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Definition of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which denotes what is said about the subject of speech (the subject of speech in a sentence denotes the subject). The predicate usually agrees with the subject and answers the general question: what is said about the subject of speech?(In most cases, more specific questions can be asked about the predicate - what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.) To me will be remembered the melting of snow in this bitter and early spring.(what does it say about snow melting?) . Child coming barefoot along the path, carries strawberries in an open basket(what is the child doing?). Like a golden bird trembling fire in the dark(what happens to the fire?). AND yellowish And red the moon is in the last quarter(what is the moon like?). We are an early taste of nature(what are we?) . I'm a fisherman(Who am i?) , and the nets were carried out to sea.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise. Find the predicates and highlight them.

Sir, I am a hat and hat maker. I make the best hats and caps in the world. Today I worked all night for you, sir, and cried like a child with grief. This is such a tragic, special style. This is an invisibility hat. As soon as you put it on, you will disappear, and the poor master will never know whether it suits you or not. Take it, just don’t try it on in front of me. I can't stand this! (E.L. Schwartz)

Answer. Sir, I am engaged in hat and hat business master. I I do the best hats and caps in the world. Today I'm up all night have worked at you, sir, and cried like a child, with grief. It's so tragic, special style. This invisible hat. As soon as you put it on, so disappear, and the poor master forever won't know, coming whether she is for you or not. Take it, only don't try it on with me. I this I can't bear it! (E.L. Schwartz)

Lexical and grammatical meaning of the predicate

Each predicate has lexical and grammatical meanings. The lexical meaning of the predicate is the name of the action (I go to that familiar mountain a hundred times a day I'm coming. V.A. Zhukovsky), states (Already turns pale day, hiding behind the mountain. V.A. Zhukovsky), quality (Like the sun behind the mountain captivating sunset... Silent And sad dear Svetlana. V.A. Zhukovsky), generic concept (Love There is sky gift. V.A. Zhukovsky) and etc.
The grammatical meaning of the predicate is tense and mood.
Lexical and grammatical meanings can be expressed in one word, or in two or more words.

Simple verb predicate

A predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word - a verb in the form of some mood - is called a simple verb. Grasshopper in the meadow chirps in his protective raincoat.(A.A. Tarkovsky) – exc. on, present vr. Sergey Sergeich, I I'll go And will wait you in the office.(A.S. Griboyedov) – excised. onl., bud. vr. (the first verb is in the form of a simple future, the second - a future compound; both predicates are simple verbs). My father's house was still in the spring of my days left I.(V.A. Zhukovsky) – excised. on, elapsed time You, fellow youths, take the horse. (A.S. Pushkin) – rev. incl. I never I wouldn't know you, I wouldn't know bitter torment...(A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl.
A simple verbal predicate can be expressed by a phraseological phrase that contains a verb in some mood. Deceased With went crazy eight times.(A.S. Griboyedov) Hussar Pykhtin visited us; how he was seduced by Tanya, how crumbled into a little demon! (A.S. Pushkin)

Simple verbs also include predicates that do not have a formal indicator of mood, tense, or grammatical subordination to the subject. These are predicates, expressed

truncated verb forms: push, grab, bam etc. ... Lighter than a shadow Tatyana jump to another entryway, from the porch to the yard...(A.S. Pushkin); And you, madam, are just out of bed jump, with a man! with the young one!(A.S. Griboyedov); ...And Prince Guidon from the shore with a sad soul accompanies their long run; lo and behold- a white swan swims on top of the flowing waters.(A.S. Pushkin); I'm hurrying here grab, hit the threshold with his foot and stretched out to his full height.(A.S. Griboedov); But princess in both hands grab- caught it.(A.S. Pushkin);

infinitive in the meaning of the indicative mood: And the queen laugh, and shoulders shake, And wink with your eyes, and snap fingers, and spin, akimbo, looking proudly in the mirror.(A.S. Pushkin)

It happens that in simple verbal predicates, verbal forms of one mood are used in the meaning of another; then additional semantic shades arise. For example, in the sentence She doesn't notice him like he don't worry, though die (A.S. Pushkin) the form of the imperative mood is used in the indicative meaning (cf. no matter how he fought), but with the additional meaning of conditional (cf. no matter how he fights).
In a sentence ...You put your foot in the stirrup and rush around on a greyhound stallion; autumn wind blow either from the front or from the rear(A.S. Griboyedov) the imperative mood in the indicative sense creates an additional shade of possibility (the wind can blow from anywhere - it will not interfere with anything).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of an auxiliary verb and a verb in the indefinite form (in the infinitive). The main lexical meaning is expressed by the verb in the infinitive, and the auxiliary verb expresses the general grammatical meanings of mood, tense, person, as well as additional meanings.

