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You shouldn't argue, I'm a numismatist, I know what I'm talking about. Although, of course, the quantity could have been mixed up, but it didn’t seem to be mixed up, it’s just that everything wasn’t so simple there (the hryvnias were different), the story is always like that.

Here, read, I found it especially for you:

Written monuments have preserved the ancient Russian names of metal coins - kuna and nogata and the names of smaller payment units equal to half a kuna - rezana, vereveritsa, whose relationship to the kuna is defined differently, etc. Kuna - coin. The kuna was the dirham, and the denarius that replaced it, and the Russian silver coin, and this cannot surprise us, since the transition to a new weight and even type of payment unit does not at all require the abandonment of the usual name. Probably, the ancient Slavs first called the Roman denarius kuna, just as the tribes of Northern Europe, on the basis of the circulation of the Roman denarius, had a consonant name for the coin coin, derived from the Latin cuneus - forged. Displacing the term “silver”, the word kuna became permanently entrenched in Slavic languages ​​in the general meaning of “money”, just as the latter came from the later name of the coin.

The name nogata, derived from the Arabic “nagd” (good, choice coin), originally arose in connection with the need to distinguish more benign dirhams from the worse ones circulating next to them. Rezana and vereveritsa are considered as different parts (trimmings) of kuna; but in a number of cases, the veritel can also be the skin of a squirrel.

Hryvnia. During the circulation of foreign coins, the oldest Russian monetary concept, the hryvnia, was formed, which went through a very complex path of development and change and has survived to this day in the popular name of the small nickel coin, the grivna.

The concept of "hryvnia" is believed to have originally been associated with a neck hoop made of precious metal, well known in the material culture of the Slavs and their neighbors. Although, it is quite difficult to explain the origin of this term. But, in the translated monuments of the Church Slavonic language, the hryvnia was the name given to a metal neck decoration - a necklace worn by men and women. It is clear that this etymological meaning of the word “hryvnia” is an adjective from “mane” = “neck”.

Then it acquired a new weight value, corresponding to a certain amount (weight) of silver (hryvnia of silver); since this quantity could be composed of a known number of identical coins, a piece count, a number, became next to the weight. Hryvnia, consisting of coins (hryvnia kun), is a certain number of coins.

The silver hryvnia (weight) and the kun hryvnia (counting) became payment and monetary concepts: the first in the 11th century. and later payment bars of different types began to correspond, which had already received a well-defined shape and stable weight.

Hryvnia kun. At the beginning of its existence, the hryvnia, in all likelihood, was a single concept in terms of weight for silver in general and for coins in particular. However, then its complication and division began, due both to changes in the weight of foreign coins coming to Rus', and to the evolution of the hryvnia itself as a unit of weight. The weight comes off the number; in the language of the Ancient Acts, “old” and “new” hryvnias appear, as well as “old” and “new” kunas. The weight difference between the Kyiv and Novgorod hryvnias is apparently a very ancient, and perhaps primordial, phenomenon.

As for the ratio of the hryvnia of silver and the hryvnia to the kun, the written monuments testify, as one might think, not to the initial ratio that existed, perhaps, back in Roman times, but to those ratios that were formed in the process of the evolution of the hryvnia, under the influence of changes in the weight of the kun coins that made up the coin circulation fund at different times. A hryvnia of silver became equal in value to several hryvnia kunas. So, for the 12th century. it was established to be equal to four hryvnia kun; the hryvnia kun itself corresponded to a certain, but not constant number of payment units: 20 nogat in the 11th and 12th centuries. and 25 kunam or 50 rezan only in the 11th century, but already 50 kunam in the 12th century. Thus, over the course of a century, one unit of the system remained unchanged as part of the hryvnia kun, while the other was halved.

The fragmentation of the ancient Russian state interrupted the short-term minting of Russian coins. Monetary circulation in Rus' for a long time was served in the north by the Western European denarius and everywhere by silver in hryvnia ingots, and the latter gradually occupied an increasing place, up to the complete displacement, or rather, absorption of coins, which served mainly as raw materials and a measure for casting early ingots. Replenishment of the stock of circulating coins in the country ceased at the beginning of the 12th century. in connection with the widespread cessation in the West of the minting of the denarius familiar to Rus'. There, of course, new types of coins replaced it, but in Rus' they no longer received any recognition.

Tartar Emperors of China

And who were these wild northern nomads, from whom the Chinese fenced themselves off with a high wall? Nicolaas talks about this in some detail in his book “Northern and Eastern”.

Here is a fragment of a map from this book:

Detail of a map by Nicolaas Witsen, 1705

The state closest to the north side of the Wall, underlined by a red line, is called Roy. de Niuche – kingdom of Niuche (also known as Nyuki or Nuki. Now this is the territory of China - my comment). N. Witsen calls Niuhe the easternmost region Tartaria.

The yellow line outlines the Chinese Wall

Other inscriptions on the map:

Mugalie Blonde ou Grande – Mugalie Light or Large.

La Chine au dela de les Murs – Chine beyond the Walls

Villes au dela des Murs de Chine – cities beyond the Walls of Chine

Katai ou partie de la Chine - Katai or part of China

Singal ou Royaume de Zoengogo – Singal or the kingdom of Zungogo (Wiki says that the Sinhalese are the population of Sri Lanka. And there is also Sinjar (Kurdish: Şingal) - a city in the north-west of Iraq. But this is all far from this place.)

Koejarj (between Dauria and Niuhe) - Kuyary (with Nowadays they are called Nanais. It’s interesting that almost all peoples have changed their names since the 17th century.)

Mogols Noirs – Black Moguls

KaraKitay (Black China) - according to Wikipedia there was a KaraKitay Khanate, which was conquered by the Naimans led by Kuchluk in 1211. In 1218 it was conquered by Genghis Khan and became part of the Mongol Empire.

That's what Witsen writes about these territories:

“The Mugal regions and states, no matter how despicable the place of the world, in comparison with us, they were located, from ancient times, by the name of the peoples of the Scythians, or Tartars, were known and famous, especially thanks to the power of their emperors, some of whom were not inferior in happy victories to Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Augustus and other brave heroes. Among these heroes, the great emperor stands out Genghis khan who owned the state, which, thanks to his own conquests was as great as never anything else under the sun, although very little is known about him and his power in Europe, which must be attributed to the envy and hatred of the Arabs and the Dark Ages and ignorance, then widespread in Europe, for all the sciences and arts of Asia at that time were mainly in the hands of the Arabs, and it was they who perpetuated history, exploits and sciences with their pen. Because then all the sciences and arts, especially mathematics and astronomy, flourished among them as widely as ignorance has spread in our time. Seeing the victories of Emperor Genghis Khan, who also conquered some of the Arabs, they did not describe them in detail, so as not to show their shame to the world. [Its] obscurity is obviously due to the fact that many Arabic descriptions were lost due to destruction and war.”

“Mugalia is divided into Big, or Yellow, and Black, or Small. Also Sina, according to Muller, is called Yellow Mogul, after she, this Tartaria, as he says, was occupied by the Moguls.”

Those. Muller calls Cena part of Tartary? Further in his book, N. Witsen often mentions the Tartars as the emperors of Sina:

“In 1657, when the Dutch ambassadors de Keyser and de Goyer were at court Xing Emperor, or Tartar Khan, 3,000 Tartar families arrived there from the northern regions, from Korea and Yeso. These were the people of the Tartar Khan, now Emperor Sina. They decided to move to Sina, a country with fertile soil and a mild climate, to escape the hunger and cold of the northern regions. They were later resettled in Canton and other places. These people lived far in the north, on the seashore, approximately near the Amur River, near the ancient, so-called Anian.”

“Others say that Xunhi is the father of the present Emperor Kamhi, under which Sina was annexed to his state, – was the fifth in his dynasty. His rise seemed so miraculous to the other princes of his people that they, comparing it to lightning, considered it the work of God and Heaven.

Tartarus, who conquered Sina, Joris Andriesen, who was their slave, called them niuhe and said that they lived in the northeast of Sina.”

“In the country of Niuhe, or Nyuki, by order Emperor of Tartar-Sinsk, they began to build 120 fortresses. Around them there are now towns and villages with houses built of clay, like the Daurian peoples.”

“We do not know for sure whether the fortresses and towns built by the Western Tartars are still preserved during the time of the Iwen tribes. Inside the fortresses there are undoubtedly small houses surrounded by earthen ramparts. They are built for old people who are not able to roam with livestock, and for those who are engaged in agriculture (See letters from Fr. Ferbista from the cities of this country).»

More details about the Iwen dynasty:

“These peoples, the Nuks, or Dshurs, are the ancient enemies of the Sints. Already 1,800 years ago the Sins called them kin. It also means “gold,” since they say that there is a lot of gold in the mountains of their country. About 400 years ago they came from beyond the Great Wall into Sina and occupied six large areas. They would have taken all of Sina, but Kalmak Tartars who lived around Samarkand and Bukhara, descendants of Genghis Khan - Mughals and other peoples, - having heard that the Nuks had occupied Sina, out of envy they entered in large numbers through the western and southern regions into Sina and drove the Nuks out of there, taking away half of their lands. Together with the Kalmaks and other Tartars, a certain Marco Polo, originally from Venice, also came to Sina. Then the Kalmaks occupied all of Sina and founded a new imperial dynasty called Iven. The emperors of this dynasty dominated Xing for approximately 100 years. Then the Sins drove them out again and founded the Taiming dynasty, which dominated the country about 40 years ago, because the Nuki Dshurians, or Juchers, again came to Sin, occupied it and founded a new dynasty of the imperial Tartar family of Taising.”

“Let us now return to the Western Tartars of the Khia dynasty. After they expelled the Eastern Tartars from the province of Honam and subjugated them, at least 55 years passed before they conquered the entire Sin Empire. Many of the eastern peoples, having suffered defeat, joined the Sinians and resisted the Western Tartars. Therefore, in the chronicles you can read that during this time six kings reigned there. The last was Tix, the 18th of that dynasty. As soon as the Tartars arrived in the province of Fokin, this youth king (after only a five-year reign) boarded a ship in the city of Hoxiu to escape to the south. But in a storm the ship was lost, and he gave his life, scepter and crown to the sea. Thus ended the 20th dynasty, which ruled in Sin for 320 years. The 21st dynasty reigned - Iven - originating from Western Tartary. This was in 1280. The first king of this dynasty was Xio. He restored the law issued under Khia when the military council met in Beijing. He sent advance detachments of large military forces to the south, to the kingdom of Lauven, to part of Barmania, to Khiam, Cambodia, Hampa, Kinam, and finally to the state of Tonkin, which was closest. Tonkin was conquered by force of arms. Here Xio built a city and a powerful fortress to quickly influence the unconquered. The Tartars could have curbed the Chinese, but since they did not do this, then 88 years later, under the tenth viceroy Xankum, a man named Hongwui, originally from Fimyan, the Kianxi region, appeared, who gathered troops and occupied many cities, including main city Nanjing. From here the warriors hurried to Beijing to get their booty. The Tartar viceroy was unable to gather his forces so quickly and was forced to flee with his wife and children to the province of Xantum, where he later died. This was the end of the Western Tartars in Sina."

“Of all the Tartars, these were always the most implacable enemies of the Sins, and during the Xing imperial Sung dynasty they inflicted disasters on Sin with their invasions. Therefore, the Xing emperors were forced to move from the north to the southern Xing lands after these Tartars occupied the regions of Liaotung, Beijing, Xanxi, Xenxi and Xantung. Yes, they probably would have conquered the entire Sina Empire if the neighboring Tartars from Samahan, or Samarkand (after having subjugated most of Asia), out of envy of their successes, had not crossed the southern and western regions to Sina and started against them a fierce war. Finally, they were pushed out of Cena completely. They also invaded Eastern Tartaria and occupied most of it. Marco Polo the Venetian speaks about this war. Finally, the Western Tartars, after many battles, as a reward for victories, they received the entire Sin Empire and founded the imperial dynasty of Iwen. This was in 1269.

The Eastern Tartars, called the Kin, however, recaptured the Sin Empire a few years ago and still hold it today.”

It turns out that Marco Polo was visiting the Kalmak Tartars when they ruled in China. And he described not the war of the Sints with the Tartars, but the war of the Western Tartars with the Eastern. Which was artificially kindled by the Sins, as Witsen writes. Or perhaps the Jesuits who were present there at that time. A war between fraternal peoples who had always lived in peace and harmony among themselves.

Title page of the book about the Travels of the Venetian Marco Polo

A page from this book

A few more excerpts from Witsen's book with messages sent to him from various people talking about the Tartar emperors ruling China:

“They say that once upon a time on the west coast of Japan Tartar navy ran aground. (So, the wild nomads still had a navy? - my note) His team intended to cross to Japan for the purpose of attack. This is where this hatred supposedly arose and persisted. This obviously happened during Tartar khan, or emperor, Kublai, who occupied Mangi around 1250(part of Sina. Mangi means “barbarian” in Tartar; this is how the Tartars called Sina or that part of it that they once occupied. In memory of this salvation, by the grace of God, bad weather and wind, even now, as they say, They hold a holiday in Japan on the fifth day of the fifth month.”

"Kamhi, modern Tartar Emperor Sina, originally from Niuhe; loves mathematics and especially astronomy. He therefore studied with the Jesuit Ferdinand Ferbist, a Dutchman who held honorary positions and titles there. He [Kamhi] knows well the works of the famous ancient mathematician Euclid and delved into the science of mathematics. He makes many celestial and other measurements with his own hands. The Emperor himself ordered that Euclid be translated into the Tartar language (although he also knows Chinese well) in order to introduce this science to the center of Tartaria. The said Ferbist had supreme power over all mathematicians and astronomers. He and his parents were elevated to the nobility, but he recently died in Beijing.

He personally spoke with the emperor, who is generally inaccessible, and ate at court from golden dishes served from the imperial table.

The Emperor himself knows how to calculate eclipses and understands straight and curved measurements. There are no secrets in the ingenious science of mathematics that he does not know, there are no stars that he cannot immediately show. He spent over 19 thousand rikestalers on the purchase of physical instruments, especially related to astronomy. He ordered the construction of an astronomical tower on the city walls of Beijing. I have her image with all the equipment. Several noble people are on duty on these towers every day, and they constantly direct their gaze to the sky. Every morning they make a report on what they saw in the sky. With the help of this science, the Tartars, like the Sins, make their predictions and manage their affairs.

This sovereign willingly becomes acquainted with all the relevant knowledge and, although he is still a pagan, still longs to learn about the immortality of the soul, the existence of God, the suffering of the Savior and other Christian dogmas and truths. But polygamy and love for women greatly prevent him from accepting the Christian faith. In addition, he listened too much to his grandmother, who was a Western Tartar woman and was committed to the idolatry of lamas.”

“Around 1600, the Niuhe Tartars, that is, the Eastern Tartars of seven warring hordes, which were already a formidable force at that time, united under the leadership of the first prince of the Eastern Tartars, who, as they recall, was called Tingming, which means the will, or decision of heaven. He was a very harsh and cruel monarch; he demanded that he be called the Xing Emperor. His successor was his son Tinkum, after him Kum, or Kumkhim, and then followed Zum-te. Under him, the Sinsk state was annexed to Tartaria. After this event, in 1662, his son Kamhi ascended the throne at the age of eight. He still reigns over the eastern Tartars and all of Sina.”

“In 1600, the Eastern Tartars (seven Tartar hordes) invaded Sina and settled on the border. Sin officials pursued them and killed their prince. In revenge They captured all of Sina and still rule it with glory.

...From then to this day, the Tartars who own Sina are called Mouhe. The mentioned prince, dying, left all his possessions, called Yamksekhinvam, to his young son. When he took possession of Sina, these possessions began to be called Kamhi, or Kunhi. Sina was conquered under his uncle-guardian."

“When the Tartars prepared to go to war against Sina, they were still at war with some princes from Western Tartary, but the quarrel between them was settled. In less than four years, the Tartars devastated and subjugated such a powerful state as Sina."

“The Sin refugees, after the capture of their country by the Tartars, armed a fleet of 2,000 ships against them in order to free their fatherland from the Tartar yoke. There were more than 200,000 people on the ships. It was truly one of the most powerful fleets known to history."

“Those who saw the Tartar emperor who defeated Sina say that he is a very polite, lively, gentle man. He is trying to increase the territory of his country. He was proclaimed emperor in Beijing around 1643."

The fact that China was ruled by the Tartars is not only mentioned by Witsen and Marco Polo, there are also illustrations by Pieter Boldewijn included in the collection “Galerie Agréable du Monde” (Approved Gallery of the World), published by the Dutch publisher and bookseller Pieter van der Aa in 1729 and consisting of three thousand engravings.

Here are some illustrations from the second volume of this edition, called “China and Great Tartarie” (Tome second de Chine & Grande Tartarie, Pieter Boudewyn, 1729):

Eastern Tartars in their clothes and ammunition

Western Tartars

women's clothing oriental tartar

“Their iron helmets are similar to ours, but do not cover the face. Chest armor does not consist of one sheet, but of several parts connected with iron clips. All this produces strumming and noise when the Tartar cavalry moves.

But it is surprising that, despite the fact that they ride on horseback almost all the time and their entire fighting force consists of cavalry, their horses are not shod, and there is not even a person who knows how to do this.” (probably it’s much more difficult to shoe a horse than to forge armor and a sword? – my note)

“Their alphabet is completely different from that of the Sints; their letters, although different in appearance, still represent a sound, like ours, that is, a, b, c, although they say that they have 60 or more letters, not 24. This is because they name vowels together with consonants as individual letters of the alphabet: la, le, li, lo, lu; pa, pe, pi, po, pu.”

“Their dresses and caftans reach to their ankles. The sleeves are narrow, not wide, like those of the Sinets, and differ little from the kaftans of Poles or Hungarians. The sleeves end at the hands, in the shape of a horseshoe. They wear a belt with handkerchiefs hanging from both sides to wipe their hands and face. Another knife and two purses hang behind the belt: for tobacco and other small items. On the left side hangs a saber or ax from the belt, with the handle back, so that you can reach it with one hand.

They rarely wear shoes - boots without spurs, made of horsehide or silk fabric. Boots are usually beautiful and good quality. The soles are often three fingers thick. For riding they do not use stirrups, but only a bridle, lower and wider than ours. Otherwise, the eastern Tartars are similar in customs to the Tartars of Tartary Minor, but not as barbaric. They are sincerely supportive of strangers and despise the slavish modesty of the Sins.”

« In character, these Tartars are more similar to Europeans than to Sints. They do not crave to shed human blood for fun, but are impetuous and ardent if they encounter resistance to their passions and entertainment. They are kind-hearted towards those who do not resist them. However, they are bloodthirsty in battle, and then you cannot rely on their word.

They are more frank than the Sintsy, and are not so vindictive and distrustful. They have many good human traits; they do not deceive, they are very conscientious and conduct business honestly.»

“These Tartars do not keep as many wives as the Sins. The eunuchs do not guard the emperor’s wives as strictly as they were previously guarded in Sin, since the emperor despises eunuchs and does not want to see them around him. Women walk freely both on the city streets and in the steppe. They ride horses, are not afraid of battle, sometimes they fight alongside men - more and more boldly than they write about. The trial is conducted orally, little is written. They do not put the accused in shackles or chains, considering it a slow death. The criminal is immediately interrogated. If the crime is clear, the criminal is immediately punished, but if not, then he is released. They have a punishment of piercing both ears with the point of an arrow. If the crime deserves the death penalty, the perpetrator is beheaded without causing him any other suffering. The convict is stripped naked. Theft is sometimes also punishable by death. The Tartar judge hears the case without delay or fuss. If a judge takes a bribe to break the law and the matter is discovered, he is punished very severely. They love astronomy very much, but apart from this art they have little interest in science. Although they don't know music, they still love it. They have few laws, but legal proceedings are carried out well. There is something important and courageous in their speech.

Before the Tartars came to Sin, the Sin people almost did not know how to handle weapons. They grew their nails long. All fights were resolved by fist fights. But now they hang checkers on their sides even for eight-year-old children.

The Tartars are armed with spears and swords. The checkers are attached to the left, with the tip forward, and the handle back, towards the back. When fighting with a combat sword, they hold it with both hands. When shooting from a bow, they can shoot two or three arrows at the same time. Their bows are not large, but strong; The arrows are not all the same length.

They were not familiar with firearms before the Sina invasion. The horses with which they conquered Sina are well built, brave and fast. They are ridden in such a way that it seems that the riders were born on a horse. Many of them tie the bridle to the belt and control the horse using their legs.

Troops assemble under a banner, or standard. They are not accustomed to marching or walking on foot; they walk in crowds, not paying attention to order or alignment. The cavalry is ahead. They also attack in disorder, at the sound of trumpets. They don't have trumpeters and drummers, but the banner is carried in front. There is a feeling of deep reverence for him. It resembles a Catholic church banner. They follow him into battle, but they do not know retreat, they fight to the end. If a standard bearer falls, which happens often, since he is in the center of the battle, another one immediately picks up the standard, considering it a high honor. The cavalry begins an attack on the city, without first shelling with heavy weapons. They do all the shelling only after the first assault. They drag an assault ladder, made of notched wood, behind their horses. The standard bearer climbs up the wall screaming. They seem to live for the sake of war, loving battle, they prefer to live in camps rather than live in cities. They consider scars from wounds received in battle a great honor. At night the camp is very quiet, they rest in tents made of raw leather. They don't post guards; The sentinels silently walk around the camp.

These Tartars are well built: broad shoulders, strong; They are indiscriminate in their food, well dressed, always active and know their business. Some of them are darker than the Sins, and their beards are thicker. The hair is black, although there is also red hair. They are heavily built, their hands are calloused. In peacetime they are soft and polite, in war they are strict and stern. They don't know how to pretend. When greeting, they extend their right hand, lean forward a little and slowly bring their hand to their mouth. When they give thanks, they place their right hand on the saber and bow their heads. Sometimes they kiss the hands of others and hug with friends. It is not customary for them to bare their heads.

