tumanov, F.I. Chupin, G.I. Blyumov, G.A. Tyumin. S. Nezameev, G. N. Filimonov, D. Ya. Pinigin, V. A. Dezhenkov and others. Driller Dezhenkov on January 11, 1940 drilled five instead of one face, fulfilling the production norm by 571 percent, bringing the productive work time to 87 percent . A noble Stakhanovite, he died heroically in one of the battles with the Nazi invaders during the Great Patriotic War. He was forever included in the lists of the staff of the Slyudyansk Mining Administration. In 1939, the company employed 533 people. Mica mining is characterized by the following data: in 1933, 2630 tons of mica were mined, 1934 - 2526, 1935 - 4843, 1936 - 6934, 1937 - 5873, 1938 - 6200 tons.
At the end of 1939, to supply rubble stone to enterprises and construction sites of the Eastern Railway in the Slyudyansky district, a quarry was opened, which employed 75 people. There were about 160 miners at the Baikalzoloto mines (B. Koty). For the Ulan-Ude PVRZ and the Irkutsk plant named after. Kuibyshev carried out the extraction of quartz sand in Khargino. Here in the summer there was a quarry, which employed from 46 to 85 people. In the fall and winter, the slaughterhouse of the Irkutsk meat processing plant operated in Kultuk. The number of workers at the plant ranged from 156 to 408 people. About 600 workers worked at the Listvenichnaya Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky. The construction of new ships was carried out, as well as major, medium and current repairs of ships in the port of Baikal. 330 people worked directly at the port of Baikal. In Kultuk there was “Sovmongtuvtorg”, which employed 320 people. This enterprise was engaged in the transportation of import-export cargo. In 1939 there were 40 cars here. In January 1940, the Slyudyansky regional food processing plant was organized. Initially, confectionery production (gingerbread, drying) was established. In addition, fish was processed (smoked, salted), fruits and wild berries. In 1940, it was planned to produce 72 tons of confectionery products, process 27.5 tons of fish and 50 tons of berries and fruits.

There was also agriculture in the area. The first two communes, with 424 people, appeared in the Slyudyansky district in 1931. Soon six more agricultural associations were organized, uniting 822 people. However, the number of individual farms, in which there were 10,295 peasants, was even greater by the end of 1931 - 1,465. Individual farms had 44.9 percent of horses in the region, 94.7 of bulls, 64 of cows, 67 of sheep and goats, 15.1 – pigs. In addition, individual farms had significant land for sowing oats, wheat, winter rye and planting potatoes. On May 1, 1939, there were 6 collective farms in the Slyudyansky district. Collectivization covered 84.7 percent of farms. Land cultivation was carried out only by horse traction. If in 1938 there were 141 traction horses on the collective farms of the region, then in 1939 - 216. In 1937, the collective farms had 442 hectares of sown areas for grain and legumes, in 1938 - 507, 1939 - 573. Winter rye and wheat in 1937, 30 hectares were sown, in 1938 - 55 and in 1939 - 93 hectares. On January 1, 1940, in the Slyudyansky district, across all categories of farms, there were 977 horses, 2829 heads of cattle, of which 1543 were cows.

Chapter 2.

The first women's locomotive brigade

Remember the song of the 30s “If tomorrow there is war, if tomorrow there is a campaign...”. Indeed, people felt the approach of a military thunderstorm. The country's leadership took large-scale measures to prepare labor reserves. Technical schools and technical training schools were opened throughout the country, and women mastered male professions.
In Slyudyanka, FZO and schools were also opened at the railway junction and at the mine. The first female locomotive brigade on the East Siberian Railway appeared in the Slyudyanka locomotive depot. Valentina Petrovna Grigorieva recalls:
“I was invited to the political department for a conversation with Anna Nikitichna Klimets. She started the conversation about my license to drive a steam locomotive. I found myself on the East Siberian as the only woman with a driver’s license. I was in my fourth year when we girls heard the call from Muscovite Zinaida Troitskaya for women and girls to go work on steam locomotives. Six volunteers were found from our graduating class. During production practice, we asked to be appointed as assistant drivers. At the Liski locomotive depot of the South-Eastern Railway, I got on the heavy steam locomotive “FD”. During my internship, I managed to travel the required number of kilometers—twelve thousand—to obtain the license to drive a steam locomotive. I also took a test ride. The exams had to be taken at the road department, and I prepared for them alone. She left the institute as an engineer and locomotive driver. Now Anna Nikitichna Klimets offered me to lead the women’s brigade at the Slyudyanka depot. “We need to prove that men’s work can also be done by us women,” she urged. I didn’t mind, I wanted to repeat the feat of Zinaida Troitskaya. In February 1940, I applied to the head of the service to second me to the Slyudyanka locomotive depot as a driver to organize a women's locomotive brigade. In the same month we accepted the EM series locomotive. Lida Maltseva, a young girl who already had experience working on a steam locomotive, was appointed assistant driver. Lida stood out among us for her tall stature and physical endurance. Shura Lyapchenko, plump and short, took over as fireman. Our first train was a freight train. We had to deliver it from Slyudyanka to Mysovaya station. We were on the road for more than ten hours. In general, trips at that time lasted from eight to eighteen hours. During this time, it was necessary to shovel from twenty to twenty-eight tons of coal from the tender to the firebox. How much more slag can you unload from the furnace! It was especially difficult for Shura Lyapchenko. It was difficult for her to move the firebox. In addition, she was obliged to provide the locomotive with lubricants and cleaning materials. Lida Maltseva, in addition to heating, had to promptly lubricate rubbing parts and clean the locomotive. The driver was responsible for monitoring the condition of the locomotive and the fastening of all its components. And of course, locomotive control, traffic safety, crew management. And we conducted the first train safely, and the second, and the third... On the performance board, which reflected the results of each trip, out of 20-25 locomotive crews, ours always ended up in the top five. For high results we were awarded cash prizes, valuable gifts and certificates of honor... The Irkutsk newsreel studio captured the work of our team on film, and this documentary was shown in various parts of our country...”