In a compound verbal predicate, two types of auxiliary verbs can be used:

phase(indicating the beginning, continuation or end of an action): start, become, continue, finish, stop, cease, quit. Oh my god! What will start talking Princess Marya Aleksevdatsya, and people can deceive

on the!(A.S. Griboyedov);

I said something - he started laughing. (A.S. Griboyedov);

modal(with the meaning of possibility, desire, etc.): be able, want, wish, prepare, strive, decide, be able and etc. He's nice knows how to make you laugh everyone. Not with him bold I die uh, you have ask, on you take a look. We, Alexey Stepanych, are with you couldn't say two words. Ranks by people

there is. Ah, Chatsky! Love you are all fools dress up... (A.S. Griboyedov) Chichikov, as we have already seen, made up his mind at all don't stand on ceremony... Got it in my head it was for the night make a wish on the cards after prayer...(N.V. Gogol) But why with a rhymer to roam across the world in defiance of the elements and the mind so I want to and at the hour of death of the poet? I have done so little for the future, but I only yearn for the future and I don't want to start at first...(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Modal meaning can be expressed not only by auxiliary verbs, but also by some short adjectives and participles, adverbs (state category words), and nouns: glad, must, ready, obliged, capable, forced, necessary, possible, impossible, master, able, able etc. Molchalin for others himself ready to forget. She didn't give birth, but according to my calculations, must give birth. And you glorify This glad? After all necessary and depend from others. Not a craftswoman I'm on the shelves distinguish. (A.S. Griboedov)
In this case, the grammatical meaning of mood and tense is expressed by the linking verb be in the required form, so that the predicate consists of 3 words: 1) connectives; 2) an auxiliary component expressed by a short adjective or participle, adverb, noun; 3) a verb in an indefinite form (the absence of a copula, as in the examples given above, indicates the present tense of the indicative mood; it would be more correct to say that in such sentences the copula is zero). Entering the hall, Chichikov had for a minute close your eyes eyes, because the shine from candles, lamps and ladies' dresses was terrible. ...Alcides, closing his eyes and opening his mouth, was ready to cry in the most pathetic way, but feeling that it was easy could have lost dish, brought his mouth back to its previous position and began gnawing a lamb bone with tears. Fetinya, as you can see, was a whip master There are feather beds. The coachman, noticing that one of them was big hunter become on his heels, lashed him with a whip...(N.V. Gogol)
A compound verb predicate can have a complicated form; in this case, in addition to the infinitive of the main verb, the infinitive of the auxiliary verb is used: In my summer shouldn't dare your judgment have. (A.S. Griboedov)

Exercises

1. Find compound verb predicates.

How I want to breathe into a poem
This whole world changing shape...

I'm afraid it's too late
I began to dream about happiness.

I won't sleep on New Year's night,
I'll start a new notebook today.

I wrote down a long address on a piece of paper,
I still couldn’t say goodbye and kept the piece of paper in my hand.
Light spread across the paving stones. On eyelashes and on fur,
And wet snow began to fall on the gray gloves.

(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Answer:I want to breathe, I started dreaming, I couldn’t say goodbye, I started falling.

Predicate I will not sleep simple verb, because this is the future compound tense of the verb. Verb I'll start can be taken as a phase auxiliary, but there is no infinitive verb in the sentence, so I'll start– a simple verb predicate.

2. Find simple and compound verb predicates.

They saw a young nobleman beating a servant with anything. The stranger's entire appearance was remarkable, but the first thing that caught your eye was his huge nose. “What do you allow yourself?” - the philosopher asked sternly and heard in response: “I want to listen to the lectures of the great Gassendi, and this whip is spread out in my way. But, I swear on my nose, I will listen to this smartest man, even if I have to pierce this fool or someone else with a sword!” Gassendi's voice noticeably warmed: “Well, perhaps I can help you. What’s your name, young man?” “Savignon de Cyrano de Bergerac, poet,” the guest answered proudly. (A.L. Tsukanov)

Answer: simple verbs - saw it, it caught my eye(stable expression), allow me, I heard, I spread out, I will listen, I warmed up, they are calling, I answered; compound verbs – I want to listen, I’ll have to pierce it, I’m able to help.