They eat and drink a lot. Lamb is their usual food, as is the meat of deer and wild pigs, as well as fish. Food is hardly fried or boiled. It doesn't matter whether the food is tasty or not. They also eat boiled rice, and in some places bread. They drink water cold, not hot, like the Sinets. They also drink to health and in memory of friends, as they do in Europe, but it is not customary for them to force this. They prepare and serve food in copper, tin and silver vessels, but rarely use porcelain dishes. They eat with spoons, not knowing how to use chopsticks and forks according to the Xin custom.”

« Tartars are generally more generous than Sints, which is why ordinary Sins usually love tartare. The Tartars from Niuhe, usually in the Liaotung region, introduced trade in various furs: sable, fox, marten, etc., as well as horsehair, which is used as decoration in Xing. This trade began after they, having first entered Sina, were again expelled from there.

Tartar women decorate their heads with peacock and other beautiful feathers, flowers, and make curls. Tartars, like Christians, eat already cut meat with knives, forks, and also with their hands, and the Sins eat with chopsticks.”

Illustrations from the already mentioned album:

Emperor Tartarus and pomp

Signatures that I could translate: 2 Western Tartars and Koreans, 3 bodyguards, 5 audience manager, 6 noble guards, 7 throne, 8 great royal tea party, 9 emperor

In this illustration it is perhaps difficult to see that there is some kind of huge bird or other animal with wings depicted above the emperor. This bird is also found in other illustrations. For example, you can clearly see it here:

La déesse Matzou ou Nioma (goddess Matzou or Nioma)

I did not find any explanation for this illustration, except that the goddess Matsoi or Nioma is depicted here (I could not find any mention of such a Chinese goddess in modern sources). It is unknown whether this depicts an existing building, with real people, or is it just a fantasy, an allegory? Because the goddess herself, and the people standing near her with fans, and the birds hanging from above, do not look like statues. But their size compared to the size of the people in the hall is enormous. It also appears that the platform on which the goddess stands is suspended in the air, suspended by a large spring coming from somewhere above. These birds themselves are very reminiscent of the animal depicted on the flag of Tartaria; in any case, the shape of the head and the tip of the tail are very similar:

Did such dragon birds exist, and were they used for flight? This illustration shows a man flying on a bird. But the bird here is much smaller in size and more like an ordinary bird, except perhaps very large:

Chinois faiseurs de vent, occuper a leur art diabolique (Chinese air masters who master the diabolical art)

China also had a similar flag, or was it a Tartar flag from the times when the Tartars ruled China? ( By the way, the current flag of China is also similar to the Soviet one).

Illustration from the album of the 18th century British artist William Alexander, “The Costume of China, or Picturesque Representations of The Dress and Manners of the Chinese”:

Archer Corps Officer

This illustration says “Military, clothing, customs of the Indians,” but Indians apparently mean all the peoples of that region:

La galerie agréable du monde, par Van der Aa, Pieter Boudewyn, Tome second de Chine & Grande Tartarie, 1729; Pl. 71. Cours, habillement, salutations, etc, des Indiens

Signatures on illustrations:

1. Army Beijing, capital Cities China, 2 Chinese, 3 Japanese, 4 Tartarian cavalrymen, 5 Chinese soldiers, 6 siammois, 7Makasá R (capital Indonesian provinces South Sulawesi), 8 Java, Malaysia, 9 Lammas Tonquinois (black llamas?), 10 tangerines (Chinese officials), 11 exchange greetings, 12 towers entertainment, 13 women's chambers

Interesting toppings on the entertainment towers. Such towers often appear in illustrations. Here is one of them in close-up:

Représentation de la Tour de porcelaine

It is written at the top: "Representation of a porcelain tower, China." Here the pommel is drawn a little differently. The antenna is very reminiscent of (mobile communications?), and the flagpoles near the pagoda are probably made of metal?

Intérieur d'une pagode, en Chine (Interior of a pagoda, China)

Here are many more pillars with different tops.

Une rue de Nankin – Teytong (Street Nanjing)

Continuing the unusualness, there is a picture showing destroyed rocks of unusual shape, resembling giant pillars.

Pl. 48. Montagne de Sang-Won-Hab - Montagne que les Tartares nomment les 5 têtes de cheval - Agréable montagne dans la contrée de Suytjeen - Autres montagne dans la contrée de Suytjeen;

1 Sang-Won-Hab Mountain, 2 mountains that the Tartars call 5 Horse Heads, 3 Pleasant Mountain in the Suytjeen region, 4 Other mountains in the Suytjeen region;

Rock sculpture in the town of Pekkinsa

Artificially made rock? Judging by the drawn figures of people, it is approximately 50 meters high. And there are several more of the same nearby. And the stairs leading up - for viewing the surrounding area?

Arc de Triomphe, which is located in Canton, a city in China

In honor of whose victory over whom, this is not said. And remembering the triumphal arches, let's move to Paris. I accidentally came across this picture on the Internet, which says: “Wooden galleries (ancient Tartar camp), royal palace (1825)”

Wikipedia writes that when Joseph of Orleans received ownership of the royal palace, he had a large debt. And in order to get out of the difficult situation, he decided to build a network of shops, restaurants and gambling establishments, for which he also rented a large plot of land adjacent to the palace and built it all there. Including wooden galleries, calling them for some reason “Wooden Camp Tartarus

8. Everything from the beginning...

“The Russian people still retain a precious spark of spiritual purity, which
which other peoples have already completely lost or simply never had.”

And further to page 110 there is a text about the khans of Tartaria, starting with Genghis Khan. It should be noted here that you will not find any Mongols or Tatars in the text, we are always talking about the Moguls (Mogol) and Tartars (Tartares). And again we note that the letter r in the last word it is not readable only in English, in the rest - French, Spanish, German and, of course, Latin, read. So we are talking about Tartars, not Tatars, no matter how sad it may be for critics of the existence of the state of Great Tartary.

At the bottom of the Chingizid family tree there is a rather sketchy map of Great Tartary (Tartaria Magna) with the following historical notes:

“Tartaria, which until now was a country completely unknown to both geographers and historians, is represented here exactly within its natural boundaries thanks to the efforts of the famous Mr. Witsen, who granted us an exact map, from which an exact copy was made.

The famous 400 league wall that separates it from China failed to stop the Tartars from invading and, to the chagrin of the Chinese, becoming masters of their country in 1645. However, there are still many rulers in Tartaria, whose names or places of residence are still unknown.

In the center of this vast country are free peoples who have no permanent residence, but who live in the open country on carts and tents. These people are distributed into troops called by hordes.

It is believed that Tartary consists of several kingdoms and it is said that more than a thousand years ago typographic art was invented in the kingdom of Tangut. It is difficult to say exactly when the Tartars became masters of the entire country, which is located between Tanais and Borysthenes and which today is called Little Tartary.

But as for China, the war waged by the Tartars with this country began in 2341 BC. According to the Jesuit Father Mareni, who in 1655 claimed that the Tartars had been continuously waging war with the Chinese for 4000 years.

In 1280, the Tartars became masters of China and then the Iwen clan (Iven) began to rule there for 89 years.

Until 1369, the Chinese expelled Tartarus and the throne was occupied by rulers by nationality and from the Mim clan (Min. - E.L.).

In 1645, the Tartars, led by the king Xunchi, called the Great Khan, recaptured the Chinese Empire. The family of the Tartar prince reigns there to this day..."

In general, although these historical notes for the most part leave us somewhat bewildered by their fragmentary, superficial and, in general, illiterate description of a huge rich country, they raise more questions than they provide answers. Yes, and more and more is said about China than about Tartary, but there are still some interesting points.

It talks about the existence of several Tartar rulers, and therefore, possibly, states, but who they are and what kind of states they are, what the relationship is between them and the metropolis, where their capitals are located, is unknown to the authors for the reason stated above. Therefore, in the notes we are talking more and more about China, which was flooded in the 17th century Jesuits and, who could obtain information both about China’s relations with its northern neighbor, and some crumbs about its northernmost neighbor. Although these crumbs are surprising.

For example, we were amazed by the information about the war between the Tartars and the Chinese, which lasted not even decades - millennia! It lasted even after a difficult war with China, which took place more than 7,000 years ago and in honor of the victory in which our ancestors introduced a new calendar - from the Creation of the World in the Star Temple.

It is quite possible that the Jesuit did not mean full-scale hostilities, but some kind of conflicts and skirmishes, but constant and over such a long period of time. But these are just assumptions, not yet based on anything. So, it seems that our former leaders got carried away by declaring the Chinese “brothers forever.” Alas, the authors of the encyclopedia did not bother to name the reason why the Tartars were in conflict with the Chinese for so long and so persistently sought to conquer them. Most likely, they did not know, and perhaps even then they began to create the image of a “terrible northern totalitarian monster” that attacks “little proud birds.”

I was also very surprised by the mention of book printing in Tangut, as we understand, one of the states of Tartaria, 1000 years ago. It is a pity that no details are provided either.

Another interesting link to the source of the “accurate map” of Tartary is Mr. Witsen. We are talking about Nicholas Witsen ( Nicolaes Witsen(1641-1717)). He was a descendant of an influential Dutch family, a famous scientist, cartographer, collector, writer, diplomat and was repeatedly elected to the post of burgomaster of Amsterdam. Witsen visited Russia several times and even wrote a book "Travel to Muscovy 1664-1665".

Several years ago his book was published in Russia "Northern and Eastern Tartaria" in three volumes. During the life of the Dutchman, it was an extensive commentary on the detailed map of Siberia that Witsen published.

Alas, Nicholas Witsen did not write anything worthwhile about Great Tartaria. Neither about the organization of this state, nor about its politics, nor about the economy, nor about its great people - nothing. Only a description of wild tribes, which he calls wild Tartars, living on the border with China, as well as a description of other peoples, for example, Circassians, Georgians, Uzbeks, Kalmyks, etc.

The peoples of Tartaria described by Witsen are savage and barbaric, and only a few are sedentary, and even those live in huts or pits covered with animal skins. In addition, they are not even pagans who worship idols, but generally profess some kind of primitive beliefs, worshiping killed animals hanging on trees. The Tartars have cities, but almost all of them are nomadic. That is, the huge number of cities depicted in Remezov’s Drawing Book of Siberia, who built them and how, and what the people living in them did, Witsen passes over in silence. In general, all tartars are wild, wild and wild again.

Since this work, far from cheap, was sent to many libraries in Russia, it seems to us that here we are dealing with a well-thought-out sabotage. Since it is no longer possible to hide information about Great Tartaria - too much of it has spilled out on the Internet, those who are opposed to people being able to find out the truth about the past and not just the past, but the great past of their country, decided to do something simple - if you can’t win, lead. So they released a craft very much in the spirit of foreign encyclopedias of the 17th and 18th centuries, in which all sorts of fables and half-true stories of various travelers were told about Tartary, who often had not even been to the places they were talking about.

To the question of where Shatlan got such detailed information about Genghis Khan and his descendants for his “Historical Atlas”, the answer may be the following - from the same place where others took it.

For example, in 1710, the book “The History of the Great Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and Tartars” was published. (Le Histoire de Genghizcan le Grand, premier empereur des anciens Mogules et Tartares), written by François Petit ( François Petis(1622-95)), translator of the French royal court of Louis XIV from Arabic and Turkish.

The full title of the book is: “The history of Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and Tartars in four books, containing a description of his life, development and conquests, with a brief history of his successors to the present day, the way of life, customs and laws of the ancient Mughals and Tartars, and the geography of the vast countries such as Mogolistan, Turkestan, Kipchak (Capschac), Yugurestan and Eastern and Western Tartaria". 12 years later this book was translated into English by Penelope Aubyn ( Penelope Aubin(1679-1731)), English novelist, poet, playwright and translator.

If you look at the very end of the book, there is a section in which the author-sources from whom the compilers borrowed material about Genghis Khan are indicated. And, to tell the truth, there are quite a lot of these authors. Separately there are Asian authors, mainly Arabic (27 pages in small print indicating the works, the year of their creation and brief information about the author) and European - Latin, Greek, ancient and modern authors of the book (12 pages).

There was surprisingly a lot of information about Genghis Khan, but there was some shortage of images of the first Tartar emperor, who founded the greatest empire in the world, which lasted for quite a long time, which is very strange. However, they exist, and we present some images of Genghis Khan from ancient miniatures and engravings that were found on the Internet.

The following drawings are presented: Coronation of Genghis Khan. Miniature from the “Book of the Diversity of the World” by the Italian merchant Marco Polo (1254-1324). Dream of Genghis Khan. The White Knight predicts his coronation. Coronation of Genghis Khan. Miniature from the “Flower Garden of Histories of the Lands of the East” (or “History of the Tartars”) by Hayton (Hetum) (mid-1240s-1310s). Death of Genghis Khan. Miniature from “The Book” of Marco Polo.

The following drawings are presented here: Genghis Khan on his deathbed. Engraving from “Universal Cosmography” by Sebastian Munster, Switzerland, 1588. Genghis Khan. Engraving from an unknown ancient book. Genghis Khan drinks with bayazid. Undated engraving. Genghis Khan. Pierre Duflo, 1780

As can be seen from these images, the Europeans imagined Genghis Khan white man, and not a Mongoloid, either in the 14th century or in the 18th, and it doesn’t matter that they could confuse Genghis Khan and Tamerlane (the Bayezids sat on the Ottoman throne more than a century after Genghis Khan and Tamerlane, his successor, fought with them). So, it is possible that he is depicted in the engraving. But what is written is what is written (Genghis khan drinking with bayezid's woman).

In any case, we get another proof (from what we have collected) that Tamerlane was also a white man, and not a Mongoloid. By the way, the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I was a red-haired and light-eyed man. The Turks made us happy again. We have already told you that they built a museum for the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman I, in the city of Sögut. There is also a small gallery of busts of almost all the founders of empires that are currently known in the world. They placed copies of these busts in Istanbul, including the bust Genghis Khan. He is also depicted as a man white race.

The European features of Genghis Khan are fully explained by the fact that the people of the white race who lived in a huge country, which foreigners called Great Tartary, formerly called Scythia, and they, accordingly, are Scythians. One has only to look at the reconstruction of the appearance of the Scythians based on the results of excavations of Scythian mounds and at how the Scythians themselves portrayed themselves, and all questions about how they looked are removed. The fact that Scythia is Great Tartary was mentioned by famous European encyclopedists, whose works we translated and published on our website: “World Geography” by Dubville, “World History” by Dionysius Petavius ​​and “Atlas of Asia” by Nicholas Sanson. This is also mentioned in “The History of the Great Genghis Khan, the first emperor of the ancient Mughals and Tartars” by Francois Petit.

Here, for example, is what he writes about the origins of Genghis Khan:

"He was the son of a khan named Pisouca or Yesouca, who ruled in ancient Mogolistan, a country that was located in Great Tartaria, the province of Karakatai. This Great Tartaria in Asia, as well as Little Tartary in Europe none other than the countries that in the past they were called Scythia. There were then many kingdoms, but now they are divided among so many rulers that it is almost impossible to provide a complete list of their numbers or names.

First - Kipchakia (Capschac), which consists of many great provinces, among which is located Getes, which is east of the Moguls and north of Transoxiana and the country washed by the river Sibon (Sibon or Ox).

Second part - Zagatai (Zagatay), which the ancients called Transoxiana (Transoxiana), and the Arabs - Maouarannabar.

The third part - Karakatay (Caracatay), which includes Turkestan, the country of the Naiman (Naimans), country of the Gelairs (Gelayrs), from which some of the keraites came (Keraites), country of the Uyghurs (Yugures), Tangut, Hotban (Khotban or Kbyta or Koutan), country of Kalmyks and kingdom Courge, which borders China and the sea.

The fourth part consists of ancient Mogolistan, which is Gog and Magog, and whose location is very differently described by historians as the country that Genghis Khan actually owned:

Some place it in Asia Minor, others in Lydia, others in Colchi (Colchis)[that’s what the Greeks called the South Caucasus. – E.L.] and Iberia and some travelers placed it in the country of the first Scythians, beyond China in northeast Asia, trying to support the assumption that the children of Magog, the second son of Japheth, came from the north of Europe to the north of Asia, where they gave the name to the country in which settled. In general, this country is located in the very east, north of China, and has always been densely populated. Eastern writers call the people who live in it moguls (Moguls), and Europeans give them other names” (pp. 4-5. Hereinafter the translation of the English version of “The History of Genghis Khan”).

A few more mentions of Scythia from this source. When Genghis Khan was born, he was predicted to soon become " Great Khan of all Scythia"(p.14). The Nestorians, of whom there were quite a lot in Tartaria, wrote letters to their superiors that they “converted most of the peoples of Scythia” and that Ounghcan, the ruler of the Kereyites, is the same presbyter John who founded a Christian state in Asia and wrote letters to the Pope and European monarchs, which, to put it mildly, did not correspond to reality, which is what the 4-volume book on the life of Genghis Khan notes, emphasizing that he only allowed Christians to live on their land and practice their religion (p. 26).

Is there some more some interesting facts, which are described in the book, for example, the transformation of the Scythians into Tartarus:

“Since several Scythian peoples who became subjects of Temujin (Temugin), gradually began to be called by a common name, either Moguls or Tartars, but the latter name, in the end, took root more, and Now all Scythians are called Tartars, both in the west and southern parts of Asia.

In truth, the name Tata or Tatars (Tata or Tatar) not so unknown in the east and north. The Chinese have been using it for a long time. Before the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ and for some time after, they fought with a people who were known to them under the name tata. These were without a doubt Soumoguls and other nations, since the name Tartarus was not known anywhere before the time of Genghis Khan. It should also be noted that there is no letter in the Chinese alphabet r , so they say tata instead of Tartarus"(p. 63).

"Name Karakatay was given to the country of the Scythians after the brutal war between the Scythians and the Chinese. At first, the Scythians were victorious and, in order to consolidate their success, entered the Chinese kingdom, but, having lost one important battle, they were forced to retreat and return to their country. The King of China decided not to lose the advantage of this victory and sent two of his military leaders after them, who defeated them and forced them into obedience.

He did more than that. Fearing that the Scythians would rebel, he made the two generals who defeated the Scythians their khans or rulers, and they began to build forts and fortified cities to be colonized by the Chinese troops he sent to intimidate them. These troops were supposed to protect the country and keep the people in obedience, but over time their descendants forgot Chinese customs and, living among the Scythians, they themselves became Scythians. And ultimately, China became their worst enemy.

When the king of China placed his military leaders over the sandy Scythia, he gave it the name Karakatay, consonant with the name of his country Katay (Cathay), to signify the conquest he had accomplished. And, as this country became an acquired possession, he added the epithet kara, the word which the Tartars and Turks use for the color black, to distinguish one country from another, and the fact that Caracatay is a barren and inhospitable country, and Cathay, that is, , China (China) is a beautiful country, abundant and full of all sorts of pleasant things” (p. 66).

Genghis Khan's father-in-law was the Naiman Khan named Tayankhan (Tayancan), one of the strongest khans of Karakatai, who declared war on his son-in-law. And guess which people “The History of Genghis Khan” by Francois Petit refers them to? “These Naimans were a people whom the ancients called Scythians-Issedonians and their capital was Issedon of Scythia, which contemporaries call Succuir"(p. 67).

Of course, some geographical and other information that is given in this book and claims to be accurate is not at all accurate, and, of course, they cannot be completely trusted, but some crumbs are of interest. We must pay tribute to the author, who cites several points of view at once, as in the case of the location of the country of Mogolistan, and shows us what confusion and vacillation reigned in European geographical science at that time in relation to the vast Asian expanses. In addition, at the very beginning of the book, he honestly admits that the pronunciation of proper names was carried out by most European authors at our own discretion, in other words, who cares what. Instead of Ahdallah wrote Gabdole, instead Emir Almoumini – Miramomolin. And even Marco Polo did not escape this - instead Genghiscan he wrote Cingiscan . So let’s keep this in mind and continue to read “The History of Genghis Khan”...

Actually, yes, the spelling of names in this book differs from those accepted in modern history. So, for example, we are accustomed to believe that Genghis Khan’s father’s name was Yesugei, but here it is called Pisouca or Yesouca, the first wife's name was Borte, but here it is named Purta Cougine, the ancestor of the Borjigin family, from where Genghis Khan came, is considered Bodonchar, which is named here Buzengir, khan of the Kereyites, who played an important role in the life of Genghis Khan, is called Wang Khan, and in the book he Ounghcan.

The only thing in which there is no discrepancy is the real name of the “shaker of the Universe”, for Genghis Khan is the title that he received at the kurultai in the spring of 1206, and his name was Temujin. All authors are unanimous - his father named him after the military leader Temujinhan (Temugincan) whom he defeated. However, we were previously unaware that the defeated khan was the military leader of the united forces of the Somogols or Tartars (Soumouguls or Tartars) from Carakatay, who often attacked his country. There was a bloody battle in which Genghis Khan's father won, and in honor of this victory he gave the name of the military leader to his soon-to-be born son. The interesting fact here is that it is put equal sign between Tartars and Mughals, albeit with the prefix “so” or “su”.

To tell the truth, European historians had a rather vague idea of ​​who the Mughals and Tartars were, and where their name came from. For example, a Catholic Franciscan monk Giovanni Plano Carpini(1182-1252), who is believed to have been the very first to visit the Mughal Empire and meet with Batu, wrote: “ In the eastern regions there is a certain country... Mongal. In the old days there were four peoples in this country: one of them was called Yeka-Mongal, that is, the great Mongals; the second is the Su-Mongal, that is, the water Mongals; they themselves called themselves Tartars after the name of a certain river that flows through their land and is called Tartarus».