Chapter 3.

Enterprises of the Slyudyansky district (for 1941)

1. Slyudyansk Mining Administration 2. Artel of Disabled People. 3. Raizdrav 4. District 5. Transport Workers' Club 6. Promartel "Zabaikalets" 7. Artel "Avangard" 8. Irobltorg 9. Raipishchekombinat 10. Raitranstorgpit 11. Raisvyaz 12. People's Court and Prosecutor's Office 13. City Council 14. Rail Forestry 15. State Forestry 16. Slyudyanka station 17. Carriage repair point 18. Conductor reserve 19. Depot st. Slyudyanka 20. Material warehouse 21. Coal warehouse 22. Timber warehouse 23. Stone quarry 24. 10th travel distance 25. 4th communication distance 26. “Sovmongguvtorg” (Kultuk) 27. Livestock import 28. Meat processing plant 29. 9 -th distance of the journey (Marituy) 30. Port Baikal (Baikal station) 31. Shipyard named after. Yaroslavsky (Listvyanka) 32. Vodtorgpit 33. Academy of Sciences

And processing of facing materials from natural stone. The administrative and industrial center is the city of Slyudyanka, Irkutsk region. It is part of the industrial association "Rosmramorgranit" of the Ministry of Construction Materials Industry of the RSFSR. Created in 1927 as an enterprise for the extraction of mica (muscovite) on the basis of the Slyudyansky deposit, known since the 17th century. In 1975, the Slyudyansk Mining Administration completely stopped mica mining and switched to deposit development. The Slyudyansky Mining Administration includes: quarries "Burovshchina", "Dynamite", "Orlyonok", a stone-processing workshop, a workshop for the production of mosaic slabs, etc.

The Burovshchina deposit is located on the northern wing of the Bezymyannaya syncline and is composed of lower metamorphic rocks (various gneisses and). The useful stratum is marble with a thickness of 20-140 m. There are 2 sections at the deposit - North-Western and South-Eastern. The dip of the formation is from 45 to 90°. The internal structure of the useful strata is heterogeneous (with lens layers of calciphyres, white marble and granite-pegmatites). The marble is karst and covered on the surface with loose Quaternary sediments. The marble is pink, predominantly coarse-grained with a transition to medium- and rarely fine-grained. The texture is massive, often banded. Cracked marble. Average density 2670 kg/m3, 0.4-2.1%, water absorption 0.07-0.34%, dry tensile strength 53.3-92.5 MPa, abrasion 0.08-0.11 g /cm 2. Explored reserves of the field are 2.2 million m 3 (1986).

The Orlyonok granodiorite deposit is confined to a large massif of igneous rocks of the Sayan Proterozoic-Sinian complex. The useful strata are granodiorites (average thickness 45 m) with rare veins of granites and pegmatites. In the upper part of the intrusion, the granodiorites are weathered (the average thickness of the weathering zone is 3.5 m). Overburden rocks are sandy-clayey deposits with an average thickness of 5.4 m. Granodiorites are gray, medium-grained, massive, and are broken into blocks up to 19 m 3 by a system of cracks. Average density 2720 kg/m3, porosity 1.49%, water absorption 0.19%, abrasion 0.16 g/cm2, dry tensile strength 129.7 MPa. Explored reserves 7.9 million m 3 (1986).

Dynamitnoe (explored reserves 1 million m 3, 1985) is being developed for marble crushed stone for decorative finishing of reinforced concrete products.