It is important to draw students' attention to the fact that not every combination of a conjugated verb and an infinitive constitutes a compound verbal predicate. In a sentence Here began He to yawn And ordered take yourself to your room(N.V. Gogol) the first predicate is a compound verb (phasic verb in the past tense + main verb in the infinitive), and the second is a simple verb; action indicated in the infinitive take away refers not to the subject, but to some other person, servant or innkeeper, therefore the infinitive take away serves as a complement here. In a sentence He went look at the river flowing through the middle of the city(N.V. Gogol) infinitive of purpose take a look is a circumstance with a simple verbal predicate expressed by a verb of motion.

3.

One young Athenian went to court. He claimed that his decrepit father had lost his mind and was therefore unable to manage the family’s property. The old man did not make excuses - he just read the tragedy that had just ended to the judges. After this, the dispute was immediately resolved in his favor, and his son was recognized as a shameless liar. The tragedy was called "Oedipus at Colonus", and the old man's name was Sophocles. (O. Levinskaya)

1) went to court– simple verb;
2) survived– simple verb;
3) unable to manage– compound verb;
4) didn't- simple verb.

Answer: 3.

Compound nominal predicate

In a compound nominal predicate there is a verbal connective that expresses the grammatical meaning, and a main (nominal) component - words or phrases of different parts of speech (most often nouns or adjectives), which contain the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The verb is most often used as a connective in a compound nominal predicate be in the form of some kind of inclination. He's in Rome would be Brutus, in Athens - Pericles (A.S. Pushkin) – conditional. incl. In a harsh fate be stubborn, be gloomy,poor And bent... (N.S. Gumilyov) - command. incl. His voice was a song fire and earth...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. onc., past vr. Destructive will be crushed, knocked over fragments of slabs...(N.S. Gumilyov) - will express. on, bud. vr.
Present tense verb be usually absent; in other words, the copula is zero: Not a sinner he is in nothing, you are a hundred times more sinful. Liar He, gambler, thief. (A.S. Griboedov) However, there is also a copula in the present tense form of the verb be: Daughter of Hell, Malice There is co-maker countless cruel troubles.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Thought spoken there is a lie. (F.I. Tyutchev)
Other linking verbs can also be used in a compound nominal predicate: to appear, to remain, to become, to become, to be made, to be considered, to be called, to seem, to appear, to introduce oneself and so on.; they differ in meaning. The estate is ours was called a farm, – Kamenka farm, – main estate ours was considered Zadonskoe, where my father went often and for a long time, and to farm it was small, mongrel small in number.
In total it turned out to be more amazing wax in the city.
Then my childhood life becomes more diverse . (I.A. Bunin)
Made our generals cheerful, loose, well-fed, white. Atrocities are large and serious often are called shiny... The atrocities are small and comic are called shameful... (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) AND Seems at all not difficult, whitening in the emerald thicket, the road I won’t say where.(A.A. Akhmatova)

It can be difficult to correctly determine the boundaries of the predicate and its type if the sentence contains a verb be in conjugated form. It is necessary to remind students that this verb can be not only a connective in a compound nominal predicate. If it is used in the meaning of “to have”, “to be”, “to occur”, then it is a simple verbal predicate in the sentence. Yesterday was ball, and tomorrow will two.(A.S. Griboyedov) Left was gloomy forest, to the right - Yenisei.(N.A. Nekrasov) Here were relatives of those who went to where I was in a hurry. (N.A. Nekrasov)
Verb be is not used as an auxiliary in a compound verbal predicate: will fly, we will remember - this is the compound future tense of the verb and, therefore, in a sentence it is a simple verbal predicate. We we will remember and in the cold of Lethea, that the earth cost us ten heavens.(O.E. Mandelstam)

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is usually

short adjectives and participles – House of greenery painted (participle) in the form of a grove. Myself thick (adjective) , its artists skinny (adjective) (A.S. Griboyedov);

nouns in the nominative or instrumental case – Deceased was venerable chamberlain. (A.S. Griboyedov) Marriage to us it will be torture. (A.S. Pushkin) Lace, stone, be And become a web... (O.E. Mandelstam);

full adjectives in the nominative or instrumental case –After all crazy your father...(A.S. Griboyedov) Am I really real and will death really come? In such moments and the air to me seems brown... (O.E. Mandelstam) I I won't more young. (S.A. Yesenin);

adjectives in comparative or superlative degree – Ah, evil tongues scarier pistol. Well, a constant taste in husbands most expensive! (A.S. Griboyedov)