The Italian outlined his experience of visiting the empire in manuscripts Historia Mongalorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus(“History of the Mongals, whom we call Tatars”) and Liber Tartarorum(“The Book of Tartars”).

Another Franciscan, a certain brother Benedict, complements it: “ Moal [in Tartar] - earth, Mongols - means [name] of the inhabitants of the earth. However, [they] themselves call themselves Tartars from [the name of] a large and swift river that crosses their land and is called Tatar. For tata in their language means [in Latin] “to drag,” and tartar means “pulling.”.

Benedictine monk Matthew of Paris(1200-1259), Englishman, despite the “surname”, creator of the “Great Chronicle” (“Chronica majora”), wrote about the Tartars: “ And they are called Tartars from [the name of] one river flowing through their mountains, through which they had already passed, called Tartarus...».

Surprisingly, the Tartar River can actually be found on medieval maps.

Some maps also show several cities of this people, including the cities Tartarus And Mongul. It is noteworthy that they disappear on maps after the 17th century. Researchers correlate the Tartar River with the modern Kolyma or Lena rivers. So Petit was right in placing Mogolistan to the north, like the country of the “first Scythians.” That is, the Mughals with the Tartars and the “first Scythians” came from the very north. Perhaps even from the territory Hyperboreans.

Let us return, however, to Petit’s book about Genghis Khan. In addition to the different spellings of proper names, it also contains some information about the life of Genghis Khan that differs from the generally accepted one. So, for example, in Petit’s book it is said that Temujin got married at 14, not at 16, that his first child was a daughter, not a son, that the Merkits kidnapped his first wife, but did not keep it for themselves, but gave her to the Kereit khan Van Khan , who “treated her like a daughter” and returned her to Temujin. The differences, in fact, are not very significant, but Petit provides information that has not yet been provided anywhere.

“In the seventh century there were two types of Moguls. Some were called Mughals Dirlighin, and others Niron. The continuation of this story will show why they were called that. Mughals Dirlighin were the people of Kongorat, Berlas, Merkut, Kurlas (Congorat, Berlas, Mercout, Courlas) and many others. And the residents of Merkit, Tangut, Merkat, Zhumogul, Nironkayat, Ekamogul (Merkit, Tanjout, Mercaty, Joumogul, Nironcaiat, Yecamogul) and some others were called Mughals Niron, among which Ekamogol and Nironkayat belonged to the family of Genghis Khan.

The word "kayat" means blacksmith. Kabalkan (Cabalcan), the great-grandfather of Genghis Khan, added the word kayat to the name Niron to distinguish himself from the other khans of the Niron tribe. His own tribe became known by this name. From that time on, this name, as an honorary title, remained not only with the tribe, but also with the khan himself. The origin of this word leads to certain people who lived in the most remote northern parts of Mogolistan, who were called cabins (Cayat), because their leaders established the production of metal products in a mountain called Arkenekom, which earned this Mughal tribe immense respect and appreciation as the entire Mughal country benefited from this invention. After that they called these people blacksmiths from Arkenekom.

And because The ancestors of Genghis Khan, being his relatives, due to alliances with this people, some writers made public the fact that this prince was the son of a blacksmith and was himself engaged in this craft.

What else allowed them to make such a mistake was the fact that every Mughal family, in order to preserve the memory of these illustrious founders or blacksmiths, had the custom of celebrating the first day of the year, during which they built a forge with bellows, in which they lit a fire and heated a piece of iron that they struck with hammers on an anvil. This forging was preceded and concluded with prayers.

These writers, no doubt unaware of the significance of this ritual and not knowing why Genghis Khan's family bore the surname Kayat, were convinced that this khan was a blacksmith and that, in gratitude to God, who raised him to the throne, he established this custom.

However, those historians who, driven by curiosity, conducted their research in antiquity, formed a different opinion about him. They all talk about his father Pisouca Behader*, as the most powerful khan of the ancient Mughals. They say he ruled two great kingdoms, married Oulon Aikeh, daughter of one khan, his relative, who won many victories over his enemies.**

It can be seen quite clearly that the low birth attributed to him comes from the ignorance or malice of these authors, while his father came from Bouzengira (Buzengir), called the Just, whose fame was so great, both in the eastern and northern parts of Asia, that there was no significant prince there who would not be happy to become related to him or to be his ally. We can be sure that Genghis Khan, son Pisouca, was born a prince or khan.

* Mughal emperors numbering 21 ruled in Persia for 150 years, among whom was Genghis Khan, son Pisouca.

** The greatest khan was Buzengir (Buzengir), from whom all the Mughals descend” (pp. 6-7).

(Note: in French this is how Mughals are written - mogols, and in English - moguls. The word “mogul” was written differently by different authors: Mungali, Mugals, Mongous, Monkoux, which also suggests that there was no clear and unambiguous information about this people.)

Wow! The Mongols, who according to official history were exclusively nomads, turned out to have developed blacksmithing. Moreover, it is quite ancient, so ancient and important that it was awarded a separate ritual, and not just sometime, but on the first day of the new year.

Unfortunately, Petit said nothing more about Mughal smelting. And, after all, mastery of metal smelting technology even today gives any country a fairly serious advantage over countries that do not own it, and there’s nothing to talk about about the times of Genghis Khan. It is clear that historians are more interested in describing grandiose battles and numerous armies. It should be exciting. But it’s not at all interesting to explain where these armies got weapons in such quantities.

Where they got the raw materials - iron ore, where they located the production for its processing, how and where they forged the metal, how they organized the delivery - boring! And, after all, the scale of production should be impressive, even if we consider that Genghis Khan’s army had not hundreds of thousands of soldiers, but tens of thousands. And this cannot be explained by the presence of transport blacksmiths.

U Mughals(they are Tartars) there must have been something like the metallurgical industry. And they had it. The same Matthew of Paris, in addition to any passions about the Mughals, also reports: “They were dressed in ox skins, protected with iron plates.” Interesting fact. The technology for producing metal for the samurai sword - katana - is called "tatara" , as well as the furnace for its smelting.

Yes, Petit said nothing about the metallurgical industry on the Eurasian continent. And he couldn’t say anything, for the simple reason that European historians generally had (and still have) a vague idea of ​​what was happening in the vast expanses of Great Tartaria. Even despite the fact that they thoroughly flooded all the countries nearby with their Jesuit spies. (For example, American historian David Mangello ( David E. Mungello(born in 1943) believes that from 1552 until the prohibition of the order in 1773, a total of 920 Jesuit missionaries).

However, what was not known to European historians of the 17th century about the metallurgy of antiquity is known to modern archaeologists, although some of their discoveries are carefully hushed up. For example, in the 70s of the 20th century, Soviet archaeologist Leonid Khlobystin opened bronze foundries on the Taimyr Peninsula 3-2 millennia BC. (A report on this discovery was made by the outstanding Russian archaeologist, candidate of historical sciences Sergei Valentinovich Gusev at the conference “On the Roads of the Aryans” in 2015).

Modern Russian science is in no hurry to admit the fact that there was a developed civilization beyond the Arctic Circle, which had metal smelting technologies of a fairly high level for its time, since this fact, inconvenient for traditional history, can indirectly confirm the existence of Hyperborea, which independent researchers are persistently looking for. That Hyperborea that Claudius Ptolemy described in his "Geographies":

“Beyond the Sarmatian flood lies a huge island called Scandia or Erythium. And this is the legendary country of our Hyperborean ancestors, the crucible of peoples, the forge of the peoples of the world. There, great rivers flow from the Ritei mountains and along them are the most glorious meadows in the world with countless herds of cattle. There are fertile fields among great forests, and nowhere does the land produce large harvests. From here the ability to cultivate land and forge metal spread..."

It is also not very widely known that in the middle of 2 thousand BC. In the vast areas from the Dnieper basin to Sayano-Altai, mining and metallurgy actively developed and strengthened. Ancient mining masters actively explored and developed copper and tin deposits. In order to assess the scale of their activities, we present an excerpt from the work of Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences E. Chernykh and Doctor of Sciences of the Institute of History of the Spanish Center for Scientific Research Maria Isabel Martinez Navarrete “Ancient metallurgy in the depths of the Eurasian steppes”:

“In the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. archaeological communities of Eurasia, familiar with the properties of copper and bronze, occupied an area of ​​no more than 10-11 million sq. km. At the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. the peoples of the continent entered the Late Bronze Age, which was marked by the rapid spread of metal-bearing cultures over an area of ​​40-43 million sq. km. These events entailed dramatic shifts in the development of mining and metallurgical production and the formation in Eurasia of an extended chain of extensive metallurgical production systems, which were called in the scientific literature "metallurgical provinces". The structure of each province included a number of related and closely interconnected metal-producing centers...

The most impressive thing is the giant mining and metallurgical center Kargaly on the territory of modern Orenburg region. The Kargaly ore field occupies about 500 sq. km, it recorded up to 35 thousand. ancient and ancient workings - mines and quarries. The total length of the labyrinth of underground developments amounts to many hundreds of kilometers.

The earliest traces of the exploitation of Kargaly date back to the period of the Yamnaya culture (end of the 4th - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). The burial under the mound of a young foundry master in the very center of Kargaly dates back to this time. Incomparably more active development of Kargaly ore was carried out later, during the Srubnaya culture (XVII-XV centuries BC).

In those centuries, there were at least two dozen settlements of miners and metallurgists, among which the settlement became the most famous Mountain. The inhabitants of Gorny descended to the ore lenses along the shafts of countless mines located near the village. Metallurgists here in the settlement smelted copper from ore and cast various products. The volume of copper smelted during this Bronze Age from 5 million tons of mined and processed ore varies, according to various estimates, from 55 to 120 thousand tons, which cannot but amaze with its gigantic scale. The huge mass of bones of domestic animals - cows, sheep and goats, obtained in exchange for ore and metal - speaks of the most active processes of commodity exchange. Ore and copper from Kargaly were taken to the west and southwest. The coverage area of ​​Kargaly exports was approaching 1 million sq. km…»

The photo shows a helicopter shot of areas of Kargaly with traces of filled-in mine workings, and in their work the authors provide a photograph of the Kargaly settlement of 2 thousand BC. "Mountain" on a hill surrounded by more than a thousand mines. Scientists call the people who were involved in this production Andronovites, and culture – Srubno-Andronovo(from the Urals to the Dnieper basin the commonality is timber, and to the east from the Urals to Sayano-Altai it is Andronovo). These were people white race.

At the end of 2 thousand BC. metallurgical production in Kargaly was curtailed and people left these places for reasons unknown to science, most likely to the south, due to climate change, but the white people did not lose their knowledge and skills in metallurgy. This is evidenced by archaeological finds of ancient and medieval metallurgy in Altai and Southern Siberia, in particular, copper products of the so-called Early Scythian period (Khavrin S.V. "Analysis of the composition of Early Scythian bronzes of Altai" And "Metal of the Scythian monuments of Tuva and the Arzhan mound"). So the people, related to the ancestors of Genghis Khan and who organized metallurgical production among the Mughals, did not do this out of nowhere.

So what kind of people were these that Petit, due to the fact that he had nothing to say about them, called "certain people"? How did they live, what did they look like?

Alas, neither Guillaume de Rubruk (1220-1293) - a Flemish Franciscan monk who traveled to the Mongols in 1253-1255 on behalf of the French king Louis IX, nor Petit, who took this information from the latter, say anything about this people . But, since the ancestors Genghis Khan were related to him, it will be useful to look for something about their origin and appearance.

It is known that the Borzhigin family, to which Temujin belonged, began with a woman named Alan-hoa (Alancoua Petya), who lived 400 years before him (8th century AD). The source of information about it is the “Secret Legend of the Mongols,” which is believed to have been compiled in 1240 by an unknown Mongol author and has come down to us in the Mongolian language in Chinese hieroglyphic transcription. What kind of Mongolian language it was is a separate topic.

The Legend says that after the death of her husband, Alan-hoa gave birth to three sons. The eldest sons (from the husband) began to be indignant about this, to which the mother reprimanded them: “You two of my sons are discussing me, saying: “I gave birth to three sons, whose sons are these? But every night, it happened, through the smoke of the yurta, at the hour when the light inside [went out], a light-brown man would come to me; he strokes my womb, and his light penetrates my womb. And it goes like this: in an hour; when the sun and moon come together, it scratches and leaves like a yellow dog. Why are you talking all this nonsense? After all, if you understand everything, then these sons are marked with the seal of heavenly origin. How could you talk about them as if they were a match for mere mortals? When they become kings of kings, khans over all, only then will ordinary people understand all this!” (Secret legend. § 21).”

One of these three illegitimate sons became the founder of the Borzhigin family, into which he was born Genghis Khan.

In this legend, the name of the ancestor attracts attention - Alan and the appearance of the father of three boys - light brown man. Various authors who left their testimonies about those Mongols note that the Borzhigins not only had blue eyes, but were also distinguished by blond hair (Rashid ad-Din writes that “when Kublai Kublai was born, Genghis Khan was surprised at the dark color of his hair , since all his children were fair-haired"), which means that the mother was fair-haired and light-eyed.

About the eyes of the descendants of Alan-hoa, Rashid ad-Din says the following: “...Meaning “burjigin” – “blue-eyed”, and, oddly enough, those descendants who have so far descended from Yesugei-bahadur, his children and his Urug [descendant, relative] are mostly blue-eyed and red-haired. This is explained by the fact that Alan-Goa, at the time she became pregnant, said: “[At night] before my eyes [suddenly] a radiance appears in the form of a man with red hair and blue eyes, and leaves!”

Since even in the eighth tribe, which is Yesugei-bahadur, this distinctive feature is found, and according to their (Mongols) words, he is a sign of the royal power of the children of Alan-hoa, about whom she spoke, then such an appearance was proof of the veracity of her words and the reliability and evidence of this circumstance...” (Rashid ad-Din. Vol. 1 Book 2, p. 48.)

From this evidence it follows that light hair color and blue or gray-green eyes (according to the 17th century historian, the Khiva Khan, a descendant of Genghis Khan, Abulgazi, the dark blue eyes of the Borzhigins were surrounded by a brown rim - the so-called “cat eyes”) dominated among all the descendants of Alan-hoa and the fair-haired man, whose name history has not preserved, for many generations before and after Genghis Khan.

That is, with rare exceptions, not only ancestors, but also descendants of Genghis Khan, and, naturally, he himself, were fair-haired and light-eyed, which suggests that the spouses were the same. Their skin was also light. Here's some evidence.

Rashid al-Din about Genghis Khan’s nephew, Yesungu: “Yesungu was tall, ruddy, and had an oblong face and a long beard.”

Rubruk about Jochi’s son Batu: “Batu carefully examined us, and we him; and in height, it seemed to me, he resembles Monsieur Jean de Beaumont, may his soul rest in peace. Batu’s face was then covered with reddish spots.”

Marco Polo about Genghis Khan’s grandson Kublai: “The great ruler of kings, Kublai Khan, looks like this: good height, neither small nor large, of medium height; moderately thick and well built; his face is white and rouge like a rose; the eyes are black, nice, and the nose is as good as it should be.”

Agree that you can hardly say about the Mongols, in the modern sense of the word “face white and rouge like a rose”.

Now about the “Mongolian language” and the name of the ancestor of the Borzhigins. An extremely interesting study was conducted by Zalina Dzhioeva, author of the book "Genghis Khan. Alan's trace". She translated 1,135 different words contained in the chronicle of Rashid ad-Din, the “Secret Legend” and other medieval sources from Ossetian into Russian. Moreover, these words did not need to be changed in any way. They are completely and completely translated into Russian.

For example, “...The word “burjigin” means a red cat, i.e. tiger (bur, bor - yellow, red, ji, dzhin - a suffix that enhances the meaning, gino - cat, tiger), which was not only the totem of the Burjigin tribe, but also a symbol of state power, proof of the highest powers of Mongolian officials who wore a gold belt on their belt a plate with the image of a tiger…” (Genghis Khan. Alanian trace. Chapter 1).

Zalina Dzhioeva paid great attention to the proper names of the Mongolian rulers and also translated them. She noted that among the Mongolian elite there are a lot of names with the roots “bur” and “bor”, meaning yellow, red, golden: Burkhan, Burkan, Bure, Buri, Boragul. It is known that Genghis Khan's first wife's name was Borte, that is, she was either fair-haired or red-haired, and the eldest wife of Ogedei, the son of Genghis Khan, was called Borakhjin(Borakhsin - ash-blond, Osset.).

What do Ossetians have to do with it? - you ask.

The fact is that Ossetians are considered descendants of the Scythian tribe Alan and preserved much from them, including the language. If we return to the names of the Mongols of the times of Genghis Khan, then according to the research of the mentioned author, almost the entire elite of the Mongols of that time wore Scythian and Alanian names, starting with its ancestor - Alan-hoa (ho - sister).

Temujin's grandfather's name was Bardan (Purtan Petya) means chuval for wool, i.e. overweight The very name of Genghis Khan - Temujin means “one who is spiritual, soulful, having a soul.” His sons from his first wife bore ancient Alan names. Mongol warriors bore Scythian names - Alinak, Adyak, Badak, Tarkhan, Targitai, Burkan, Tokhta, Tura, Purak, Buri, Shirak.

From the above we can conclude that the entire Mongol elite of that time, including Genghis Khan, were Scytho-Alans, about which the ancient Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus said: “Almost all the Alans are tall and handsome, with moderately blond hair, they are scary with the restrained menacing look of their eyes,” and the ancient Greek Lucian noted the similarity of the hairstyles of the Alans and Scythians: “So said Mackenth, and similar in clothing and language to the Alans. For both are the same among the Alans and Scythians; only the Alans do not have such long hair as the Scythians.”

And this medieval Mongol elite has nothing in common with modern Mongols, but with the Scytho-Alans, people of the white race.

The biography of Genghis Khan presented by Petit, which describes his campaigns of conquest in sufficient detail, does not answer several questions. The first of which is why did he do this? By the way, traditional history never explains in any way the reasons for the creation of the great empires of antiquity. Which, in general, is not surprising. To do this, firstly, you need to really know what was actually happening in the world. For example, what powerful forces were behind the creation of this or that empire, state, etc. Moreover, these forces were much more powerful than the nominal creators of these entities. And there were at least two such forces, and both, so to speak, with the opposite sign.

It was also necessary to know how these forces fought, what allies they had, what the goal of both was, what capabilities they had and what methods they used at different historical periods, what hindered them, what helped them, how they adjusted their plans in case of defeat, etc. And this information, even very partial, even if it was available to historians, was not available to many. And they preferred not to advertise it, fearing, at a minimum, to be labeled as freaks, or even lose their lives.

Therefore, in the history offered to us, it turns out that great Empires arose as if by accident, especially if this happened as a result of the willful effort of one person. Well, it happened by accident. So, one ruler wanted to organize a military campaign against his neighbors, and away he went. The poor fellow, once he got into a rut, was unable to get out of it until his death - conquest after conquest, and then, out of the need to somehow organize what was conquered, he had to rack his brains and somehow organize the Empire.

It was necessary to come up with Laws, as well as build an administrative apparatus, all sorts of systems, such as judicial, tax, religious, etc., trade, border protection, an army and much more, and also monitor one’s own safety. This is how, we are told, the Empire of Cyrus, Alexander the Great and Genghis Khan was created.

The question is: why such a headache? Just, as they say, for the love of art, or were there some very compelling reasons for shouldering such a burden?

Alas, nothing happens by chance in the world. And, if, as they say, “the stars light up, it means that someone needed it.” For example, information about why the Black Warrior Alexander the Great went on campaigns of conquest very far from his home and, as it were, briefly created a vast empire, which collapsed after his death, leaked to the world. Now we know who raised and guided him and why. And it wasn’t the creation of an empire that the leaders needed, this is now just a cover for the real goal, but destruction of empires, created by the Slavic-Aryans and the destruction of the sources of Vedic knowledge that they could only reach.

In this he was helped and guided, for example, by the “great” Aristotle and his relatives. Thus, Aristotle’s nephew, Callisthenes, supervised the collection and sending of scientific works that were in Babylon, and the scientists themselves, to Macedonia. For example, for his astronomical studies, Aristotle received from his nephew the astronomical observations of the Chaldeans, compiled 1900 years before Macedon.

Another overseer and guide of Alexander was a magician and soothsayer Aristander of Telmes, who was constantly in his retinue during military campaigns. It is believed that Macedonsky trusted him so much that he consulted him on any matter and, according to some historians, became a victim of manipulation by the mystic.

In his book “Alexander the Great or the Book of God,” Maurice Druon cites the following words written on Aristandra’s stele: “I was his hands and head so that his deeds and thoughts would be accomplished. Therefore, the name of Aristandra should not be separated from the name of Alexander...” When Macedonsky completed his task, and even began to suspect the real purpose of his actions, breaking through the darkness of his “divinity” with which the puppeteers had entangled him since childhood, he was simply removed. It is suspected that his “faithful” teacher Aristotle, who died a year after Alexander, had a hand in this matter.

However Dark Destroyers not only nurtured and controlled their dolls, but also chose the right time for their actions. So the Macedonian campaign to destroy Vedic knowledge and empires created by our ancestors came at the end of the penultimate Night of Svarog, in the darkest pre-dawn time, as well as the first destructive attack on the Persian Empire, carried out by Mordechai and Esther, which helped the Macedonian cope with the Persians, but the latter Still managed to resist. The dark ones waited for almost a thousand years and delivered a finishing blow to Persia in the second half of the penultimate Day of Svarog, when the “evolutionary sun” was still shining, but no longer warming, after which the empire created and improved by our ancestors died as such.