When developing deposits of facing stone, for the first time in the practice of domestic stone mining, large-sized excavators, methods of contour cutting and powder breaking of blocks from the massif were used. The annual capacity of the "Burovshchina" quarries is 5 thousand m 3 blocks, "Dynamite" - 134 tons of decorative crushed stone (1985). Delivery of raw materials from quarries using road transport and electric forklifts. About 30% of the volume of mined blocks is used to produce facing slabs in the stone processing shop of the Slyudyansky Mining Administration, the rest is sent to stone processing plants in Moscow, the Urals and foreign countries.

In the stone processing workshop, blocks are cut, granite and marble slabs are grinded and polished. To make more complete use of waste, areas for the production of consumer goods and decorative laminated boards were built at the workshop. When making mosaic slabs, presses and grinding equipment are used. In 1985, 45 thousand m 2 of facing slabs and 50 thousand m 2 of mosaic slabs were produced.

One warm autumn day I decided to go in search of a quarry. I expected to find a couple of small adits when I came across a small turnoff from the path that went into the thicket. What I saw was a big surprise for me...

1. The mountains under a cloudless sky were covered with multi-colored spruce trees that decorated these places during this season. The morning turns into lunch and the sun begins to get hot, it becomes a little hot in work clothes. Dumps of old workings are scattered along the road, worn by huge cars.

2. Along the road there are old bunkers for loading cars, which are not currently in use.

3. An inconspicuous path takes us away from the main path. There must be something there, I thought. And he turned out to be right. An entrance made by stone diggers just above the concreted entrance. Here you need to get flashlights and other essential equipment, let's go inside.

4. A cart at the entrance, slightly rooted to the ground, was used to transport ore or simply bags of stones, which can still be mined here. Judging by its appearance, it has not been used for a long time, and not surprisingly, there is a collapse two hundred meters ahead.

5. As it turns out later, we are in mine No. 1. It received the local name "Main". As stated in the book about the local deposits: the distance between its outer workings reaches 500 meters, with an average width of the production strip of 60 meters, expanding in places to 120 meters. The veins, exposed by erosion, lie within a horizon from 130 (toe of the slope) to 200 meters.

6. The first branches from the adit are of short length, connecting diagonally to form a triangle. One side of it resembles a hangar; apparently there was a generator in it, as evidenced by the surviving sign; there was also a utility room here and apparently some equipment and boxes of sand were stored. There are iron rectangular grooves in the floor.

7. The paths of the adit begin to diverge, forming a complex of passages. For now we are sticking to the direct direction, while I am drawing up a map along the way. We don’t yet know that we will be heading back from other directions. Wandering around the mine, we trampled many circles in fresh, non-drying clay. And so as not to forget where each turn is, I give them working names - alpha, beta, gamma...

8. Let's go back to history: The first development of mica on the Slyudyanka River dates back to the second half of the 18th century, and to be precise - 1726, which is considered the year when these developments began. In 1785, Eric Laxman (geologist, mineralogist, zoologist, paleontologist, chemist, public figure, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy and member of the Stockholm Academy) described powerful veins with black mica, feldspar and green schorl in crystals up to 5 feet long and 15 inches in diameter .

9. Officially, the peasant M.I. Yakunin is considered to be the first to open mine No. 1; this was in 1912. From 1912 to 1915, Yakunin produced about 20 tons of purified mica. In 1917, due to the outbreak of the civil war, mica mining on the southern shore of Lake Baikal was stopped - the miners left their mines. During this period, all mines, including the first one, were mothballed, and the mined mica was taken away by the Japanese occupiers.

10. And here is the rubble, the most inconvenient place to pass through; you have to crawl over it and drag things one by one. If it weren’t for him, it would be possible to walk around here at full length without dirtying your clothes, but most likely it was this hole that influenced the safety of the remains of metal structures and equipment, for which ferrous metal hunters come here.

14. Central chamber. Here the paths diverge in four directions, if we assume that we came from below, then on the left there will be two seventy and eighty-meter crosscuts connected to each other, in front the adit will end after 37 meters, and to the right we have to go further.

15. If we jump ahead a little - to 2013, then we met geologists in the mine. They, in turn, shared with us a well-drawn map, which I used as a basis for drawing up previous maps. The adit of the main entrance to the mine reaches a length of 475 meters, from which the crosscuts go in different directions. The vaults in the “Tsentralnaya” blind shaft section are reinforced with concrete, not wooden supports; in this block there is a motor room, where the winch is located that lowers the elevator into the shaft, about 150 meters deep.