In addition, the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by prepositional case forms of the noun – And I'm in front of her V unpaid debt. (A.A. Tarkovsky) Mind with heart out of tune. (A.S. Griboyedov); pronoun – Like all Moscow residents, your father that's how it is... My custom such: signed, off your shoulders.(A.S. Griboedov); adverb – After all, I am a little to her akin. (A.S. Griboedov); infinitive – His joy is in the forests wander for the animals.(V.A. Zhukovsky); phraseological turn – He out of my mind. Dearest! You not at ease. (A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part can be expressed by a phrase, the main lexical meaning of which is contained not in the main word, but in the dependent word. All old ladies - people are angry. He noticeable person... My husband - lovely husband... Ball good thing, bondage is bitter.(A.S. Griboyedov)
The nominal part may include conjunctions as if, as if etc., introducing the meaning of comparison into the predicate. Your every verse - like a bowl poison, What's up, burned by sin.(A.A. Tarkovsky)

Exercise.Find compound nominal predicates.

Vaska Pechenkin’s favorite pastime is flying a kite. From this peaceful occupation he made himself a robbery. When his kite is flown, Vaska feels like the only master of the sky, and in front of him our poor snakes are like sparrows in front of a kite. Pechenkin's serpent is powerful and huge. (K.I. Chukovsky)

Answer:launched, launched, feels like a master, like sparrows, powerful and huge.

A compound nominal predicate can have a complicated form if the copula is used in the infinitive and is supplemented by a conjugated auxiliary verb, which adds additional meaning to the predicate. Yes a smart man can't help but be a rogue. (A.S. Griboedov) Those who think that only those minnows believe incorrectly may be considered worthy citizens, which, mad with fear, sit in holes and tremble.(M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin) So don't try to be smarter ... (O.E. Mandelstam)
There are predicates in which the lexical meaning is expressed not only by the nominal part, but also by a full-valued verb used instead of a connective. Typically it is a verb of movement or state: He will raise a cloud of dust, rustle with paper leaves and will not return at all - or he will come back at all another. (O.E. Mandelstam) In this sentence, it is equally important that it (rhythm or wind) will return (this would be a simple verbal predicate) and that it will become different (compound nominal). And you sat sadly (A.S. Pushkin) (sat and was sad). In school textbooks, such predicates are called a type of compound nominal predicate.

Exercises

1. Find simple verbal predicates expressed by 1) verb be in the required form; 2) phraseological use; 3) compound nominal predicate with a linking verb be.

The bear cub was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle, and he lived in a booth in the lyceum courtyard. It belonged to General Zakharzhevsky, manager of the Tsarskoye Selo palace and palace garden. Every morning, lyceum students saw how, getting ready to go around, the general patted the bear cub on the head, and he tried to break free from the chain and follow him.
And then one day, before the eyes of the lyceum students, an event occurred that brought the bear cub into the political history of the lyceum.
General Zakharzhevsky, passing by the booth one day, to his horror, discovered that the booth was empty: the bear cub had broken free from the chain. We started looking, but to no avail: there was no bear cub either in the yard or in the garden. The general lost his head: two steps away was the palace garden... (Yu.N. Tynyanov)

Answer: 1) ...there is neither a bear cub in the yard nor in the garden did not have; two steps away was palace garden; 2) lost his head; 3) was quite tall, with intelligent eyes, a black muzzle….

2. Find 1) compound verbal predicates; 2) compound nominal predicate.

Alexander the Great crossed Persia with his sword, subjugated Egypt, and reached the shores of the Indian Ocean. The Greek language was established on the vast territory of the state he formed. On its basis, Latin writing arose in the second century BC. For about a thousand years, Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire.
But in Western Europe it was only in the fourteenth century that they began to study the language of the great thinkers of antiquity. Only then did it become a sign of learning for the enlightened people of his time.

(According to E. Vartanyan)

Answer:1) was the official language; became a sign; 2) began to study.

3. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized incorrectly.

He was a thoughtful hare, he looked for a daughter from a widow, a hare, and wanted to get married. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was thorough– compound nominal;
2) looked out– simple verb;
3) wanted to get married- compound verb.