However, the Light Forces never sat idly by and took their own actions to counter their opponents who had settled on our planet and ensure the safety of the people of the white race. Less is known about their actions for obvious reasons, but something can still be discerned. They also nurtured the conductors of their policies, helped and protected them. And also used the favorable time Days of Svarog for creative activity and prepared ahead of time for the Nights of Svarog, dangerous for earthly civilization. And this directly relates to the life and activities of a man named Genghis Khan, who acted at the very beginning of the last Night of Svarog, which lasted on Earth for just over a thousand years.

Here is what Valery Mikhailovich Demin writes in his book “From Aryans to Rusichs” regarding the origin of the Genghis Khan family:

“Directly related to this event is white priesthood. Only the white priesthood of Russenia, which strictly observed the laws of Family and Blood, closely monitored the development of white clans and, when necessary, intervened in the situation so that the most ancient and famous clans did not interrupt their existence. It is quite understandable that the white priests were not interested in revealing their secrets, so a woman who had a relationship with a fair-haired man was told that she was giving birth to children from a luminous spirit. Thus, in 970, from a light-blond man, Alan-goa gave birth to a son, who was named Bodonchar.

Having matured, Bodonchar mastered hunting with a falcon. By the way, this is the favorite type of hunting of all Slavic-Aryan princes without exception. At the same time, naturally, not without the help of the white priests, he subjugated his former clan and gave rise to the rest of the Mongol clans. Thus, Bodonchar is the ancestor of Changi. If we take this into account, it will become clear why Chingi managed to go through all the trials, stay alive and unite the peoples of Mongolia.

Exactly white priests, who had enormous influence among the Mongols, knew that Temujin(Chingi) has ancestry from white people. In addition, Temujin (Chingi)’s ingenuity, energy, authority and caution made it possible to count on him as a potential ruler. This was the reason for the assistance that the white priests provided Temujin through their people among the Mongols, which helped him get out of many difficult situations. Through people operating among the Mongols, the white priests of Russenia introduced into their midst the idea of ​​unification, at the center of which Temujin (Chingi) was supposed to stand ... "

And it was necessary to unite, because numerous tribes of the White Mughals (or Scythians, as Petit wrote about), Kyrgyz, Keraits, Merkits and Naimans, who often fought among themselves, faced the fate of the Western Slavs. The white priests of Rassenia could not allow this. But first, the future unifier of the Mughal tribes had to study, including military affairs and diplomacy, and he disappears for 18 years.

This fact is not explained in any way by various researchers, and those who wrote the two sources on which all information about Genghis Khan is based - “The Hidden Legend” and “The Secret History of the Mongols” - were not privy to many things, including that Temujin studied for 18 years with the white priests of Russenia. And it was their will that he carried out when he united the tribes and forged them into a people-army. It’s not for nothing that the law, Yassa, by which the united people had to live from now on, was nothing more than “ Laws of Assa"(Laws of War) Slavic-Aryans. The coat of arms of Genghis Khan became, which was also depicted on the nine-pointed white banner.

The drawing from Khrenzhen Khara-Davan’s book “Genghis Khan as a commander and his legacy” was made according to the author’s design, according to the description of this banner in the Mongolian chronicles “The Secret Legend”, “Altan-Tobchi”. The gray gyrfalcon is considered a blessed bird by the Mongols. “The symbol was not chosen by chance. He determined the unity of white people of the Vedic worldview, who recognized the division of the universe into three worlds: Rule, Reveal and Navi. The union of these three parts of the universe gives a nine-pointed star or nine ends of a white banner...” (V.M. Demin “From the Aryans to the Rusichs”). The highest governing body of the created people-army was the kurultai - the people's council, like the Slavic-Aryans, which elected and entrusted the management of itself to one or another person.

So, the army-people was created(about 100 thousand people capable of bearing arms between the ages of 14 and 70) and with its help the white priesthood of Rassenia could now eliminate the threat posed by the Jurjens - a people who arose from the outcasts of the white race of the Khitan people, who defeated their state and were going to conquer only China and the Far East, but also move to the North.

The creation of the people-army of Genghis Khan allowed Russenia (Great Tartary) not to disperse its army, which was busy at that time with the problem of the Seljuk Turks, who in the 11th century captured Khorezm, almost all of Iran and Kurdistan, Iraq, Armenia and Asia Minor and wanted to continue their expansion into North. The army of Russenia defeated them in the battle on the Katvan Plain in 1141 and subjugated Central Asia, but after that Muslim Khorezm began to gain strength, also seeking to expand its possessions at the expense of Afghanistan, Iran and Azerbaijan and Central Asia. Together with the army of Russenia, the army of Genghis Khan marched against Khorezm.

The army he created consisted of 9 tumens (tumen - 10 thousand people), that is, Rassenia could count on an additional 90 thousand soldiers in order to successfully repel various dangers threatening the Vedic world from the west and south during the growing strength of the “Night of Svarog”. Tumens were divided into tens, hundreds and thousands, headed by foremen, centurions and thousanders, respectively. It is noteworthy that such a division was adopted not only for the army, but also for the civilian population of Genghis Khan's empire. And he personally appointed commanders over a thousand tents.

The system of division into structural units was quite strict, especially in the army. Not a single warrior had the right to leave his combat unit, and his commander did not have the right to accept anyone of his own free will. The exception was the order of the khan himself, or the decision of the kurultai, or (rarely) the order of an autonomously acting military commander, caused by military necessity.

Such strict adherence to the “staffing schedule” had its reasons. The soldiers acted as a united force for years, knowing the pros and cons of each, which contributed to military unity and coordination, and, in addition, no random people, especially spies had no chance of infiltrating the army.

What was also new was that combat units (tens, hundreds, etc.) were recruited from warriors of different clans and tribes, and their commanders were appointed from among Timujin’s trusted associates. In the army, the principle of tribal subordination was abolished, i.e. the orders of any tribal leader had no force for the warrior - only the order of his immediate superior - the foreman, the centurion, the thousand, and for disobeying them there was one punishment - the death penalty.

In addition to the regular army, Temujin also created guard, which was obliged to keep order in the army. The Guardsmen of Genghis Khan, as well as the Immortal Achaemenids, were exactly 10 thousand. The guardsmen were higher in position than the army command ranks. The most trusted guardsmen were recruited into two guards - day and night, which were directly subordinate to Genghis Khan and were constantly with him.

The principles on which the khan relied when forming the command staff of his army are very interesting. They are really interesting, given the fact that they were used in 12 century, while “enlightened” Europe reached them only in the century 19 -mu.

Many authors attribute all of Genghis Khan's achievements in organizing the army, empire and society to the genius of Temujin. However, you still need to understand that no matter how thrice brilliant the leader of a nomadic tribe was (and Temujin did not have this at first), without special knowledge, not to mention support in word and deed from powerful forces, in this case - white priests, he himself could not have organized anything even close to what he organized.

For the simple reason that an effective organization, in this case, a successfully operating army and the people dedicated to it, assembled from completely different levels of development, both evolutionary and, let’s say, material and technical tribes, is beyond the power of one person, Moreover, he had little life experience and only nomadic life.

This requires a society in which the experience and knowledge of generations would be accumulated, preserved and transmitted for quite a long time, and a person had to “cook” in this society and absorb this experience. So Temujin was trained and trained for quite a long time and on various things, including effective personnel policies, which still surprise all researchers.

Like, how could a steppe nomad of the 12th century come up with such things that, even by the standards of the 21st century, are quite advanced. Nothing surprising, just a steppe nomad studied with the Light Forces.

So, despite the fact that all posts of any significance were given to proven comrades of Genghis Khan, nevertheless, he gave the green light to everyone who wanted and could achieve more, right up to the highest positions. “Whoever can manage his house faithfully can also manage his possession; “Whoever can arrange ten people according to the condition, give him a thousand, and tumen, and he can arrange it well” - these are the words of Genghis’s instructions, which were tantamount to the law of his state.

However, those who failed to cope with their duties were dealt with harshly - demotion, and sometimes the death penalty, depending on the severity of unfulfilled obligations. The most suitable person from the same military unit was appointed as the new commander. This system operated at all levels. If you can't cope, get out of your job, whether you're a foreman or a foreman!

Genghis Khan introduced another rule, which began to be applied only in the 19th century in European armies, and in modern ones it is one of the main ones - in the absence of a commander, even for a few hours, command passes to temporary. Needless to say, such a system was very effective during unpredictable military operations.

The principles of Genghis Khan’s selection for command positions are perfectly characterized by his own words: “There is no bahadur like Yesunbay, and there is no person similar to him in talents. But since he does not suffer from the hardships of the campaign and does not know hunger and thirst, he considers all other people, nukers and warriors, to be similar to himself in enduring hardships, but they are not able to [endure them]. For this reason, he is not fit to be a boss. The person who deserves to be such is the one who knows what hunger and thirst are, and judges the condition of others by this, the one who goes on the road with calculation and does not allow the army to go hungry and thirsty, and the livestock to become emaciated.”. (Rashid ad-Din “Collection of Chronicles 2. T. I. Book 2. pp. 261-262.)

Yes, the commander’s responsibility for the people assigned to him was great. In addition, the junior command staff was responsible for the readiness of soldiers for battle. Everything was checked - from the condition of weapons and uniforms, to the presence of a needle and thread. Those who were not properly equipped were punished. For a superficial inspection and shortcomings, the commander was punished along with the soldier who had committed a penalty, and the punishment was the same for both the warrior and the commander - batogs, batogs, death penalty, death penalty. Everyone knew about this, and therefore discipline in the army of Genghis Khan was ironclad at all levels.

In addition to the obligatory needles and threads, Genghis Khan’s warrior had to have with him (not counting weapons) “... a complete set of harness (preferably two), a special file or sharpener for sharpening arrows, an awl, a flint, a clay pot for cooking food, a two-liter leather bag with kumis (during the campaign it was also used as a container for water). An emergency supply of food products was stored in two saddle bags: in one - strips of meat dried in the sun, in the other - the khurut already known to us [ Cottage cheese dried in a special way that can be stored for months. – E.L].

As a rule, the Mongols also had an additional set of clothing, but it was not mandatory. In addition, the set of equipment also included a large wineskin, usually made of cowhide. Its use was multifunctional: on a hike it could serve both as an ordinary blanket and as a kind of mattress; when crossing deserts, it was used as a container for large supplies of water.

And finally, when inflated with air, it became an excellent means of crossing rivers; According to our sources, the Mongols overcame even such serious water obstacles as the Volga or Yellow River with the help of this simple device. And such instant Mongol crossings often also came as a shock to the defending side.” (Alexander Domanin “The Mongol Empire of the Chingizids. Genghis Khan and his successors.” Chapter 9.)

The commanders were strictly asked, but they exercised enormous power in their areas. The boss's order had to be carried out unquestioningly. For any offense, even a small one, there was a punishment, of course not the death penalty for everything, but subordinates were not allowed to show the slightest disobedience - they were beaten with bamboo sticks and batogs.

It was considered a serious crime to start robbing the enemy without the permission of the commander. At the same time, military commanders did not receive any advantage during robbery. There, everything depended on personal qualities - who was the first to start, as they say, and slippers, no one else had the right to this property. The only thing was that the khan’s tithe stood out from everything.

However, in Genghis Khan’s army they were not only punished for various major and minor offenses (for example, they were subjected to serious punishment for failure to provide assistance to a comrade in trouble), but there was also a system of rewards. This is how Genghis Khan set up his soldiers to destroy the enemy command staff.

A simple warrior who killed or captured an enemy governor or prince immediately became a centurion with the title of batyr, which freed his family from taxes and promised a significant monetary reward. It goes without saying that the warriors passionately sought, first of all, to mow down the “high command staff” of the enemy - the princes, governors and their entourage. The task of beheading the enemy army was one of the reasons why Genghis Khan’s troops successfully coped even with superior enemy forces.

Genghis Khan also had his own cavalry reconnaissance in the army, amounting to an entire tumen, divided into smaller detachments, which were sent forward for a day or two and, in addition to reconnaissance activities themselves, were also engaged in clearing out the population so that no one could warn about the approach of Chigis Khan’s troops, determined suitable parking places, pastures and watering places for horses, served as a kind of guard detachments, surrounding the army from all sides.

The very idea of ​​equestrian reconnaissance and determining camping sites for troops was not new - all the steppe tribes used it, and only Genghis Khan took it to a new level. Horse guards were now mandatory, and their absence was punishable by death, regardless of the consequences it led to.

In addition to army intelligence, Genghis Khan also used civilian intelligence, simply put, spies, who acted as ambassadors And merchants, who diligently collected information about the alleged enemy, while simultaneously feeding him misinformation, bribing the right people, conducting counter-propaganda, etc.

Among the outstanding scouts of Genghis Khan was a Khorezm merchant Mahmud Yalavach, who played an important role in preparing the campaign against Central Asia, being the ambassador of Genghis Khan to the Khorezmshah Muhammad II in 1218. His services were highly appreciated by the Chingizids.

After the conquest of Central Asia, Genghis Khan's son Ogedei appointed him governor of Transoxiana with residence in Khojend, and the latter's son appointed him governor of Beijing. Mahmud's son received control of all regions from the Chinese border to Bukhara. Another intelligence officer - a Uyghur trader Jafar Khoja, who distinguished himself during the preparation of the first Chinese campaign. For his services, he was appointed governor of Northern China.

And ordinary merchants and traders from the countries that became part of Genghis Khan’s empire helped in every way they could, due to receiving significant privileges from the Great Khan. They carried out preliminary reconnaissance, spread the necessary rumors, sent letters with propaganda or threats to military leaders and major officials of the enemy, and also carried out minor acts of sabotage. These “merchants” performed the tasks assigned to them so well that most cities surrendered to the mercy of Genghis Khan as soon as they saw his army.

Among other things, Genghis Khan ordered all the sons of his senior command to study military affairs - combat techniques, strategy, tactics, etc. This is how he formed his own hereditary military elite. What was also new was that twice a year all temniks, thousanders and centurions were obliged to visit the headquarters of the Great Khan in order to “listen to his thoughts,” where they also had the opportunity to exchange combat experience and discuss different opinions on certain issues. That is, Chinkhis Khan organized a kind of General Staff Academy, which existed even after his death.

Another remarkable phenomenon in Genghis Khan’s army was the so-called round-up hunts, which the khan conducted a couple of times a year. The remarkable thing about these hunts was that they were organized for the entire army and, in fact, served as an analogue of full-scale military exercises. And the punishments for mistakes during these hunts were exactly the same as in wartime.

* * *

Another interesting fact is that Genghis Khan’s troops also included, so to speak, military engineering troops who were in charge of siege equipment. Moreover, stone-throwing machines and trained service personnel appeared in the army from the very beginning. That is, before Genghis Khan conquered the “civilized” states of China and Khorezm, and adopted everything from them, as historians say. But the misconception that only with the help of Chinese engineers and their miracle siege technology were hordes of backward nomads able to conquer powerful developed states, storming their fortified cities, which no nomads could take before, is very common even in scientific literature. However, there are some facts that do not fit into the generally accepted picture.

As you know, first Genghis Khan went against the state Tangut, so that it would not be able to provide support to the Jurchen empire, which, after conquering the surrounding countries, threatened to move to the North (and to eliminate this threat, including the white priests, the people-army of Genghis Khan was created). Tangut was located in a mountainous area and had numerous well-fortified fortresses. However, the “nomads” gradually took over these fortresses. Moreover, the very first fortress of Heicheng (Lijili), according to Rashid ad-Din, was “an extremely fortified place,” but it was taken “in a short time” and destroyed to the ground. (Rashid ad-Din Collection of chronicles, vol. I, part 2, publishing house of the USSR Academy of Sciences, M.-L. 1952, p. 150)

In this regard, several questions arise. Why, hundreds of years before Genghis Khan, nomadic tribes never bothered to use the siege technology of sedentary peoples? But they had someone to copy it from. Historians claim that the Chinese had siege art at a very advanced level already in the 5th century BC. Why we took the Chinese as an example is because historians insist that Genghis Khan copied siege engines from China and received specialist stone throwers from him.

More questions. Where did the newly formed Genghis army, supposedly consisting of nomads, get the means (and the skills too) to take the “extremely fortified” fortresses of the settled Tangut people, which he conquered before going to China? In other words, where did he get the siege equipment, without which it is impossible to take fortified mountain citadels? The answer is simple - in the same place where they got their weapons - among the white priests of the huge northern state.

In addition, it is a known fact that the main specialist in stone throwing in the army of Genghis Khan was Anmuhai - a relative of the khan along the line of Alan-goa - the “ancestor of the Mongols” and the “golden family” of Genghis Khan, who for his services in siege warfare endowed him with a golden paiza with a tiger’s head - the highest degree of paizi.

Anmuhai selected the first 500 people and personally trained them in stone throwing. Let us note that exactly Mongol initially engaged in stone throwing in the army of Genghis Khan, and not the Tangut, Jurchen, Chinese or Khorezm, as representatives of peoples more advanced in this matter.

At the same time, as the Yuan Shi, a chronicle of the reign of the Yuan dynasty of Genghisids in China, tells, Genghis Khan consulted with Anmuhai about the tactics of taking cities and used him as a kind of crisis manager, sending him to problem areas. “Anmyxai, a Mongol from the Bargut clan, together with [his] father Bohechu, together served Taizu and had merit in military campaigns. The emperor asked [him] about methods of attacking fortress walls, seizing enemy lands, what weapons [should be used] first of all, [Anmuhai] answered like this: “An attack on fortress walls is carried out primarily through [strikes] with stones from stone throwers, because [their ] the force is great and acts over long distances.” The emperor was pleased and immediately ordered [Anmuhai] to become a stone thrower.

In the year of Chia Xu (1214) Taishi Gowan Muhali went on a campaign to the south, the emperor gave him instructions, saying: “Anmuhai said that the strategy of using stone throwers to attack fortified cities is very good. You can appoint him to a position and [if] some city cannot be destroyed, then immediately give a golden paiza and send stone throwers in the appropriate direction as darugachi.” Anmuhai chose more than 500 people who were trained [in stone-throwing], and subsequently restored order in all countries, only relying on their strength"" (Yuan shi, tsz. 122).

After Anmuhai's death, his father's work was continued by his son. Temuter, who also received the golden paizu temnik. Unfortunately, the chronicle does not say where Anmuhai got his knowledge of siege warfare, which allowed him, let us remind again - a steppe nomad - not only to understand the tactics of besieging cities, but so much so that the creator of the united military unit himself listened to his words. Mongol troops, but also generally use a stone-throwing weapon.

We are inclined to think that, like Temujin, Anmuhai and perhaps other warriors who were to form the backbone of the future Mongol army, also studied in the North, only in more specialized subjects than their future leader.

Another fact that Genghis Khan’s army received quite serious support in armament from the North is the unexpected number of types of arrows of Mongol warriors. “Mongolian arrows themselves are something special. The variety of their combat characteristics is amazing. There were special armor-piercing The tips, moreover, are also different - for chain mail, for plate and leather armor.

There were arrows with very wide and sharp tips (the so-called “cut”), capable of cutting off a hand or even a head. The commanders always had several whistling signal arrows. There were other types that were used, depending on the nature of the battle.

(The author can personally testify to the amazing versatility of Mongolian arrows: during excavations in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin in 2001-2002, in which I took part, archaeologists found more than fifteen different types of arrowheads. Almost all of them were of Mongolian (Tatar) origin and belonged to XIII-XIV centuries.) Such specialization significantly increased the efficiency of shooting in battle and became one of the main guarantees of victory.” (Alexander Domanin “The Mongol Empire of the Chingizids. Genghis Khan and his successors.” Chapter 9.)

It is noteworthy that in the Museum of the Battle of Kulikovo it is clearly visible that the “Mongolian” chain mail is made of much higher quality than the chain mail of Russian soldiers - they are much heavier, and the weaving of the rings is double and very dense, while the Russian chain mail is much lighter, the weaving is single and more rare.

And this is not surprising, given the fact that Great Tartaria had its own developed metallurgy, and, and archaeologists talk about this, for hundreds of years. We have already talked above about the Kargaly mines, the metal from which spread across the vast territory of Eurasia. Ancient metallurgists also lived near the village of Chicha, Zdvinsky district, Novosibirsk region and left it in the 8th century AD.

However, archaeologists made the most significant and exciting discovery in the south of the Bolsherechensky district of the Omsk region in the Batakovo tract. More than 100 archaeological sites were found there. A huge city with an area of ​​15 thousand hectares was called Vendogard. The inhabitants of this city were engaged in metallurgy, and they possessed technologies that are unknown to modern specialists (for example, they could not recognize the slags discovered in Vendogard, they did not quite understand the structure of the underground smelting furnace).

Back in the 2nd century BC. In Vendogard, “shining armor” was produced - archaeologists discovered plates of military armor made of precious metal coated with a dense layer of iron hydroxides. However, scientists don't know How did ancient people produce such high quality metal?

Another evidence that the so-called “Mongol Empire” was created with the help and to solve certain problems facing its northern neighbor is the fact that neither Genghis Khan nor his descendants ever went to conquer the North. Traditional historians will tell you that there was nothing to conquer there, that, as the “father” of modern Russian history Miller said, “Siberia is an unhistorical land” and similar lies.

We mentioned above that the Mongols did not establish their administrations in Rus'. Governance of the people remained in the hands of the Russian princes. Moreover, soon the collection of taxes also passed to them after the tax collection, handed over to Central Asian merchants, was carried out with huge violations. And this is not surprising, the merchants paid a fixed amount to the Mongolian treasury, and then squeezed it and additional profit from the population to the maximum. However, the Russian princes could not avoid the temptation. For example, this story is known.