16. In the summer of 1923, geological research in the Slyudyanka area, on behalf of the Geological Committee (city of Petrograd), was carried out by S.S. Smirnov, and work was resumed in 1924 by Andrievsky. Then in 1926, part of the mine was transferred to the Institute of Applied Mineralogy. With the organization of Sibslyudtrest in 1927, all deposits were transferred to its jurisdiction. In 1928, by order of the Siberian Regional Council of National Economy, Sibslyudtrest was transferred to the city of Irkutsk. And from April 1, 1929, a separate independent enterprise for the extraction of phlogopite was formed in Slyudyanka - the Slyudyansk Mining Administration.

17. Turning in the right direction we immediately see a small ore pass.

18. There are two more large crevices ahead, crossing our horizon up and down, apparently this is a mined-out ore chamber.

19. Second camera. There is a clear tendency for the deposit to sink to deeper horizons. The subsidence has a slightly stepped nature, which is obviously due to the tectonic features of this area.

20. And ahead, the support is already beginning to break and collapse, moreover, ditches are beginning to pass under them, so walking on slippery rotten logs is not very comfortable.

21. Having reached the metal doors, we find ourselves in a narrow corridor. There are the remains of some equipment. The walls and ceiling here are covered with concrete; we enter the central complex of premises.

23. Concrete vaults appear and disappear, but have their own clear boundaries.

First Five-Year Plan (1929-1930): Consistently implementing Lenin's plan for building socialism, the Communist Party is working to prepare for the “offensive of socialism along the entire front.” An important stage in this was the XVI All-Union Party Conference, held in April 1929, which discussed and approved the first five-year plan. After the formation of the Slyudyansk Mining Administration on April 1, significant changes took place in the team of mica miners over the course of these two years: mechanization of drilling began through the installation of a compressor fleet and the introduction of pneumatic drilling machines, production standards were introduced, and planned production was ensured.

24. Blind mine. I wasn't ready for this. The old elevator is still in place. The bottom of the mine is not visible.

The miners descended to a depth of 129 meters, 4 meters remained to the level of Lake Baikal. We worked 8 hours a day. During the shift, rock was cut down, which was calculated by the meters traveled. The ore was lifted up by winches, and later by electric lifts. At the ore sorting site, mica was selected for 8 hours at a time, that is, the entire shift. We went down into the mine along a ladder of 500 steps. The workers were transported by flatbed to mine No. 2, and walked to mine No. 1. There were also women among the workers: “We didn’t lose heart, we didn’t whine, but in difficult times we helped each other and sang songs.”

25. The light falls from the side of the elevator, and on the right is the entrance to the engine room.

27. Here it is, perhaps the most monumental place here - Motornaya.

28. A huge rickety winch, a control panel, an electrical panel room.

29. The diameter of the winch is 2 meters.

30. And here the cable ran to the pulleys of the elevator installation.

31. We are right above the mine. It is interesting that the passages here were not made parallel and at right angles, the corners of the forks are sharp and the branches are directed diagonally towards each other with an “arrow >”. Therefore, the room where these two wheels are located goes in a diamond shape in relation to the elevator, this can be seen both when drawing up the map and through the hole for the cable in the floor. The diameter of the pulleys is also 2 meters.

32. Moving away from this area, you can stumble upon an area with preserved trolleys.

35. To date, over 50 phlogopite veins have been identified within mine No. 1, most of them have been mined out, many, especially the old ones, are abandoned and littered. The most common and permanent components of the veins are diopside, scapolite, phlogopite, calcite and apatite. There is a lot of secondary calcite, completely transparent, in the form of brushes and individual crystals of scalenohedral shape. It creates cracks and voids among yellow calcite of an earlier generation. Crystals of diopside and scapolite reach sizes of 15-20 centimeters. Phlogopite sometimes concentrates in the expanded parts of the veins, forming powerful accumulations, completely displacing other components. It is most concentrated along diopside-scapolite salbands, usually in large barrel-shaped crystals.

36. The central part of the veins is usually made of coarse-crystalline calcite of pink and yellow color. Calcite fills the free areas between the crystals and often contains large (up to 10 cm, and sometimes up to 50 cm or more) blue and sky-colored apatite crystals. Apatite seems to float among calcite. Crystals of diopside (baicalite) sometimes reach 10-15 cm along the long axis, growing into each other. There are broken scapolite crystals cemented along fracture cracks with calcite.

37. Further crosscuts go in rings with a large number of small drifts. Two directions are flooded with water and their study is not yet possible, so we will continue further study of the mine later. The Mining Administration closed in 1973, after which the mines were abandoned, and most of the miners went to work at the Baikal Marble enterprise, organized on the site of the Mining Administration. However, the mines are still visited by collectors, geologists and simply stone hunters - hitniks.

It took me three days and one night to explore the Mine. Some areas have not yet been studied, and the mine has not yet been studied, in which another similar set of passages may be hidden, and perhaps even more. Therefore, the study continues. For this I take my leave. Thank you all for your attention!