Answer: 1.

4. Find the predicate that is highlighted and characterized correctly.

He was an old campaigning beast, he knew how to build dens and uproot trees; Consequently, to some extent he knew the art of engineering. (M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

1) was– simple verb;
2) knew how to build– compound verb;
3) uproot– compound nominal;
4) knew art– compound nominal.

Answer: 2.

Dash between subject and predicate in a simple sentence

A dash is often placed between the subject and the compound nominal predicate with a zero connective. The presence or absence of a dash is determined by what parts of speech the main members are expressed and what words stand between them in the sentence.
A dash is placed if the subject and predicate are expressed by nouns in the nominative case: Grushnitsky - cadet. Nature is a fool, fate is a turkey, A life is a penny! My answer – title this book.(M.Yu. Lermontov) Love- saint keeper ily il formidable fighter spiritual purity. Immortality... a quiet, bright shore; our path- to him aspiration. (V.A. Zhukovsky) Oh! My God! Am I really one of those people who target all life - laughter? (A.S. Griboyedov) The predicate can be expressed by a phrase with the main word - a noun in the nominative case: Taman – the worst little town from all the coastal cities of Russia.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
There can be words before the predicate this means; a dash is placed before these words: Learning is the plague, learning is the reason that today there are more crazy people, deeds, and opinions than ever before.(A.S. Griboyedov)
If the predicate contains a linking verb, the dash is not placed: Providence was secret feedman is yours.(V.A. Zhukovsky) Expectation no violent death There is is it already real disease? (M.Yu. Lermontov)
A dash is not placed if there is a difference between the subject and the predicate.

particle (the most common negative particle is Not) : Sin is not a problem word of mouth is not good.(A.S. Griboyedov) But bad pun is no consolation for a Russian person... Passions nothing more than ideas at its first development...(M.Yu. Lermontov);

conjunction (comparative or any other): The bazaar is like a field, sown alternately with rye, oats, and buckwheat,(O.E. Mandelstam) At least ours Kabardians or Chechens although robbers, naked people, but desperate heads... (M.Yu. Lermontov);

introductory word: This Human, without a doubt, Jonah.

If the subject and predicate are expressed as nouns in the nominative case, but the predicate is before the subject, a dash is not placed between them: This valley is a wonderful place! These Asians are terrible beasts!(M.Yu. Lermontov) (in these sentences the words valley And Asians are subject, and nice place And terrible beasts– predicates). In the remark of the heroine of the poem by V.A. Zhukovsky The Prince of Kyiv is my parent subject parent, because she answers the question about herself, and not about the Kiev prince; therefore, the dash is not needed.

Exercise. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to the rules.

1. ...And his saber is a real gurda: put the blade to your hand, it will dig into your body...
2. Admit, however, that Maxim Maksimych is a person worthy of respect?
3. His arrival in the Caucasus is also a consequence of his romantic fanaticism...
4. My soldier’s overcoat is like a seal of rejection.
5. ...Vera's husband, Semyon Vasilyevich G...v, is a distant relative of Princess Ligovskaya.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

A dash is placed between the subject and the predicate if one of the main members is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the other by a verb in the indefinite form (or a phrase with the main word - a verb in the indefinite form): to you in the world living is a disaster... Untested joy– by them live, for them breathe. Otrada to us - tears of happiness pour! To be great, to be wise- your definition... (V.A. Zhukovsky) Produce effect - their pleasure. His target – become a hero novel.(M.Yu. Lermontov)
It is also necessary to put a dash in the case when both main members of the sentence are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: Scientist learn- only spoil.

A dash is usually not placed if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun: I'm pathetic, I'm funny I'm ignorant,I'm a fool. (A.S. Griboedov)
A dash is placed if both main members are expressed in the nominative case of a cardinal number (or a phrase with a numeral) or one – in the nominative case of a cardinal number, and the other – in the nominative case of a noun: Wheel – one of the most brilliant inventions in the history of mankind. Three times three – nine.

Exercises

1. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation those in which the placement of punctuation marks does not comply with the rules.