In 1321, Prince Dmitry of Tver handed over a tribute of 2,000 rubles in silver (approximately 200 kilograms) to Prince Yuri of Moscow, who had the label for the great reign and was therefore responsible for delivering the tribute to the Horde. But he took the Tver tribute to Novgorod and put it into circulation at interest. The showdown, which went on for several years, ended in tears. The Tver prince killed the Moscow prince without waiting for the end of the investigation in the Golden Horde (and no wonder - the Moscow prince was the husband of the younger sister of the Khan of the Golden Horde). Khan, although he approved of the murder of the swindler, was legally required to execute Dmitry, and he did. And they began to collect tribute from Tver again.

As we see, the Mongols had nothing special to profit from in Rus'. Much closer to them were more tasty morsels in terms of profit and territories.

So why did the Mongol troops march thousands of kilometers, unknown where and why? And why did Rus', for hundreds of years of the so-called yoke, not think of fighting back, but meekly paid tribute, which has never happened before in the history of Russia?

It would probably be logical to admit that official fairy tale about the Mongol-Tatar yoke does not stand up to any criticism. And that we were not told about the real state of affairs in the world then. About the role Rassenia, which Europeans will call, in world politics and her attempt during the last Night of Svarog to stabilize the Russian world and by all means, if not stop, then at least slow down the advance of the dark ones to the east, in the heart of Eurasia.

That is why white priests raised and supported Genghis Khan. After all, the famous commander Subudai, who was called the “chain dog of Genghis Khan” and who was an unsurpassed military strategist and tactician who brought fear to Europe, was a Horde temnik who came with Genghis Khan in 1200 with his tumen from Russenia...

It is worth noting an interesting fact. In 1826, the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Russia announced a competition, inviting scientists to answer a seemingly simple question:

“What consequences did the rule of the Mongols have in Russia, and specifically, what influence did it have on the political relations of the state, on the form of government and on its internal governance, as well as on the enlightenment and education of the people?”

The question is not complicated, since the Mongols raged here for a quarter of a millennium and, of course, should have left a strong legacy in politics, language, and education. The deadline for submitting works was set for January 1, 1829, which means that scientists had three years for preparation.

By the appointed deadline, only one an essay, and even then in German, which was not considered worthy of an award. So, in three years, scientists failed to detect the consequences of Mongol domination in Russia.

In 1832, showing consistency and perseverance, the Imperial Academy of Sciences again proposed solving this problem, with the deadline for submitting works on August 1, 1835. Here is the wording of the topic:

“The rule of the Mongol dynasty, known among us as Golden Horde, among the Mohammedans under the name of the Ulus of Jochi or the Genghis Khanate of Desht Kipchak, and among the Mongols themselves under the name of Togmak, it was for almost two and a half centuries the horror and scourge of Russia. It kept her in the bonds of unconditional enslavement and capriciously disposed of the crown and life of her princes.

This dominion was supposed to have more or less influence on the fate, structure, regulations, education, morals and language of our fatherland. The history of this dynasty forms a necessary link in Russian history, and it is self-evident that the closest knowledge of the former not only serves to more accurately understand the latter in this memorable and ill-fated period, but also greatly contributes to the clarification of our concepts about the influence that Mongol rule had on the decisions and Russian folk life...

With all this, however, we lack a reliable history of this generation of Mongols... Anyone who has become more familiar with this subject will easily agree that everything that has been done so far in this regard is by no means satisfactory...

It is a delightful thought that with the current, so favorably changed state of science in Russia, such an undertaking is no longer impossible... Every year the number of experts and lovers of Eastern Literature is increasing... The Academy can already now offer a problem whose solution, in addition to thorough information about the Russian language and history, requires equally deep knowledge of eastern languages, namely Mohammedan. This task is as follows:

Write a Story Ulus Jochi or the so-called Golden Horde, critically processed on the basis of both Eastern, especially Mohammedan historians and coin monuments preserved from the Khans of this dynasty, as well as ancient Russian, Polish, Hungarian and other chronicles and other information found in the writings of modern Europeans.”

So what do you think? How did the competition end? Again it was presented only one job, and again in German, and again it was found unsatisfactory.

And today the question is about the meaning Mongolian yoke for Russian history remains unanswered (D. Kalyuzhny, S. Valyansky “Another history of Rus'. From Europe to Mongolia”).

* * *

We gave the answer to the place of the so-called “Mongol yoke” in Russian history above - the Vedic Power, a powerful northern country, tried to ensure peace on its borders with the help of both its own and the newly created army of Genghis Khan. This is precisely what explains all the incomprehensibility of the behavior of the “Mongols” on the territory of Rus'. For example, the strange religious tolerance of “wild nomads”, which is noted by almost all medieval authors who touched on this issue.

Persian author Ala al-Din Juvaini(1226-1283), who wrote a historical work on the conquests of Genghis Khan, “The History of the World Conqueror,” notes: “Since Genghis did not belong to any religion and did not follow any faith, he avoided fanaticism and did not prefer one faith to another or exalt one over another. others. On the contrary, he maintained the prestige of the beloved and respected sages and hermits of any tribe, considering this as an act of love for God.”

Egyptian historian and geographer Takiyuddin fl-Makrizi(1364-1442) in his work “The Book of Paths to the Knowledge of Ruling Dynasties”, in the part dedicated to the Golden Horde, wrote: “He (Genghis Khan) ordered to respect all religions and not show preference for any of them.”

This evidence allows us to assert that the commander of the combined Mughal-Tartar army-people adhered to Vedic principles and put them into practice, like all outstanding statesmen standing on the side of the Light Forces. This is what the Persian king did, for example. Cyrus the Great(Ki-Rus, Ku-Rush), who supported, including financially, all the religions of his huge empire.

Exactly attitude to culture and faith conquered peoples is an excellent indicator of which side a particular conqueror is on. Where people are forcibly deprived of their primordial faith, their culture is uprooted, imposing, often by force, gods alien to them, they act Dark. Where they preserve the spiritual and cultural ways of the conquered people, where they educate and help, they act Light.

Unfortunately, this approach also has its drawbacks. By leaving alone in Rus' the centers of the lunar cult or the Greek religion, which was imposed on it through the bloody baptist Vladimir, and even supporting them along with other beliefs, the Russians allowed the consciousness of the European Rus to be enslaved for centuries. They did not decisively root out the infection, perhaps simply not realizing the danger of this religion, as the Harians did in Dravidia, destroying cult of goddess Kali, although they made a mistake by only expelling its priests, and not destroying it. And centuries later, modified by them death cult appeared in Rus'.

The direct leadership of the northern Vedic Power of the Mughals explains both the fact of the advanced equipment of the Mongol army, and the Vedic symbols on the shields of warriors and not only on them. ubiquitous in modern Mongolia.

It was precisely by the plans of the rulers of Russenia stop the “onslaught on the East” The West, represented by the Roman Catholic Church, explains the campaigns of the “Tatar-Mongols” in Rus' and Europe. It is known that the popes repeatedly collected Crusades against Rus', trying to convert her to Catholicism.

In 1227 the Pope Honorius III sent a message to the “Kings of Rus'”, where he urgently invited them to accept Catholicism: “...So, wanting to receive confirmation from you whether you want to accept the legate of the Roman Church, so that, under the influence of his sound instructions, you will comprehend the truth of the Catholic faith, without which no one will be saved, we insistently ask, exhort and implore you all, so that this desire of yours informed us in messages and through reliable ambassadors. In the meantime, while maintaining lasting peace with the Christians of Livonia and Estonia, do not interfere with the spread of the Christian faith and then you will not cause the indignation of the divine apostolic throne, which, if desired, can easily retaliate against you ... "

In 1232 the Pope Gregory IX called on the crusaders to campaign against Novgorod, and in 1238 blessed the king of Sweden for a crusade against him (Novgorod prevented the Catholicization of the Finnish tribes), which the Swedes carried out in 1240, but were defeated by Alexander Nevsky. In the same year, German knights captured many Novgorod lands, but did not enjoy them for long. In April 1242, Alexander Nevsky completely defeated them and put an end to the West’s plans to seize the lands of Pskov and Novgorod.

She took an active part in the liberation of the lands of the northwestern lands of Rus' from the crusaders. "Mongol" cavalry. In 1243, Grand Duke Yaroslav, the father of Alexander Nevsky, called on the Russian princes to recognize Batu Khan as “their king” (In the 13th century in Rus', two rulers were called “kings”: the emperor of Byzantium and the khan of the Golden Horde.). And even after the death of Alexander, when the Germans again went to Novgorod, Khan Mengu-Timur, Batu's grandson, faithful to the twinning agreement, sent cavalry to help the Novgorodians, the Germans retreated and signed peace on Novgorod terms.

Here it should be noted that the “Mongol” commanders not only dealt with external invaders, but also reined in Russian princes who were too drawn to “enlightened” Europe and Catholicism. Thus, in 1259, Daniil of Galicia, who persistently pursued a pro-Western policy, was forced by the temnik Burundai to demolish all the fortresses and give troops to march on Poland. After which Galicia weakened so much that it was easily annexed to Poland in 1339, became Catholic and decayed, becoming the outskirts of European “civilization”.

However, the crusades alone Dads didn't limit themselves. The aforementioned Popes Honorius and Gregory declared all sorts of sanctions and trade blockades of Rus', prohibited neighboring states from trading with Russian cities, primarily in weapons and food. Dad Clement VI in his bull to the Swedish archbishop of March 2, 1351, he declared: “Russians are enemies of the Catholic Church”. However, Rus' was too tough for Catholics, largely because “Mongolian” regular units stood guard over it.

In addition, the fact that for three hundred years Rus' did not offer any serious resistance to the “enslavers” speaks in favor of the fact that Igo was not a yoke. There were no actions by either the regular army or partisan attacks by the civilian population. Yes, in the first two or three years of Batu’s invasion, there were some battles, but after that it was all abrupt.

There were only isolated rare skirmishes in 1257 in Novgorod, in 1262 in Rostov, Suzdal, Ustyug, Vladimir and Yaroslavl, in 1327 there was a skirmish in Tver. But their reason was a population census to collect tribute, which was used to pay the Horde troops for military assistance against the crusades of the Catholic West. The princes knew what the census was for and where the money was going, but they did not bother to explain to the people, and outbreaks of discontent were brutally suppressed.

By the way, presence of regular military units of Rassenia explains another riddle - the riddle of the ethnic identity of the warriors of Rus', and the warriors of the so-called Mongol-Tatar hordes. In all the illustrations, the “Tatar-Mongols” have a completely European appearance, there is nothing Asian about them.

This is explained by the fact that a tumen, originally belonging to Russenia, went to Russia - the tumen of a brilliant commander Subedea, who “conquered 32 nations and won 65 victories in battles (Richard A. Gabriel. Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant). And in those days, in the troops of Russia and the Horde, the percentage of white people was overwhelming.

It should be noted that this was the only time Genghis Khan did not submit to Russenia. This happened in 1227, when she insisted on throwing all her forces into the West and finishing off the weakened enemy, thereby strengthening the Slavic-Aryan world. But Genghis Khan had his own plans and led his troops to Tangut.

He achieved victory over Tangut, thereby ensuring his dominance over Central Asia, but he himself died during the capture of the city of Etsip-ai. But Russenia had to make do on its own, taking Subedei’s corps from Genghis Khan and throwing all its forces to the West, which successfully coped with the task. In 1229 army of Russenia defeated the combined forces of the baptized Polovtsians, Bulgars and Ugrians at Saksin.

By the way, the Death of Genghis Khan's eldest son - Jochi– has a completely different reason. He was executed not because he allegedly treated the conquered peoples kindly, as official historical science believes. Jochi took sides Rassenia and advocated a campaign to the West. He was executed, and the children, Batu and Ordu, were able to escape to Rassenia, and the death of their grandfather saved them from death.

Then the priests Rassenia ensured the election of the Horde as the prince of Southern Siberia, and Batu as the prince of the Ural-Caspian steppes and Khorezm. After them looked after

8. Everything from the beginning...

6 (70). The Gods of the Race will save the righteous people
and the Power of Heaven will carry them to the east,
to the lands of people with skin the color of Darkness...

So, in a relatively short period of time (over the lifetime of just a few generations), our enemies managed to almost completely remove from everyday life all information about our truly Great Motherland, about our truly heroic ancestors who fought against Evil for many hundreds of thousands of years. And instead, the Zionist gang taught many of us that the Russians were wild people, and only the civilization of the West helped them get out of the trees in which they supposedly lived and joyfully follow the enlightened world into a bright future.

In fact, everything is exactly the opposite! Our entire site is dedicated to debunking this big lie about Rus' and the Russians. And some fun facts about the “enlightened” and “civilized” West can be read in the article "Medieval Europe. Touches to the portrait"(part 1 and part 2). When enemies began to bite off small pieces from the western part of Great Tartaria and create separate states from them in Europe, everything there quickly began to decline. The Christian religion, which ousted the Vedic worldview from the conquered peoples with fire and sword, quickly turned people into stupid, wordless slaves. This process and its phenomenal results are very well described in the article “Christianity as a Weapon of Mass Destruction”. So, it is simply unlawful to talk about any enlightened and civilized West. There was no such thing! At first there was no “West” itself in our today’s understanding of this term, and when it appeared, it could not be, and was not, enlightened and civilized due to completely objective reasons!

* * *

However, let's return to Tartary. The fact that Europeans were very well aware of the existence of various Tartaries is also evidenced by numerous medieval geographical maps. One of the first such maps is the map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria, compiled by the English diplomat Anthony Jenkinson (Anthony Jenkinson), who was the first plenipotentiary ambassador of England to Muscovy from 1557 to 1571, and also a representative of the Moscow company (Muscovy Company)- an English trading company founded by London merchants in 1555. Jenkinson was the first Western European traveler to describe the coast of the Caspian Sea and Central Asia during his expedition to Bukhara in 1558-1560. The result of these observations was not only official reports, but also the most detailed map at that time of areas that were practically inaccessible to Europeans until that time.

Tartary is also in the solid world Mercator-Hondius Atlas of the early 17th century. Jodocus Hondius (Jodocus Hondius, 1563-1612)- a Flemish engraver, cartographer and publisher of atlases and maps in 1604 bought printed forms of Mercator’s world atlas, added about forty of his own maps to the atlas and published an expanded edition in 1606 under the authorship of Mercator, and listed himself as the publisher.

Abraham Ortelius (Abraham Ortelius, 1527-1598)- Flemish cartographer, compiled the world's first geographical atlas, consisting of 53 large format maps with detailed explanatory geographical texts, which was printed in Antwerp on May 20, 1570. The atlas was named Theatrum Orbis Terrarum(lat. Spectacle of the globe) and reflected the state of geographical knowledge at that point in time.

Tartary appears on both the Dutch map of Asia of 1595 and on the 1626 map of John Speed (John Speed, 1552-1629) English historian and cartographer who published the world's first British cartographic atlas of the world, "Review of the World's Most Famous Places" (A Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World). Please note that on many maps the Chinese wall is clearly visible, and China itself is located behind it, and before it was the territory of Chinese Tartaria (Chinese Tartary).

Let's look at a few more foreign cards. Dutch map of Great Tartary, Great Mogul Empire, Japan and China (Magnae Tartariae, Magni Mogolis Imperii, Iaponiae et Chinae, Nova Descriptio (Amsterdam, 1680)) Frederica de Vita (Frederik de Wit), Dutch map by Pieter Schenk (Pieter Schenk).

French map of Asia 1692 and map of Asia and Scythia (Scythia et Tartaria Asiatica) 1697.

Map of Tartary by Guillaume de Lisle (1688-1768), French astronomer and cartographer, member of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1702). He also published a world atlas (1700-1714). In 1725-47 he worked in Russia, was an academician and the first director of the academic astronomical observatory, and from 1747 - a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

We have presented only a few of the many maps that clearly indicate the existence of a country whose name cannot be found in any modern textbook on the history of our country. How impossible it is to find any information about the people who inhabited it. Oh ta R Tarakhs, who are now called Tatars by all and sundry and are classified as Mongoloids. In this regard, it is very interesting to look at the images of these “Tatars”. We will have to turn again to European sources. The famous book is very indicative in this case "The Travels of Marco Polo"- that’s what they called her in England. In France it was called "The Book of the Great Khan", in other countries “The Book about the Diversity of the World” or simply “The Book”. The Italian merchant and traveler himself entitled his manuscript “Description of the World.” Written in Old French rather than Latin, it became popular throughout Europe.

In it, Marco Polo (1254-1324) describes in detail the history of his travels across Asia and his 17-year stay at the court of the “Mongol” Khan Kublai Khan. Leaving aside the question of the reliability of this book, we will direct our attention to the fact how Europeans portrayed the “Mongols” in the Middle Ages.

As we see, there is nothing Mongolian in the appearance of the “Mongolian” Great Khan Kublai Khan. On the contrary, he and his entourage look quite Russian, one might even say European.

Oddly enough, the tradition of depicting the Mongols and Tatars in such a strange European form has continued to be preserved. And in the 17th, and in the 18th, and in the 19th centuries, Europeans stubbornly continued to depict the “Tatars” from Tartaria with all the signs of people of the White Race. Look, for example, at how the French cartographer and engineer Male depicted the “Tatars” and “Mongols” (Allain Manesson Mallet)(1630-1706), whose drawings were printed in Frankfurt in 1719. Or an engraving from 1700 depicting a Tartar princess and a Tartar prince.

From the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica it follows that at the end of the 18th century there were several countries on our planet that had the word Tartary. In Europe, numerous engravings of the 16th-18th and even the beginning of the 19th centuries have been preserved, depicting citizens of this country - Tartars. It is noteworthy that medieval European travelers called Tartars the peoples who lived on a vast territory that occupied most of the continent of Eurasia. With surprise we see images of oriental tartars, Chinese tartars, Tibetan tartars, Nogai tartars, Kazan tartars, small tartars, Chuvash tartars, Kalmyk tartars, Cherkasy tartars, tartars of Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Achinsk, etc.

Above are engravings from books Thomas Jeffrey (Thomas Jefferys) “Catalogue of national costumes of different peoples, ancient and modern”, London, 1757-1772. in 4 volumes (A Collection of the Dresses of Different Nations, Antient and Modern) and Jesuit travel collections Antoine Francois Prevost (Antoine-Francois Prevost d'Exiles 1697-1763) entitled "Histoire Generale Des Voyages", published in 1760.

Let's look at a few more engravings depicting the various Tartars who lived in the territory Great Tartaria from a book by a German, professor of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Johan Gottlieb Georgi (Johann Gottlieb Georgi 1729-1802) "Russia, or a complete historical account of all the peoples living in this Empire" (Russia or a compleat historical account of all the nations which compose that Empire) London, 1780. It contains sketches of the national costumes of Tartar women from Tomsk, Kuznetsk and Achinsk.

“The reason for the appearance of so many Tartarians is the spin-off from the Slavic-Aryan Empire (Great Tartary) outlying provinces, as a consequence of the weakening of the Empire as a result of the invasion of the Dzungar hordes, which captured and completely destroyed the capital of this Empire - Asgard-Irian in 7038 AD or 1530 AD.”

Tartary in Dubville's "World Geography"

Recently we came across another encyclopedia that talks about our Motherland, Great Tartary - the largest country in the world. This time the encyclopedia turned out to be French, edited, as we would say today, by the royal geographer Duval Dubville (DuVal d'Abbwille). Its name is long and sounds like this: “World Geography containing descriptions, maps and coats of arms of the main countries of the world” (La Geographie Universelle contenant Les Descriptions, les Сartes, et le Blason des principaux Pais du Monde). Published in Paris in 1676, 312 pages with maps. In what follows we will simply call it "World Geography".

Below we present to you a description of the article about Tartaria from “World Geography” in the form in which it is given in the Puzzles library, from where we copied it:

“This ancient book is the first volume of a geographical atlas with accompanying articles describing contemporary states around the world. The second volume was the geography of Europe. But this volume has apparently sunk into history. The book is made in a pocket format measuring 8x12 cm and about 3 cm thick. The cover is made of papier-mâché, covered with thin leather with gold embossing of a floral pattern along the spine and ends of the cover. The book contains 312 numbered, bound pages of text, 7 unnumbered bound title pages, 50 pasted unfolded sheets of maps, one pasted sheet - a list of maps, among which, by the way, European countries are also listed. On the first spread of the book there is a bookplate containing the coat of arms and the inscriptions: "ExBibliotheca" And "Marchionatus: Pinczoviensis". The dating of the book is written in Arabic numerals 1676 and Roman “M.D C.LXXVI”.

"World Geography" is a unique historical document in the field of cartography and is of great importance for all countries of the world in the field of history, geography, linguistics, and chronology. It is noteworthy that in this geography, of all countries (excluding European ones), only two are called empires. This Empire of Tartaria (Empire de Tartarie) on the territory of modern Siberia, and Mughal Empire (Empire Du Mogol) on the territory of modern India. In Europe, one empire is indicated - Turkish (Empire des Turcs). But, if in modern history you can easily find information about the Great Mogul Empire, then Tartary, as an empire, is not mentioned in textbooks either on world or domestic history, or in materials on the history of Siberia. 7 countries have coats of arms, including Empire of Tartaria. Interesting combinations of geographical names that have survived to this day and have sunk into time. For example, on the map of Tartaria, it borders in the south with CHINE(modern China), and nearby on the territory of Tartary, behind the Great Wall of China, there is an area named CATHAI , a little higher is the lake Lak Kithay and locality Kithaisko. The first volume includes the contents of the second volume - the geography of Europe, which, in particular, indicates Muscovy (Mofcovie) as an independent state.

This book is also of interest to historical linguists. It is written in Old French, but, for example, the use of the letters V and U, which are often substituted for each other in geographical names, has not yet been established. For example, titles AVSTRALE And AUSTRALES on one insert sheet between 10-11 s. And the letter “s” in many places is replaced by the letter “f”, which, by the way, was the main reason for the difficulty of translating the text by specialists who do not know about such a replacement. For example, the name of Asia in some places was written as Afia. Or the word desert desert written as defert. The letter "B" from the Slavic alphabet is clearly corrected to "B" from the Latin, for example, on the map of Zimbabwe. And so on".

Below is the semantic translation of the article "Tartaria" from Dubville's "World Geography" (pp. 237-243). The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave”.

We have placed this material here not because it contains some unique information. Not at all. It's just placed here as one more thing. irrefutable evidence that Great Tartary - the Motherland of the Rus - existed in reality. You also need to keep in mind that this encyclopedia was published in the 17th century, when the distortion of world history by the enemies of Humanity was almost universally completed. Therefore, one should not be surprised at some inconsistencies in it, such as the fact that “the Chinese wall was built by the Chinese.” The Chinese are not able to build such a wall today, and even more so then...

Tartary

Occupies the most extensive territory in the north of the continent. In the east it extends to the country Yesso(1), the area of ​​which is equal to the area of ​​Europe, since in length it occupies more than half of the northern hemisphere, and in width it is much larger than East Asia. The name itself Tartary, which replaced Scythia, comes from the Tatar River, which the Chinese call Tata because they do not use the letter R.

The Tartars are the best archers in the world, but are barbarically cruel. They fight often and almost always defeat those they attack, leaving the latter confused. The Tartars were forced to surrender: Cyrus, when he crossed the Araks; Darius Hystaspes, when he went to war against the Scythians of Europe; Alexander the Great when he crossed the Oxus (Oxus)[modern Amu Darya. – E.L.]. And in our times, the Great Kingdom of China could not escape their domination. Cavalry is the main striking force of their numerous armies, contrary to what is practiced in Europe. She is the one who attacks first. The most peaceful of them live in felt tents and keep livestock, doing nothing else.

At all times their country has been the source of many conquerors and founders of colonies in many countries: and even the great wall which the Chinese have built against them is not able to stop them. They are ruled by princes they call hanami. They are divided into several Hordes - these are something like our districts, camps, tribes or clan councils, but this is what little we know about them like what their common name is Tartars. The object of their great worship is owl, after Genghis, one of their sovereigns, was saved with the help of this bird. They don't want anyone to know where they are buried, so each of them chooses a tree and someone who will hang them on it after their death.

They are mainly idolaters, but there are also a large number of Mohammedans among them; we learned that those who conquered China almost do not profess any special religion, although they adhere to several moral virtues. As a rule, Asian Tartaria is usually divided into five large parts: Desert Tartary (Tartaree Desert), Çağatay (Giagathi), Turkestan (Turquestan), Northern Tartary (Tartarie Septentrionale) And Kim Tartaria (Tartare du Kim).

Desert Tartary has this name because most of its land is left uncultivated. She recognizes for the most part the Grand Duke of Moscow, who receives beautiful and rich furs from there, and subjugated many people there, because this is a country of shepherds, not soldiers. Its cities of Kazan and Astrakhan are located on the Volga, which flows into the Caspian Sea with 70 mouths, in contrast to the Ob, which flows in the same country, and which flows into the Ocean with only six. Astrakhan conducts an extensive trade in salt, which the residents extract from the mountain. Kalmyks are idolaters and are similar to the ancient Scythians due to raids, cruelty and other traits.

Chagatai peoples (Giagathai) And Mavaralnahi (Mawaralnahr) have their own khans. Samarkand is the city in which the great Tamerlane established a famous university. They also have a trading city called Bokor (Bockor), which is considered the birthplace of the famous Avicenna, philosopher and physician, and Orkan (Orchange) almost on the Caspian Sea. Alexandria of Sogd became famous because of the death there of the famous philosopher Callisthenes. (Callisthene).

Mughal tribe (de Mogol) known from the origin of their prince of the same name, who rules over the greater part of India. The inhabitants there hunt wild horses with falcons; in several parts they are so disposed and so inclined towards music that we have observed their little ones singing instead of playing. Those of the Chagatais and Uzbeks (d"Yousbeg) who are not called Tartars are Mohammedans.

Turkestan is the country from which the Turks came. Tibet supplies musk, cinnamon and coral, which act as money for local residents.

Kim(n) Tartaria is one of the names used to call Katay (Cathai), which is the largest state of Tartaria, for it is heavily populated, full of rich and beautiful cities. Its capital is called Flounder (Сambalu)(2) or more often Manchu (Muoncheu): some authors talked about wonderful cities, the most famous of which are called Hangzhou (Quinzai), Xantum (?), Suntien (?) And Beijing (Pequim): They report on other things that are in the Royal Palace - twenty-four columns of pure gold and another - the largest of the same metal with a pine cone, made of cut precious stones, with which you can buy four large cities. We took a trip to Katay (Cathai) different roads, in the hope of finding there gold, musk, rhubarb (3), and other rich goods: some went by land, others by the northern sea, and some again ascended the Ganges (4).

The Tartars of this country entered China in our time, and the king Niuche(5), which is called Xunchi, is the one who conquered him at the age of twelve, following the good and faithful advice of his two uncles. Fortunately, the young conqueror was distinguished by great moderation and treated the newly conquered peoples with all the gentleness that one can imagine.

Old or true Tataria, which the Arabs called by different names, is located in the north and is little known. They say that Shalmaneser (Salmanasar), the king of Assyria, brought tribes from the Holy Land, which are Hordes, which to this day have retained their names and customs: both him and the imams known in ancient times, and the name of one of the largest mountains in the world.

Translator's Notes

1. The country of Esso was designated differently on French medieval maps: Terre de Jesso or Je Co. or Yesso or Terre de la Compagnie. This name was also associated with different places - sometimes with about. Hokkaido, which was depicted as part of the mainland, but mainly called the western part of North America. (See 1691 map by French cartographer Nicholas Sanson (Nicolas Sanson) 1600-1667).

2. During the Mongol Yuan Dynasty, founded by Kublai Khan, the city of Beijing was called Khanbalyk(Khan-Balyk, Kambaluk, Kabalut), which means “Great residence of the Khan”, it can be found in the notes of Marco Polo in writing Cambuluc.

3. Rhubarb- a medicinal plant widespread in Siberia. In the Middle Ages it was an export item and constituted a state monopoly. The habitats of the plant were carefully hidden. It was unknown in Europe and began to be widely cultivated only in the 18th century.

4. On medieval maps, the Liaodong Gulf was called the Ganges. (See Italian map of China from 1682 Giacomo Cantelli (Giacomo Cantelli(1643-1695) and Giovanni Giacomo di Rossi (Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi)).

5. The northeastern fragment of an Italian map of China from 1682 shows the kingdom Niuche(or Nuzhen), which is described in the description as having conquered and ruled China, which occupied the north of Liaodong and Korea, in the northeast lies the lands Yupy Tartars(or Fishskin Tartars), And Tartari del Kin or dell"Oro(Kin Tartars or Golden Tartars).

In the text of the article about Tartary there is a name called great. We found several engravings of him. It is interesting that Europeans pronounced his name differently: Temur, Taimur, Timur Lenk, Timur i Leng, Tamerlane, Tamburlaine or Taimur e Lang.

As is known from the course of orthodox history, Tamerlane (1336-1406) - “a Central Asian conqueror who played a significant role in the history of Central, South and Western Asia, as well as the Caucasus, Volga region and Rus'. Outstanding commander, emir (since 1370). Founder of the Timurid empire and dynasty, with its capital in Samarkand".

Like Genghis Khan, today he is usually depicted as a Mongoloid. As can be seen from photographs of original medieval European engravings, Tamerlane was not at all the same as orthodox historians portray him. Engravings prove the absolute fallacy of this approach...

Tartaria in the "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences"

Information about a huge country Tartaria also contained in Volume 4 of the second edition "New Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences" (A new and complete Dictionary of Arts and Sciences), published in London in 1764. On page 3166 there is a description of Tartaria, which was later included in its entirety in the first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica, published in Edinburgh in 1771.

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Muscovy and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west, which is called Great Tartaria. Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and who occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China.”

Tartaria in the “World History” of Dionysius Petavius

Tartaria was also described by the founder of modern chronology, and in fact the falsification of world history, Dionysius Petavius(1583-1652) - French cardinal, Jesuit, Catholic theologian and historian. In his geographical description of the world "World History" (The History of the World: Or, an Account of Time, Together With a Geographical Description of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America), published in 1659, the following is said about Tartary (translation from Middle English by Elena Lyubimova specifically for “The Cave”):

TARTARIA(in ancient times known as Scythia, after their first ruler Scythian, who was first called Magogus(from Magog, son of Yaphet), whose descendants settled this country) is called Tartary by its inhabitants, the Mongols, after the name of the Tartarus River, which washes most of it. This is a vast Empire (incomparable in size to any country except the overseas dominions of the King of Spain, which it also surpasses and between which communications are established, while the latter is very scattered), extending for 5400 miles from east to west, and to 3600 miles from north to south; therefore its Great Khan or Emperor owns many kingdoms and provinces containing a great many good cities.

In the east it borders with China, the Xing Sea or the Eastern Ocean and the Anian Strait. In the west - mountains Imaus(Himalayan Range), although there are Tartar hordes who recognize the power of the Khan on the other side of them; in the south - the Ganges and Oxus rivers (Oxus), which we now call Abia(modern Amu Darya), Hindustan and the upper part of China, or, as some claim, with the mountain…. , the Caspian Sea and the Chinese Wall. In the north - with the Scythian or Icy Ocean, on the coast of which it is so cold that no one lives there. In addition, there is also a rich and great kingdom Katay (Cathai), in the center of which is the city of Kambalu ( Cambalu or Cunbula), stretching over 24 Italian miles along the Polisangi River (Polisangi). There are also kingdoms Tangut (Tangut), Tenduk (Tenduk), Kamul (Camul), Tainfour (Tainfur) And Tibet (Thebet), as well as the city and province of Kaindo (Caindo). However, according to general opinion, today Tartary is divided into five provinces.

1. Little Tartaria (Tartaria Precopensis) is located on the Asian bank of the Tanais River (modern Don) and occupies the territory of the entire Tauride Chersonese. It has two main cities, which are called Crimea. The one in which the ruler sits is called the Tartar Crimea and Prekop, after which the country is called. These Tartars must help the Turks by sending 60,000 men without payment at the first request (if they lack people), for which the Tartars will inherit their Empire.

2. Asian Tartaria or Moskovitskaya or Pustynnaya is located on the banks of the Volga River. The people there live mainly in tents and form an army called the Horde. They do not stay in one place longer than the food for their livestock in the pasture runs out, and in their movements they are guided by the North Star. Currently they are under the control of one prince, who is a tributary of Muscovy. Here are their cities: Astrakhan (under the walls of which Selim II, a Turk, was defeated by Vasily of Moscow) and Noghan (Noghan). The northernmost hordes of this country, the Nogais, are the most warlike people.

3. Ancient Tartaria- the cradle of this people, from where they spread wildly throughout Asia and Europe. It runs into the Cold Ocean. The common people live in tents or under their carts. However, they have four cities. One of which is called Horace (Choras), famous for the khan's tombs. This province is home to the Lop Desert. (Lop), where King Tabor came to persuade them to Judaism. Charles V burned it in Mantua in 1540.

4. Chagatai (Zagathai) divided into Bactria, bordered in the north and east by Sogdiana near the Oxus River, and in the south by Aria (Aria), where in ancient times there were beautiful cities - some were destroyed, and some were built by Alexander. Three of them are: Khorasan ( Chorazzan or Charassan), after whom the country is named. Bactra (Bactra), named after the river that is now called Bochara, where the ancient Pythians were born; and also Zoroaster, who in the time of Ninus [king of Babylon] was the first king of that land, and who is credited with the invention of astronomy. Shorod Istigias (Istigias), which, as some assert, is the capital of this province, one of the most pleasant cities in the East.

Margiana (Margiana) located between Bactria in the east and Hyrcania (Hircania) in the west (although some say it lies north of Hyrcania). It is called Tremigani and Feselbas because people wear huge turbans. Its capital is Antioch (named after the king of Syria, Antiochus Soter, who surrounded it with a strong stone wall). Today it is called India or Indion, and was once called Margiana of Alexandria (Alexandria Margiana). Sogdiana is located to the west of Bactria. Its two cities are Oxiana on the Oxus River and Sogdiana of Alexandria, which Alexander built when he went to India. It also contains Cyropol, a strong city built by Cyrus. Alexander was wounded under its walls. A stone hit him right in the neck, he fell to the ground, and his entire army assumed he was dead.

Turkestan, where the Turks lived before they went to Armenia in 844, the barren land forced them to do so. They have two cities - Galla and Oserra, about the glory of which I know nothing.

And finally, to the north of these four lies the province Zagatae?, which was named after the Tartar nobleman Sachetaie?. Ogg, Tamerlane's father, was the heir Sachetaie. Tamerlane, who was called the Wrath of God and the Fear of the Earth, married Gino (Gino), daughter and heiress, and thereby received the Tartar Empire, which he divided among his sons. And after his death, they lost everything that he had won. Its capital is Samarkand- Tamerlane’s place of residence, which he enriched with booty brought from his many campaigns. And he also has Bukhara, where the governor of the province is located.

Katay (Cathai)(which has long been called Scythia, which does not include the Himalayas, and Chagatai - Scythia within the Himalayas) took its name from Cathey, which Strabo located here. It borders China to the south, the Scythian Sea to the north, and lies east of the Tartarian Provinces. They think that the Sers lived here before (Seres), who possessed the art of weaving silk yarn from the beautiful wool that grows on the leaves of trees, which is why silk is called in Latin serika. The peoples of Katai and Chagatai are the most noble and cultured among the Tartars, and lovers of all kinds of arts. This province has many beautiful cities: among which the capital Kambalu (Cambalu), the area of ​​which is 28 miles, besides the suburbs, as some say, and others say 24 Italian miles, in it resides Great Khan. But in Xainiu he also has a palace - incredible in length and grandeur.

The first of the Great Khans or Emperors of Tartaria was Genghis in 1162, who, conquering Mucham, the last King of Tenduk and Cathay, changed the name of Scythia to Tartaria: the fifth after him was Tamerlane or Tamir Khan. During his reign, this monarchy was at its very peak of power. The ninth was Tamor, after which we do not know who was the ruler there, and what outstanding events took place there, because they said that neither the Tartars, nor the Muscovites, nor the king of China allowed anyone except traders and ambassadors to visit them, and did not allow their subjects to travel outside their countries.

But it is known that tyranny reigns there: life and death occur according to the word of the Emperor, whom ordinary people call the Shadow of the Spirit and the Son of the immortal God. The largest among the various rivers are the Oxus, which originates from the Taurus Mountains. The Persians never crossed it to expand their possessions, because they were always defeated, the same thing happened with the Tartars if they dared to do the same.

Scythians They were a valiant, populous and ancient people, never submitting to anyone, but they rarely attacked themselves in order to conquer anyone. There was once a long debate about who is older: Egyptians or Scythians, which ended up being Scythians were recognized as the most ancient people. And because of their numbers they were called mother of all migrations of peoples. The philosopher Anacharsis was born in this country, which extends to the north of the Danube. This area is called Sarmatia or Scythians of Europe.

Regarding the richness of their territory, they say that since they have many rivers, they have a lot of grass, but not enough fuel, so they burned bones instead of wood. This country abounds in rice, wheat, etc. Since they are cold, they have a large supply of wool, silk, hemp, rhubarb, musk, fine fabrics, gold, animals and everything that is necessary for life, not only for survival, but for a comfortable life. There the thunder and lightning are very strange and terrible. Sometimes it is very hot there, and sometimes it is suddenly very cold, there is a lot of snow falling and the winds are the strongest. In the kingdom of Tangut, a lot of Rhubarb is grown, which is supplied to the whole world.

Many gold mines and lapis lazuli were found in Tenduk. But Tangut is better developed and abounds in vines. Tibet is full of wild animals and an abundance of coral; there is also a lot of musk, cinnamon and other spices. The articles of trade of this country are rice, silk, wool, hemp, rhubarb, musk and excellent fabrics made of camel's hair. In addition to trading within the country - between their cities, they also annually send 10,000 carts loaded with silk and other goods from China to Kambala. To this we can add their numerous invasions into Europe and Asia, their huge profits, which have been coming from Muscovy and other parts, especially from China, for a long time. We can't say for sure, but Tartarus is very rich. All those who live to the North are in great need, while their neighbors (who obey one prince) have a lot of things.

Regarding the Tartar religion: some are Mohammedans, who proclaim daily that there is one God. There are more idolaters in Cathay than Mohammedans, who worship two gods: the god of Heaven, whom they ask for health and admonition, and the god of Earth, who has a wife and children who take care of their herds, crops, etc. Therefore, they ask these things from him in this way: after rubbing the mouth of his idol with the fattest meat when they eat, as well as his wife and children (small images of whom they have in their houses), the broth is poured out into the street for the spirits. They keep the god of Heaven in a high place and the God of Earth in a low place. They believe that human souls are immortal, but pass from one body to another, according to Pythagoras. They also worship the Sun, Moon and the four elements. They call Pope and all Christians infidels, dogs And idolaters.

They never fast or celebrate one day more than another. Some of them are similar to Christians or Jews, although there are few of them: these are the Nestorians - those who are from the Papist and Greek Church, saying that Christ has two hypostases; that the Virgin Mary is not the Mother of God; that their priests could marry as often as they pleased. They also say that it is one thing to be the Word of God, and another thing to be Christ. They also do not recognize the two Councils of Ephesus.

Their Patriarch, the one who resides in Musale (Musal) in Mesopotamia, is not elected, but the son succeeds his father - the first elected archbishop. Among them there is one strong and unnatural practice: they feed their old people fat, burn their corpses, and carefully collect and store the ashes, adding it to the meat when they eat. Prester John, king of Cathay or Tenduk, was defeated by the Great Tartar Cengiz in 1162, 40 years after he adopted the Nestorian faith, nevertheless he remained the ruler of a small country. These Nestorian Christians spread their influence to the city of Kampion, some of them remained in Tangut, Sukir, Kambalu and other cities.

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Tartary Many European artists, writers and composers, also mentioned it in their works. Here's a short list with some of those mentions...

Giacomo Puccini(1858-1924) – Italian opera composer, opera “Princess Turandot”. The father of the main character, Calaf, is Timur, the deposed King of Tartars.

William Shakespeare(1564-1616), play "Macbeth". Witches add Tartarine's lips to their potion.

Mary Shelley, "Frankenstein". Doctor Frankenstein pursues the monster “among the wild expanses of Tartary and Russia...”

Charles Dickens"Big hopes". Estella Havisham is compared to Tartarus because she is “firm and haughty and capricious to the last degree...”

Robert Browning"The Pied Piper of Hamelin." The piper mentions Tartary as a place where work was successfully completed: “Last June in Tartary, I saved Khan from a swarm of mosquitoes.”

Geoffrey Chaucer(1343-1400) The Canterbury Tales. "The Esquire's History" tells about the royal court of Tartary.

Tartary in Nicholas Sanson's 1653 Atlas of Asia

Information about Great Tartaria can also be found in Nicholas Sanson (Nicholas Sanson)(1600-1667) - French historian and court cartographer of Louis XIII. In 1653, his atlas of Asia was published in Paris - “L"Asie, En Plusieurs Cartes Nouvelles, Et Exactes, &c.: En Divers Traitez De Geographie, Et D"Histoire; La ou sont descrits succinctement, & avec une belle Methode, & facile, Ses Empires, Ses Monarchies, Ses Estats &c.

The atlas contains maps and descriptions of the countries of the Asian continent in as much detail as the availability of information about the realities of a particular country allowed, and its absence made it possible for various kinds of assumptions, which often had nothing to do with the current state of affairs, as is observed in the description of Tartaria (take at least one of the ridiculous versions about the origin of the Tartars from the ten lost tribes of Israel.) Thus, the author, like many European medieval historians before and after him, unwittingly, and, most likely, intentionally made his contribution to the falsification of both world history and the history of our Motherland.

For this, seemingly insignificant and harmless things were used. The author “lost” only one letter in the name of the country, and Tartary from lands of the gods Tarkh and Tara turned into some previously unknown Tataria. Added one letter to the name of the people, and mughals turned into Mongols. Other historians went further, and the Mughals (from the Greek. μεγáλoι (megáloi) – great) turned into Monguls, Mongals, Mungali, Mughals, Monkus, etc. This kind of “replacement,” as you yourself understand, provides a wide field of activity for various kinds of falsifications, which have very far-reaching consequences.

Let's take relatively recent times as an example. IN February 1936 The resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kazak SSR “On the Russian pronunciation and written designation of the word “Cossack”” ordered the replacement of the last letter “ TO" on " X", and from now on write "Kazakh", not “Cossack”, “Kazakhstan”, not “Kazakhstan”, and that the newly formed Kazakhstan included the lands of the Siberian, Orenburg and Ural Cossacks.

How is this change one letter influenced the lives of the latter, there is no need to tell for a long time. As a result of the anti-human national policy of the Kazakh authorities, begun after the victory of democracy in the 90s, representatives of the “non-titular” Russian nation are squeezed out of all spheres of life and are forced to leave the lands of their ancestors. Kazakhstan has already 3.5 million people left, which is 25% of the total population of the republic. They left the republic in 2000 another 600 thousand Human. The socio-economic situation of Russians has sharply deteriorated, unemployment is growing, Russian schools and cultural institutions are closing, and the history of Russia is being falsified in Kazakh schools. This is what it costs to replace everything one letter In the title.