1. Alien hordes are food for swords... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
2. O my friend! The mind is the executioner of all joys! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
3. Love – self-oblivion! (V.A. Zhukovsky)
4. All your disasters are dreams of the imagination... (V.A. Zhukovsky)
5. Dear friend, don’t you hear that the crackling noise of life is only a distorted response of triumphant harmonies? (V.S. Soloviev)
6. I am a parrot from the Antilles... (N.S. Gumilev)
7. She is not a pale wife, but a crowned goddess. (N.S. Gumilyov)
8. All of us, saints and thieves, from the altar and the prison, we are all funny actors in the theater of the Lord God. (N.S. Gumilev)
9. A star ray is like salt on an ax... (O.E. Mandelstam)

Answer: 2, 5, 6, 8, 9.

2. Find the incorrect statement.

A dash is not placed between the subject and the predicate, expressed nouns in the nominative case, if the predicate is preceded by

1) particle;
2) agreed upon definition;
3) introductory word;
4) linking verb.

Answer: 2.

3. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation, one in which the placement of punctuation marks corresponds to modern rules.

1. Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons.
2. Of two friends, one is always the slave of the other...
3. According to local scientists, this failure is nothing more than an extinct crater...
4. Maybe you don’t know what “opportunity” is? This is a cover consisting of half a company of infantry and a cannon, with which convoys travel through Kabarda from Vladikavkaz to Yekaterinograd.
5. The history of the human soul, even the smallest soul, is perhaps more curious and useful than the history of an entire people, especially when it is a consequence of observations of a mature mind over itself...

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 3.

4. Find among the sentences given while preserving the author's punctuation one in which the placement of punctuation marks does not correspond to modern rules.

1. But he only answered me that the wild Circassian woman should be happy, having such a sweet husband like him, because in their opinion he is still her husband, and that Kazbich is a robber who needed to be punished.
2. One word is a whole story for us...
3. Ideas are organic creations...
4. Is it really possible, I thought, that my only purpose on earth is to destroy other people’s hopes?
5. Mountain rivers, the smallest ones, are dangerous, especially because their bottom is a perfect kaleidoscope...
6. I am like a man yawning at a ball who does not go to bed only because his carriage is not yet there.

(M.Yu. Lermontov)

Answer: 6.

It is worth drawing students' attention to the fact that they need to distinguish between sentences with the word This between subject and predicate: Irpen is a memory of people and summer, of freedom, of escape from bondage...(B.L. Pasternak) – and sentences where the pronoun This– the subject and the dash are not placed between it and the predicate: This is truly a new miracle, it is spring again, as before.(B.L. Pasternak)
The teacher should be prepared for puzzled questions from students who have discovered that the rules for placing a dash between the subject and the predicate are very often violated in printed texts. There are at least two explanations for this. Firstly, not all cases described in detail in handbooks for press workers are considered in school. For example, reference books indicate that you should not put a dash if there is an adverb between the subject and the predicate: But this calmness is often a sign of great, albeit hidden strength...(M.Yu. Lermontov) Secondly, most formulations include the words as a rule, usually those. Variable punctuation is allowed; the presence or absence of a dash is determined by intonation, the presence or absence of a pause, and the need for logical emphasis. But in examination papers, students and applicants should not deviate from the rules; copyright marks are considered as errors.

The concepts of subject and predicate are among the most basic in the Russian language. This is where children begin to become familiar with syntax. It is very important that the student understands this section and consolidates it in memory, since all subsequent rules of punctuation, complex sentences and many other sections will be inextricably linked with the subject and predicate. These two concepts form the grammatical basis, so it will also be discussed in this article. Refresh your memory and help your child learn new knowledge.

What is the subject

First, let's look at the rule of the Russian language:

• The subject is one of the main parts of the sentence. It can denote both an object and an action or a sign of a predicate. Answers the question “Who?” as well as “What?”.

As a rule, this member of the sentence is expressed by a noun or pronoun. It is emphasized by one feature.

• For example, in the sentence “Grandma went to the market,” the subject will be the noun “Grandmother,” since in this sentence the grandmother is the main character.
• If we take the sentence “He likes ice cream,” then the subject pronoun will be “He.”

However, there are other interesting cases in which absolutely any part of speech acts as the subject, if it can be defined as a noun. For example:

• Five go to the right. In this sentence, the subject will be the word “Five,” although in its usual form it is a numeral. Here it replaces the noun, acting as the main member of the sentence.
• Miser pays twice. In this case, the subject will also be the word “Stingy,” which is a noun, and outside the sentence it is an adjective.

A verb also often acts as a subject if it is in the indefinite form:

• Going to the store is his main goal. This is a complex sentence, in one part of which the subject is an infinitive.