And now, we present to you the actual translation from Middle French of an article about Tartary from "Atlas of Asia" 1653 by Nicholas Sanson. The word “Middle French” means that this language is no longer ancient, but not yet modern. Those. this is a language that was still in the 17th century stage formation grammar, syntax and phonetics, especially in the written version of the language. The translation from Middle French was made by Elena Lyubimova especially for “The Cave”.

Tartary or Tartary occupies the north of all Asia. It extends from west to east, starting from the Volga and Ob, which separate Europe, to the land of Iesso, which separates America; and northern Media, Caspian Sea, Gihon River (Gehon)[modern Amu Darya], Caucasus Mountains, d"Ussonte, which separate the southernmost territories of Asia, to the Northern, Arctic or Scythian. In length it occupies half of the Northern Hemisphere - from 90 to 180 degrees of longitude, in width - half of all of Asia from 35 or 40 to 70 or 72 degrees of latitude. Its extent is fifteen hundred leagues from east to west and seven or eight hundred from south to north.

Almost all of it is located in the temperate climate zone, however, its southernmost sections are located beyond this temperate zone, and in the remaining northern areas the climate is cold and harsh. The southernmost territories of the country are always limited by the three high mountains of the southern coast, which trap heat in the south and cold in the north, so some might say that temperatures in Tartaria are generally much lower than in a temperate climate.

It neighbors the Muscovites in the west; by the Persians, Indians or Mughals, the Chinese in the south; the rest of the territory is washed by the sea, and we know little about her. Some believe that it is located in the east Strait of Anian (d"esroit d"Anian)[Bering Strait], which separates America, others - like the Jesso Strait (d "estroit de Iesso), which separates the land or island of Iesso, which is located between Asia and America, as they would say behind Japan. Some also call the Northern Ocean one thing, others another.

Name Tartary comes, most likely, from the name of a river or locality, or the Tartar Horde, from where those peoples who became known in all parts of Asia emerged. Others say that they are called so from the Tatars or Totars, which means on Assyrian"remaining" or "leaving": because they regard them as the remnant of the Jews, half of whose ten tribes were displaced by Shalmaneser, and add that the other half of these ten tribes went to Scythia, about which nowhere noted by the ancients. Although the Persians still call this country Tatars, and the people Tatars, and the Chinese - Taguis.

Tartary is divided into five main parts, which are Desert Tartary (Tartaree Desert), Uzbekistan or Çağatay (Vzbeck ou Zagathay), Turkestan (Turqestan), Katay (Cathay) And True Taratary (vraye Tartarie). The first and last are the most northern, barbaric and nothing is known about them. The other three, more southerly, are the most civilized and famous for their many beautiful cities and extensive trade.

The ancients called Desert Tartary Scythia intra Imaum(1); Uzbekistan and Chagatai are Bactriana and Sogdiana, respectively. Turkestan in ancient times was called Scythia extra Imaum. Katai was called Serika (Serica Regio). As for True Tartaria, the ancients knew nothing about it, or it represented the northernmost territories of both one and the other Scythia. Desert Tartary is bounded on the west by the Volga and Ob rivers, which separate it from Muscovy; in the east - by the mountains that separate True Tartaria and Turkestan; in the north – by the Northern Ocean; in the south - by the Caspian Sea, from Tabarestan [modern. Iranian province of Mazandaran] by the Shesel River (Chesel)[modern Syr-Darya]. It is separated from Uzbekistan by several mountains that connect to the mountains Imaum.

The whole country is inhabited by peoples or tribes, which are troops or detachments called Hordes. They almost never stay in closed places, and they have no need to do so, because they do not have any immovable housing that would keep them in place. They are constantly wandering; they load tents and families and everything they have onto carts, and do not stop until they find the most beautiful and most suitable pasture for their animals. There is something to which they devote themselves even more than hunting. This is war. They do not cultivate the land, despite the fact that it is beautiful and fertile. That is why it is called Desert Tartary. Among her hordes, the most famous are the Nogais, who pay tribute to the Grand Duke of Moscow, who also owns part of Desert Tartary.

Uzbekistan or Çağatay extends from the Caspian Sea to Turkestan and from Persia and India to Desert Tartaria. The Shesel rivers flow through it (Сhesel) or the old-fashioned way Jaxartes, Gigon or the old way Albiamu or Oxus[modern Amu Darya]. Its peoples are the most civilized and most dexterous of all the Western Tartars. They conduct large trade with the Persians, with whom they sometimes were at enmity, sometimes lived in complete harmony, with the Indians and with Cathay. They produce silk, which they measure in large wicker baskets and sell to Muscovy. Their most beautiful cities are Samarkand, Bukhara and Badaschian and further Balck. According to some, Khorasan, which was owned by Uzbek khans at different times, enjoys the greatest respect. Badaschian located on the border with Khorasan. Bukhara ( Bochara or Bachara), in which Avicenna, the most famous philosopher and doctor in the entire East, lived. Samarkand is the birthplace of the great Tamerlane, who turned it into the most beautiful and richest city in Asia, building the famous Academy, which further strengthened the good name of the Mohammedans.

Turkestan located in the east of Uzbekistan (or Chagatai), in the west of Cathay, north of India and south of True Tartary. It is divided into several kingdoms, the most famous of which are Cascar, Cotan, Cialis, Ciarchian And Thibet. Some capitals have the same names, and sometimes for the rulers of these kingdoms they use Hiarchan instead of Сascar, And Turon or Turphon instead of Cialis. Kingdom Cascar is the richest, most abundant and most developed of all. Kingdom Ciarciam- the smallest and sandiest, which is compensated by the presence of a lot of jasper and lavender there. IN Cascar There is a lot of excellent rhubarb growing. Cotan And Cialis produce a variety of fruits, wine, flax, hemp, cotton, etc. Tibet is closest to the Mughals of India and is located among the Imave Mountains, the Caucasus and Vssonte. It is rich in wild animals, musk, cinnamon and uses coral instead of money. The connections we established with this state in 1624 and 1626 will make it greater and richer, just like Cathay. But those three states [to which we went] in 1651 are cold and always covered with snow - it is believed that the king of all barbarians [is] there - and the less powerful of [the city] Serenegar, which is not Rahia? between the states of the Great Mogul, so we are not sure of the [fruitfulness] of most of these connections.

Katay there is the easternmost part of Tartaria. It is considered the richest and most powerful state. In the west it borders with Turkestan, with China in the south, in the north with True Tartaria and in the east it is washed by the Strait of Jesse (d'estroit de Iesso). Some believe that the whole of Cathay is [ruled] by one monarch or emperor, whom they call Khan or Ulukhan, which means Great Khan, who is the greatest and richest ruler of the world. Others believe that there [rule] various kings who are magnificent subjects of the Great Khan. This powerful, beautifully cultivated and built-up country is abundant in everything one could desire. Its capital is [city] Cambalu, ten (and others say twenty) leagues long, which has twelve extensive suburbs, and to the south is a huge royal palace, at a distance of another ten or twelve leagues. All the Tartars, Chinese, Indians and Persians conduct extensive trade in this city.

From all the kingdoms of Cathay Tangut- the most outstanding. Its capital is [city] Campion, where caravans of traders are stopped, preventing them from going further into the kingdom because of rhubarb. Kingdom of Tenduk (Tenduk) with the capital of the same name, supplies gold and silver sheets, silk and falcons. It is believed that Prester John is in this country - a special king - Christian, or rather Nestorian - a subject of the Great Khan. Kingdom Thaifur famous for the large number of its people, excellent wines, magnificent weapons, cannons, etc.

Other great travelers tell wonders about the greatness, power and splendor of the Great Khan, about the extent of his states, about his kings who are his subjects, about the multitude of ambassadors who are always waiting for him, about the reverence and reverence that is shown to him, about the strength and innumerability of his people with whom he can fill his troops. Distant Europe had to believe us until he showed his strength in 1618 (2), when he occupied the passes and passes of that famous mountain and wall that separates Tartary from China, sacrificing countless people from his great kingdom, capturing and having plundered its most beautiful cities and almost all its provinces; pushing the king of China as far as Canton and [leaving him in] possession of no more than one or two provinces, but by the treaty of 1650 the king of China was restored to the greater part of his country.

True or ancient Tartaria is the northernmost part of Tartaria - the coldest, most uncultivated and most barbaric of all; nevertheless, it is the place from which the Tartars came out about 1200 from our salvation, and to which they returned. They are known to dominate six neighboring hordes, bear arms, and dominate the largest and most beautiful parts of Asia. They are supposed to be the remnants of that half of the ten tribes that were transported. They also say that the tribes of Dan, Naphtali and Zebulun were found there. However, for a completely unknown country can be easily made up such names as anyone pleases. Their kingdoms, provinces or hordes of Mongols, Buryats (Bargu), Taratar and Naiman are the most famous. Some authors put Gog and Magog there, and others - between the Mughal state (3) and China, Maug? at the top of the lake Chiamay.

The main riches of True Tartaria are livestock and furs, including the fur of polar bears, black foxes, martens and sables. They live on milk and meat, which they have in abundance; without caring about fruits or grains. You can still feel them in your speech ancient Scythian. Some of them have kings, others live in hordes or communities; almost all are shepherds and subjects of the Great Cathay Khan (Grand Chan du Cathay).

Translator's note

1. The first geographer to have a fairly clear idea of ​​the great dividing mountain range of Central Asia, running in a north-south direction, was Ptolemy. He calls these mountains Imaus and divides Scythia into two parts: “in front of the Imaus mountains” and “behind the Imaus mountains” ( Scythia Intra Imaum Montem And Scythia Extra Imaum Montem). It is believed that this is what the modern Himalayas were called in ancient times. See Christopher Cellarius's map of Scythia and Serica (Christopherus cellarius), published in 1703 in Germany. Also on it we can see the ancient name of the Volga River - RA (Rha) left and Hyperborean or Scythian Ocean up.

2. Most likely, we are talking about the invasion of the Jurchen Khan Nurhaci (1575-1626) into the territory of the Ming Empire - in Liaodong. The Chinese army sent the following year was defeated, and about 50 thousand soldiers died. By 1620, almost all of Liaodong was in the hands of Nurhaci.

3. The Mughal state has nothing in common with modern Mongolia. It was located in Northern India (the territory of modern Pakistan).

* * *

The information we have collected and presented on these pages does not constitute scientific research in the modern sense of the word. Today's science, especially historical science, lies with all its might, and we tried to find for our readers truthful information about the past of our great Motherland. And they found her. From this information it is clear without any doubt that our past is not at all what our enemies and their helpful assistants keep repeating.

Back in the 18th century, everyone knew well that Slavic-Aryan Empire, which in the West was called Great Tartary, existed for many millennia and was the most developed country on the planet. Otherwise, it simply could not have survived in the form of such a huge Empire for a long time! And corrupt historians tirelessly tell us from school that we - the Slavs - supposedly just before our baptism (1000 years ago) allegedly jumped from the trees and climbed out of our pits. But empty talk, albeit very persistent, is one thing. And another thing is facts that can no longer be ignored.

And if you read the Chronology subsection about, you can get another indisputable confirmation that the distortion of information about the past of our civilization was deliberate and pre-planned! And we can draw the obvious conclusion that the enemies of Humanity are carefully hushing up and destroying everything connected with the real past of the great civilization of the White Race - the civilization of our ancestors, Slavyano-Ariev.

Remezov Chronicle

As we have already seen, even within the framework of this short review, reliable evidence existence of a huge Slavic-Aryan Empire, the last name of which is known as Great Tartaria, and which at different times was also called Scythia And Great Asia, are absolutely definitely present. In ancient times, it occupied almost the entire continent of Eurasia and even the north of Africa and America, but then, like shagreen leather, it shrank. Or rather, it was squeezed, gradually biting off the most remote, in Europe - the western provinces, and this process continues to this day.

Hundreds of Western European maps and atlases of the 16th-17th centuries by different authors and publishers, which can easily be found on the Internet, showed that Great Tartaria occupied most of Asia - from the Urals to Kamchatka, Central Asia and the northern part of modern China to the Chinese Wall. Around the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries, different Tartaries appeared on maps - Great, Moscow(to the Urals), Chinese(which at one time included the island of Hokkaido), Independent(Central Asia) and Small(Zaporozhye Sich). Tartary was also displayed on globes of that time, in particular, there are some in Moscow in the State Historical Museum (GIM). There are several medieval globes there. These are, first of all, a giant copper globe made in 1672 by the heirs of the Amsterdam cartographer Willem Blaeu for the Swedish king Charles XI, and N. Hill's globe of the earthly and celestial spheres of 1754 made of papier-mâché. Tartaria is also depicted on a globe from 1765, which is in the collection of the Historical Society in Minnesota.

Around the end of the 18th century, after the Great Tartaria was defeated in World War, known to us from the school history course, as "The Rebellion of Pugachev" 1773-1775, this name on maps began to gradually be replaced by the Russian Empire, but the Independent and Chinese Tartaries were still displayed until the beginning of the 19th century. After this time, the word Tartaria disappears from maps altogether and is replaced by other names. For example, Chinese Tartary began to be called Manchuria. All of the above applies to foreign cards. In Russian, only a tiny amount of maps with Tartary have been preserved, at least in the public domain. For example, there is a map of 1707 by V. Kiprianov “Image of the Earth’s Globe” and a map of Asia of 1745. This state of affairs suggests that information about the Great Rus Empire carefully destroyed.

However, something still remained and finally reached the masses. One of the most significant works are the books and maps of the outstanding Russian cartographer and chronicler of Siberia Semyon Remezova.

He was born in 1642 in the family of the Streltsy centurion Ulyan Remezov. In 1668 he began his service as a Cossack in the Ishimsky prison. In 1682, for his diligence in service, Remezov received the title of “son of a boyar” and was transferred to Tobolsk. Here it is necessary to clarify that “son of a boyar” did not then mean the son of a boyar, it is just a title indicating that a person belongs to the serving nobility. Semyon Remezov inherited the title from his grandfather Moses, who served in Moscow at the court of Patriarch Filaret, but somehow angered him and was exiled to Tobolsk.

Moses Remezov served as Tobolsk governor for 20 years, spending them on long campaigns to collect yasak and pacify the rebellious. His son Ulyan, grandson Semyon and great-grandson Leonty repeated his fate - they became “boyar children” and also led the lives of service people: they collected bread from peasants and foreigners, escorted government cargo to Moscow, conducted a census of lands and population, looked for the shortest routes. , searched for minerals, and also participated in battles with nomads.

In addition, having received a good education, having a penchant for drawing and having inherited the basics of drawing from his father, Semyon Remezov repeatedly drew up maps of the surrounding areas of the Tobolsk province, and also designed and supervised the construction and reconstruction of Tobolsk: a number of stone buildings were built, including the Gostiny Dvor, treasury - "renter" and the chamber of command. But, perhaps, the most striking legacy left to the descendants living on the Siberian land was the architectural ensemble Tobolsk Kremlin.

In 1696, Remezov was entrusted with drawing up a drawing of the entire Siberian land. This activity laid the foundation for unique research that has come down to us in the form of geographical atlases “Chorographic Drawing Book” (1697-1711), “Drawing Book of Siberia” (1699-1701) and “Service Drawing Book of Siberia” (1702), as well as chronicles books “Siberian Brief Kungur Chronicle” and “Siberian History” and ethnographic works “Description of the Siberian peoples and the facets of their lands.”

The geographical Atlases that Remezov compiled are simply amazing in their coverage of territories that were subject to careful study. But this happened at a time when people only had a horse among the “high-speed” means of transportation. In addition, Remezov’s materials amaze with the variety of information about the culture, economy, morals and customs of the peoples of Siberia. And they are decorated with great artistic taste and contain luxurious illustrations.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” by Semyon Remezov and his three sons can easily be called the first Russian geographical atlas. It consists of a preface and 23 large-format maps, covering the entire territory of Siberia and distinguished by the abundance and detail of information. The book presents handwritten drawings of the lands: Tobolsk City and towns with streets, Tobolsk city, Tara city, Tyumen city, Turin fort, Vekhotursky city, Pelymsky city, and other cities and surrounding areas.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” was made without a degree network of parallels and meridians, and on some maps the west is at the top and the east, respectively, at the bottom, and sometimes the south is placed in the upper left corner, and the north in the lower right, but generally the maps are not oriented to the north, as we are used to, and South. So the Chinese wall is unusually located in the upper right corner. Note that from there to the Amur (modern territory of China) back in the 17th century all the names were Russian. Also note that a little higher from the name Great Tartaria is located "Land of the Cossack Horde". Considering the orientation from south to north, these may well be the lands of Kazakhstan, which was relatively recently renamed Kazakhstan.

In the absence of a meridian grid, Remezov tied his cartographic images to a network of river and land routes. He obtained information on his “business trips”, asking other service people, local residents and travelers. According to his own testimony, from such inquiries he learned “the measure of the land and the distance of travel of cities, their villages and volosts, I learned about rivers, rivulets and lakes and about the Pomeranian shores, lips and islands and sea fisheries and about all sorts of tracts”.

On maps, he marked in detail all the rivers and streams of Siberia from the peaks to the mouths, along with their tributaries, as well as oxbow lakes, reaches, islands, fords, shoals, portages, portages, mills, bridges, piers, wells, swamps, lakes. He drew the summer and winter land roads with a dotted line, and marked the portages for days: “I dragged the hogs on reindeer for four days, and up the “Chyudtskoe letter”, copied from the Irbit written stone. It's been two weeks". Remezov also used an original system of symbols, including: city, Russian village, yurts, ulus, mosque, winter hut, cemetery, prayer site, mounds, guard, pillars (rocky weathering figures). In general, the amount of information that three generations of Remezovs collected is incredibly huge.

Unfortunately, it took 300 years for the life’s work of these Russian people to be seen by their descendants. The last entry in it was made in 1730, after which it disappeared from view. It is known that the next time she was seen was in 1764 in the personal library of Catherine II. Then it moved to the Hermitage, and in the middle of the 19th century it was transferred to the St. Petersburg Public Library. And since then only very narrow specialists knew about it. His other work "Chorographic drawing book"

When studying the development of our civilization over the past 16 thousand years, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the world elites consistently and constantly distort and falsify world history, and not only that which is close to us, such as the history of the Second World War, but also much more distant ones , of course, with exclusively pragmatic goals and in their own selfish interests. At the same time, it is, of course, preferable for the authorities to look like incompetent, stubborn and stupid idiots than to admit the existence of far-reaching plans that potentially violate the rights and customary way of life of entire peoples. If we independently make clarifying amendments to the political trends of today and the strategic plans of the elites for the future, we will get closer to the real interpretation of our history.

Let us consider the history of the Great Tartary, which is very indicative in this sense, replaced by some vague and fabulously fantastic “Mongol-Tatar yoke” and the no less fabulous Genghis Khan with his somewhere completely, as if by magic, disappearing, and leaving nothing behind, the Mongolian empire.

We will try to present only some well-known, but not accepted by official science, information about this as briefly and meaningfully as possible:

“Great Tartary (Latin Tataria, Tataria Magna; English Tartary, Great Tartary, sometimes Grand Tartary; French Tartarie) is a term used in Western European literature during the Middle Ages and until the 19th century to designate vast territories between Europe and Siberia , Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Ural Mountains, China and the Pacific Ocean (Strait of Tartary).”

“The Great Tartaria included the modern Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Turkestan, Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet.”

The first edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica in 1771 says about Great Tartary that it is the largest country in the world:

“TARTARY, a vast country in the northern parts of Asia, bounded by Siberia on the north and west: this is called Great Tartary. The Tartars who lie south of Moscow and Siberia, are those of Astracan, Circassia, and Dagistan, located north-west of the Caspian-sea; the Calmuc Tartars, who lie between Siberia and the Caspian-sea; the Usbec Tartars and Moguls, who lie north of Persia and India; and lastly, those of Tibet, who lie north-west of China".

“Tartaria, a huge country in the northern part of Asia, bordering Siberia in the north and west: which is called Great Tartary. Those Tartars living south of Muscovy and Siberia are called Astrakhan, Cherkasy and Dagestan, those living in the northwest of the Caspian Sea are called Kalmyk Tartars and which occupy the territory between Siberia and the Caspian Sea; Uzbek Tartars and Mongols, who live north of Persia and India, and, finally, Tibetans, living northwest of China.”

“The map of Asia from the Atlas of 1787 indicates Russian Tartary (T.R.), Free Tartary (T.I.) and Chinese Tartary (T.C.).”

“By the end of the 19th century, most of the territory once called “Great Tartaria” became part of the Russian Empire. The only exceptions were Manchuria, Mongolia, East Turkestan and Tibet, captured by China.”

Independent researchers claim the following about the great “Chinese” wall:

The “Chinese” wall was built not by the Chinese, but by the rulers of Great Tartary. The loopholes on a significant part of the wall are directed not to the north, but to the south. And you can climb the wall only from the north side.

This is clearly visible not only in the most ancient, unreconstructed sections of the wall, but even in recent photographs and works of Chinese drawing.”

“The origin of the word “China” comes from the Russian “whale” - a string of poles that were used in the construction of fortifications; Thus, the name of the Moscow district “China City” was given in a similar way back in the 16th century, that is, before the official knowledge of China.”

“Tracing the stages of construction of the “Chinese” wall, based on data from Chinese scientists, is extremely interesting. From them it is clear that Chinese scientists who call the wall “Chinese” are not very concerned about the fact that the Chinese people themselves did not take any part in its construction: every time another section of the wall was built, the Chinese state was far from the construction sites.”

“The construction time of the “Chinese” wall is divided into several stages, in which:

Non-Chinese began building the first section in 445 BC, and, having built by 221 BC, stopped the advance of the Chinese to the north and west;

The second section was built by non-Chinese from Northern Wei between 386 and 576;

The third section was built by non-Chinese between 1066 and 1234. two rapids: one at 2100 - 2500 km, and the second at 1500 - 2000 km north of the borders of China, passing at that time along the Yellow River;

The fourth and final section was built by the Russians between 1366 and 1644. along the 40th parallel - the southernmost section - it represented the border between Russia and China of the Qing Dynasty."

The “Chinese” wall was built as a military-defensive structure marking the border between two countries - China and Great Tartary. Today, the “Chinese” wall is located inside China and demonstrates the illegality of Chinese citizens in the territories located north of the wall, even regardless of who built the “Chinese” wall.”

“Cartographers of the 18th century depicted on maps only those objects that were relevant to the political delimitation of countries. On the 18th century map of Asia produced by the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, the border between Tartarie and China runs along the 40th parallel, that is, exactly along the “Chinese” wall.

“On the 1754 map “Carte de I" Asie” the “Chinese” wall also runs along the border between Great Tartary and China.”

“The academic 10-volume World History presents a map of the Qing Empire of the second half of the 17th - 18th centuries, which depicts in detail the “Chinese” wall, running exactly along the border between Russia and China.”

"L. N. Gumilyov wrote about the “Chinese” wall: “When the work was completed, it turned out that all the armed forces of China were not enough to organize an effective defense on the wall. In fact, if you place a small detachment on each tower, the enemy will destroy it before the neighbors have time to gather and send help. If large detachments are spaced out less frequently, gaps will form through which the enemy can easily and unnoticed penetrate deep into the country. A fortress without defenders is not a fortress.”

“The name ‘Chinese’ wall means ‘wall demarcating from China’, similar to the Chinese border, Finnish border and the like.”

“The Slavic-Aryan Empire, which existed until 1775, was called Great Tartary in the past. The empire officially ceased to exist after its defeat in the war, while in official history this fact is falsely designated as the suppression of the uprising of Emelyan Pugachev.”

“There is a unique handwritten book of genealogies of the royal and royal families of Europe. There are also the rulers of Great Tartary.”

Here is what is known about the Tatars (tartars):

"The Chinese called Tatars ( yes-tribute) all nomads of the eastern part of the Great Steppe, regardless of their actual ethnicity. Chinese medieval historians divided the Tatars, in a broad sense, into three parts:

White Tatars are nomads living south of the Gobi Desert along the Great Wall of China.

The Black Tatars lived in the steppe and were engaged in cattle breeding.

Wild Tatars are South Siberian tribes of hunters and fishermen (forest peoples), including the Uriankhai.”

Here's what Arab sources say about Siberians:

“Arsania (pronunciation options from Arabic - Artania, Artonia) - according to Arabic sources of the 10th century, one of the three centers of the Rus, along with Kuyavia (Kyiv) and Slavia (Novgorod).

The information goes back to the lost work of the geographer al-Balkhi, written around 920, and is reproduced by his followers Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal and a number of later authors Khudud al-alam, Al-Idrisi and others. It is reported that the Arsans have their own ruler, whose residence is the city of Arsa. They do not allow foreigners to come to them and are engaged in trade themselves, sailing to Kyiv and trading in lead and sables.”

Ibn Haukal, “Kitab al-masalik wa-l-mamalik”, 970s:

“And there are three groups of Russians. The first group is closest to the Bulgar, and their king is in a city called Cuiaba, and it is larger than the Bulgar. And the highest (chief) group of them is called al-Slaviya, and their king is in the city of Salau, the (third) group of them is called al-Arsaniya, and their king sits in Ars, their city. And people with trading purposes reach Cuyaba and its region. As for Arsa, I have not heard anyone mention that foreigners reached it, for they (its inhabitants) kill all foreigners who come to them. They themselves go down on the water to trade and do not report anything about their affairs and their goods and do not allow anyone to follow them and enter their country. And they take out from Arsa black sables, black foxes and tin and a certain number of slaves.”

“In light of this, L.N. Gumilyov’s statement that the rapid advance of the Russians (Ermak, Khabarov and others) with insignificant forces from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean takes on a different meaning only due to the fact that the local indigenous population accepted them as the heirs of Artania "

Let us give the word about the ancestors of the Siberians to the most modern and accurate science:

“Four thousand years ago in southern Siberia there lived people with stereotypically “Aryan” blue eyes and blond hair. Scientists were able to read the appearance of ancient Siberians in DNA extracted from the preserved bones of the Andronovo culture.

At the beginning of the 20th century, unusual Bronze Age burials were found in the Siberian village of Andronovo near Achinsk. As it turned out later, these were the graves of the bearers of one of the most amazing archaeological cultures that ever existed in the south of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory - Andronovo.

The Andronovo culture is the general name for a group of closely related Bronze Age archaeological cultures spanning the period from approximately 2300 to 1000 BC. e. Western Siberia, western part of Central Asia, Southern Urals. The name comes from the village of Andronovo near Achinsk, where the first burials were discovered in 1914.

The main domestic animals were horses and cows; sheep and goats were also domesticated. Primitive agriculture was present. People of the Andronovo culture mastered metallurgy. Deposits of copper ore were developed in the Altai Mountains, as well as in Kazakhstan.

Andronovo and related cultures appeared at the end of the 3rd millennium BC. e. and existed for more than a thousand years on a vast steppe territory from the Urals in the west to the Sayans in the east and from the Pamirs in the south to the endless Siberian taiga in the north. The invention of wheel spokes, the development of the first copper ore deposits in Altai, and the emergence of the Indo-Iranian or Aryan “race” are associated with the Andronovo culture.

But scientists still couldn’t really say what the “ancestors of the Aryans” looked like.

The shape and size of the various skeletal bones and skull fragments quite clearly indicate a European (in the modern sense of the word) rather than an Asian, Mongoloid appearance. These proportions were also preserved in the outlines of some bronze jewelry.

And if you believe the theories about the origin of the Indo-Iranians from the carriers of the Andronovo culture, then we can assume that among the ancient inhabitants of the Krasnoyarsk region there were quite a few stereotypical “Aryans” - blue-eyed, pale, with golden hair. This is indicated by the few descriptions of the inhabitants of those places that have reached us (which, however, date back to the end of the Andronovo culture), and by some surviving archaeological monuments. But what they looked like was unclear - neither eyes nor hair are preserved in graves as long as bones.

Now we know that almost all external signs can be restored from one single molecule, copies of which are found in all cells of the body - including those that once became bones that have survived to this day. And now, thanks to the development of DNA reading technology - even very poorly preserved ones - we can finally restore the color of the skin, eyes and hair of the Andronovo culture carriers, given by their genetic code.

French scientists led by Caroline Bouakaz from the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the University of Strasbourg conducted exactly the same research and found that at least 60% of the “proto-Aryans” who lived in Russia actually had blue eyes.

Well, either green, or something in between. And apparently, most of them had pale skin and blond hair, the authors of an article published in the International Journal of Legal Medicine conclude a little less confidently. They managed to genotype 25 bones several thousand years old using ten genetic markers on four chromosomes. And the lack of confidence is explained by the fact that geneticists have probably not yet found all those gene variations that together determine the color of our eyes, hair and skin.

Using all 10 markers, scientists analyzed the DNA of 36 of our contemporaries from Europe, Africa and Asia with different skin, eye and hair colors, as well as DNA samples drilled from the bones of ancient Siberians - carriers of the Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar and Tashtyk cultures.

According to contemporaries, scientists have identified combinations of genetic variants that most accurately identify a person's appearance and ancestry, and applied them to ancient bones. The complete 10-marker genetic “portrait” was never repeated and did not coincide with that of any of the employees of the French laboratory; this convinced scientists that we were not talking about genetic “contamination” of the samples.

Of the 25 prehistoric Siberians, only two turned out to be “Asians”, one - an approximately equal mixture of “Asian” and “European”. All the rest are “purebred Europeans”.

Most of them had blue or green eyes, pale skin and blond or red hair."

“Let us also recall that Altai antiquities, especially the treasures of the Pazyrsk mounds (1929, 1947-49) were at one time classified as Scythian culture. But the 1993 discoveries of Academician V.I. Molodin and Professor N.V. Polosmak on the Ukok Plateau presented as a surprise the “Altai Princess” and the “Red Warrior,” who turned out to be not Scythians at all, although their faces were of a European type. The red hair of a warrior of ancient Altai evokes information about other red, blond and blond people.”

“In approximately these same territories, and further to the East, the Wusuns lived from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD. According to Chinese authors, the Wusuns were the ancestors of the Olos (Russians). True, among the Chinese authors, similar external features are characteristic of the neighbors of the Wusuns - the Yenisei Tatars (Kyrgyz), the ancestors of the modern Khakass - a people of the European type.

It is interesting that, according to Chinese sources, the Khakass were ruled for a long time by a prince from the Khyrgys clan, founded in the 6th century by people of the Pajo tribe, who brought writing with them. But the Selkups (one of the indigenous peoples of Western Siberia) used the word “pajo” to call the Russian Cheldons!

The “Chinese News...” provides the following description of the Cheldon-Wusuns: “In Han times, the Wusuns... possessed both the customs of the nomads of the northern countries and the merchants of the Western region. Nowadays, the Olos are intermediaries between Mongolia and Europe; they also have at the same time the customs of the nomads of the northern countries and the traders of the Western Territory.”

“And here are the Chinese characteristics of the appearance of Russian Siberians of that time: “... they are people with blue sunken eyes, a prominent nose, a yellow (red) curly beard and a long body; They have a lot of strength, but they like to sleep and when they sleep, they do not wake up immediately. They are skilled in foot combat... and are not afraid of bows and arrows.”

“Here expresses the special view of Chinese scientists on the Russians, as a people originally associated with Asia and who have been China’s neighbors for a long time (long before the beginning of the new era”).

Now about the Mongol-Tatars:

“According to Gumilyov, the Mongols never even heard of some Genghis Khan, that they once ruled the world. Not a single epic, not a single legend remains in their people's memory. This was all a pleasant surprise for them, which they agreed with. “Mogul” is “great” in Greek, it has nothing to do with Mongolia, it was “Great Tartary”.

“The main primary sources of the myth about the Golden Horde, the Tatar-Mongol Empire and Genghis Khan are:

1. The heroic epic of Genghis Khan (Shyngyskhan), published in Beijing in 1240. The Chinese translated the epic without the verses in it and called the epic “Yuan Chao Bi Shi” - the history of the Yuan state. The epic, on the instructions of Stalin, with large falsifications in favor of the Mongolian origin of Genghis Khan, was translated by S. A. Kozin and gave it the falsified title “The Secret Legend of the Mongols.” Mongolian scientists translated the original source from Kozin's falsified translation and further complicated the task of finding the truth. Based on an unrecognizably altered translation of the epic, Mongolian “historians” published about 800 books on the history of Genghis Khan.

2. The second primary source on the history of Genghis Khan and the history of the state of Genghis Khan is the collection “Jamigat-at-Tauarakh” by Rashid ad-Din, published in 1305. This collection is translated into Russian as “Collection of Chronicles”, called by historians as “Chronicle of the Turks”. The books of Rashid ad-Din leave no chance for Mongol scholars to consider Genghis Khan a Mongol or a Chinese.

3. Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir, who was a contemporary of Genghis Khan. The chronicle mentions the Tatars, Naimans, and Zhalairs, but not the Mongols.

“But here are the questions raised by one researcher, a Tatar by nationality:

Since childhood, from school history lessons, we have heard and discussed the “Tatar-Mongol yoke.” Many Russians are offended and incomprehensible how Rus' could be conquered and held for three hundred years by nomadic tribes, and moreover, from Mongolia! There is still no reasonable answer. Yes, and it cannot be. Any myth, no matter how skillfully it is created, is always doomed to be unsubstantiated.

But here are the serious and paradoxical questions that modern objective historians have on this topic:

1. Why were there no Mongols in the “Mongol army”, and why were Genghis Khan and Batu described as people with the appearance of Europeans?

2. Why did the “Mongolian” cavalry ride horses of a non-Mongolian breed?

3. Why did “The Tale of the Destruction of the Russian Land,” supposedly telling about the “Mongol” invasion, turn out to be cut off just where the details should have begun?

4. Why did the “Mongols,” supposedly born steppe inhabitants, fight so confidently in the forests?

5. Why did the “Mongols,” contrary to the customs of nomads, invade Rus' in winter?

6. Why did the steppe nomads need a senseless invasion of mountainous Georgia?

7. Why doesn’t Lyzlov, one of the most educated people of his time, mention Nestor and The Tale of Bygone Years? And also about the “great Mongol Empire”, which once stretched from Beijing to the Volga?

8. Why are the “Mongol-Tatars” the only nomadic people known in history who, in a matter of years, learned to use the most complex military equipment of that time, as well as to take cities?

9. Why do many Russian and Western historians persistently insist that the Polovtsians and Tatars belong to Europeans, Slavs, and sedentary peoples?

10. Why do Batu’s actions in almost everything repeat the actions of Vsevolod the Big Nest?

11. Why did the Tatars, who were so favorably disposed towards Christianity (and themselves in significant numbers Christians), execute the Russian princes for “insulting pagan rites”?

12. Why did Batu entrust the representation of himself at the most important Horde event, the election of the Great Hagan, to one of the many small appanage princes he conquered?

13. Why do the “Horde nobles” often deal exclusively with Russian affairs?

14. Why did the “greedy for prey Tatars,” preoccupied primarily with robbery, waste long weeks besieging tiny poor towns like Kozelsk, but never disturbed the richest Smolensk and Novgorod?

15. Why did the Tatars, who invaded Europe, fight only with those countries that supported the pope in the conflict between the pope and the German emperor? Why did the Tatars, supposedly tolerant of all religions, greet the pope's envoys so unkindly?

16. What made the Tatars, instead of flat Germany, where it is much more convenient for cavalry to operate, turn to mountainous and much poorer Croatia?

17. Why did Daniil Galitsky, “fighting against the Tatars,” ravage and burn exclusively Russian cities?

18. Why did Daniil Galitsky, for twenty-six years, never try to find allies among the Russian princes in the fight against the Tatars?

19. Why did the “Horde Murzas” often bear Russian, Christian names?

20. Why did the Baskaks appear in Russian cities only 19 years after the conquest of Rus'?

21. Where did the great empire supposedly stretch from the Volga to the Chinese seas disappear with the death of Batu? Where are its archives, loot, palaces, fortresses, descendants of numerous captives?

22. Why during the “Batu invasion” not a single church hierarch was harmed - except for the “stranger” - the Greek?

23. How to explain the appearance of a double-headed eagle on Janibek’s coins?

24. How can we explain the amazing persistence of the legend about the “kingdom of Prester John,” which persisted in the West for more than two hundred years?

25. Why did the “ardent propagator of Islam” Uzbek ask the Orthodox metropolitan in writing to pray for him, his relatives, his kingdom?

26. Why were there practically no Tatars in the “horde of Mamai”, and why were Mamai’s subjects definitely a sedentary people?

27. Why did Ivan III have to be pushed out with great effort into the battle with Akhmat?

28. Why was the title “tsar” considered Tatar for several hundred years?

29. Why do commentators refer to the term “filthy” only to the Tatars, although it is clear that it was also used in relation to Russian robbers?

30. Why was the “harmless puppet” Simeon Bekbulatovich subjected to such cruel persecution after the death of Grozny?

31. Why did the Tatar cavalry play a supporting role in the Battle of Grunwald, although it was credited with the main role in the battle?

32. Where is at least one direct mention in history of the battle of pagans with Christians? Just don’t say that Rus' became Christian without resistance!

33. How did the nomadic people manage to enslave forest Rus'?

We witnessed how history was reshaped. Personally, I am now convinced that there was no Mongol-Tatar yoke at all , and there was a long confrontation between the pagans and those who converted to Orthodoxy.

And the so-called “Mongol-Tatar yoke” is an official Orthodox myth, an ideology created later. Since then, with the help of Orthodox priests, Rus' began to be presented as “holy”, “unhappy”, “offended”, white and fluffy, and everything bad, all the negativity and all crimes - predatory campaigns, quitrents, etc. are attributed to the Tatars and to the Mongols. By the way, the Mongols are also surprised by the fantasies of Russian “historians”, but are proud of the “enslaver of Rus'” who has fallen upon them, out of nowhere, in the person of Genghis Khan.

And here is the opinion of another Tatar researcher:

“Once upon a time our common country was called the “Golden Mean”, in Tatar - “Altyn Urta”, and not “horde”. The Tatars did not collect any “tribute” from the Russians - these were ordinary state taxes. The image of the enemy in the person of the Tatars is a myth to distract ordinary people from social problems.”

Now, if we assume that the Manchus were one of the peoples of Great Tartary, then logically it turns out that they conquered China in order to protect the territory of Great Tartary from the advance of the Chinese population itself to the North.

“The Manchus are a Ural-Altai people, the indigenous population of Northeast China (Manchuria). In 1641 they conquered China, creating the Qing dynasty. After the conquest of China by the Manchu tribes, the previous Chinese Ming dynasty was overthrown."

“The Qing Dynasty was founded in 1616 by the Manchu clan of Aisin Gioro. For less than 30 years, all of China and part of Central Asia came under her rule, after which the “Great Qing Empire” was proclaimed.

“And although the conquerors proclaimed their power throughout China, their historical homeland, Manchuria, was not fully integrated with China, which became part of the Qing Empire, maintaining legal and ethnic differences.”

“During the Qing reign, Chinese territory expanded into Xinjiang and Tibet. As a result of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown and the Republic of China was proclaimed.”

But even before 1911, the Manchus tried to transfer all the territories north of the “Chinese” wall to the Russian Empire, which at that moment was trying to regain all the lands of Great Tartary, that is, to restore the original historical position. But this, as always, was prevented by the Great British Empire. Judge for yourself:

“The weakening of the Qing Empire in the 19th century led to increased Russian influence in Manchuria, which was gradually subordinated to the sphere of Russian commercial and political interests.”

“Russia showed significant interest in the northern territories of the Qing Empire and in 1858, under the Treaty of Beijing, gained control over the territories called Outer Manchuria in China (modern Primorsky Krai, Amur Region, southern Khabarovsk Krai and the Jewish Autonomous Region).”

“The further weakening of the Qing government led to the strengthening of Russia also in Inner Manchuria, where the Chinese Eastern Railway was built, running along the route Harbin - Vladivostok.”

“In 1898, under the Russo-Chinese Convention, Russia leased the Liaodong Peninsula and adjacent islands from China, fortified Port Arthur and built the commercial port of Dalniy, which were connected by rail to the East China Line to Vladivostok.

In 1900, as a result of the Boxer Uprising, the CER region in Manchuria was occupied by Russian troops.

In 1903, Russia established the Viceroyalty of the Far East in Port Arthur.

The Russian government then considered a project to consolidate Manchuria as “Zheltorossiya”, the basis of which was to be the Kwantung Region established in 1899, the right of way of the Chinese Eastern Railway, the formation of a new Cossack army and the settlement of Russian colonists.

The claims of Japan, under the auspices of the Great British Empire, to Manchuria and Korea and the refusal of the Russian Empire to withdraw Russian troops from Manchuria and Korea in violation of the alliance treaty led to the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the area of ​​military operations of which was the entire southern Manchuria to Mukden .

The result of the war was that Russian influence in Manchuria was replaced by Japanese. According to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the Liaodong Peninsula with the Kwantung Region and the Russian Railway (SMZD) from Kuanchenzi (Changchun) to Port Arthur went to Japan.”

In fact, following the results of World War II, the USSR could have claimed to annex “Zheltorossiya” - the Kwantung Region - to its territory, but the pro-British Bolshevik nomenklatura, of course, did not demand this.

“The Kwantung region was formed in 1899 from the territory, according to the Russian-Chinese convention of 1898, which was transferred by China for lease use to the Russian Empire for 25 years.

After World War II, the USSR renewed its lease of the Kwantung Region. On February 14, 1950, an agreement was concluded with China on the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Port Arthur and the transfer of structures in the area to China after the signing of an agreement with Japan, but no later than the end of 1952. On September 15, 1952, after an exchange of notes between China and the USSR, the deadline for the withdrawal of Soviet troops was extended until the conclusion of peace treaties between China and Japan, and the USSR and Japan. The withdrawal of Soviet troops and the transfer of territory to Chinese jurisdiction was completed in May 1955."

Now we are retreating more and more from Siberia and the Far East towards Moscow. There, in the capital and around it, social conditions are specially created with a plus, and in Siberia and the Far East they are specially created with a minus - and the process of internal migration goes in the desired, Moscow, direction. Slowly but surely.

And the Chinese are actively advancing to the North, leaving our former border along the “Chinese” wall far behind.

This is not happening by accident - it is the result of the conscious policy of the remnants of the pro-British Bolshevik nomenclature entrenched around the Kremlin, as well as their masters, who have lost their empire, but not their ambitions. The goal of their agreed policy is to transfer Siberia and the Far East to China in the medium-term historical perspective.

And so that the process of our retreat in historical terms is not too visual and obvious, the nomenklatura needs to hide at all costs the real history of our country - Great Tartaria.

After all, all the arguments of independent researchers are very easy to verify, this is what honest scientists should do, but for some reason none of the representatives of official academic science are going to do this. This means that the whole problem is for “dirty” political purposes.

However, everyone has long known that our Academy of Sciences is only part of the pro-British Bolshevik nomenclature, designed to serve the selfish interests of its masters.

Someone will try to reasonably object - any territorial changes can only occur by agreement of the world elites, because China does not even take defenseless Mongolia, and we, after all, have nuclear weapons, we should not give anything away so easily.

But someone, no less justifiably, will bring other arguments - right now, before our eyes, the basis for such agreements is being prepared - your rights (the rights of the Russian people) have not been violated, you yourself do not want to live in Siberia and Far East, you yourself, voluntarily, gathered in Moscow and the Moscow region, no one forced you, now the main population of Siberia is still Chinese, and so on.