And finally, even a whole phrase can become the subject. These can be indivisible names, full name of the person.

• Anna Sergeevna was in a hurry to go home. In this sentence the subject is Anna Sergeevna.

After some time, the child will be able to determine the subject intuitively, without reading the rules by heart.

What is a predicate

The predicate must be emphasized with two parallel horizontal lines; it answers the question “What is this?” and “What does this do?”, and also denotes an action or some attribute of the subject.

The predicate has several types:

• Verbal.
• Compound nominal.
• Compound verb.

It is better to analyze each type of predicate separately. The simplest of them is verb.

• The verbal predicate is usually expressed by a verb in certain moods: indicative, imperative, and also conditional. To determine the predicate correctly, you need to refresh your memory and remember what moods are.
• Perhaps the predicate in the form of a set phrase.
• Phraseologisms also belong to the verbal predicate.

The compound verb predicate is easy to notice:

• In this case, two verbs answer the main question of the predicate. For example: “He still continued to eat.” The predicate would be “continued to eat.”
• Or “The cat needs a lot of sleep.” Now the predicate is “you need to sleep.”

A compound nominal predicate is so called because it contains a linking verb and a nominal part: a noun or pronoun, adverbs, participles.

• She was a beauty. In this sentence, the predicate is “was a beauty,” since the word “was” often acts as a linking verb, and “beauty” is a nominal part.

You may not be able to remember everything the first time, but after solving the tasks you will succeed.

What is a grammatical basis

The grammatical core is the main members of the sentence, namely the subject and the predicate. They are connected in meaning and are distinguished by horizontal features.

The base itself is usually highlighted in square brackets in the sentence.

Project for teaching syntactic topicsin 8th grade

"PREDICATE. TYPES OF PREDICATE"

Prepared by Bondarenko T.V., teacher of the first qualification category of MOUOOSH No. 11 p. Alexandrovsky Stavropol Territory

Goals: expand the concept of the predicate, introduce the types of predicate;learn to distinguish between simple, compound verb and compound nominal predicates;develop students' spelling awareness

Equipment: cards,computer, multimedia projector, screen.

THEORY

The predicate is one of the main members of the sentence, associated with the subject and consistent with it in gender, number and person.

In a sentence, the predicate is most often expressed by a verb agreed with the subject, but can also be expressed by other parts of speech (adjectives, nouns, participles, numerals, pronouns, adverbs). Answers the questions: “what does an object (person) do?”, “who is an object (person)?”, “what is an object (person)?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” .

There are three types of predicates:

- simple verbal predicate;

- compound verb predicate;

- compound nominal predicate.

Simple verb predicate

A predicate expressed by one verb in the form of any mood is calledsimple verbal predicate . In a simple verbal predicate, the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by the verb.

Ways to express a simple verbal predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be a verb in the imperative, indicative or conditional mood.

Examples of a simple verb predicate:

Brick done from clay.
He is one of the first.
From the corner appeared automobile.
All become in a row.
Brother It happens in Moscow.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of two parts -basic Andauxiliary . The auxiliary part expressesgrammatical meaning predicate.

The infinitive form of the verb (infinitive) expresses the mainlexical meaning predicate.

The auxiliary part of a compound verbal predicate is expressed:

1) verbs denoting the beginning, continuation, end of an action:I began freeze, She continued play;

2) verbsobligations and short adjectives (must, can, ready, glad, etc.) For example:We ready help, He must leave, I glad hear your voice;

3)s status catches with meaningdesirability , necessity , possibilities:

Necessary support him.

3) words of the state category, expressing the emotional assessment of the action:It's nice to see you again, it's good to be in nature.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate has two components:bunch and the nominal part.

The most commonly used is the linking verbbe , expressing only grammatical meanings.

Ways of expressing the nominal and auxiliary parts of a compound nominal predicate

Nominal part as part of a nominal predicate the following may appear:
- a noun in the instrumental case, in the nominative case;
- comparative degree of an adjective, participle, short adjective, adverb, pronoun. For example:

The evening is getting warmer (comparative degree of adjective)
He is an innovator (noun in the instrumental case)
He seemed joyful to me. Autumn was warm (adjective)
Brother can be unbearable (short adjective)
The book was mine (pronoun)
The dress fit her (adverb)

Auxiliary part a nominal predicate can be expressed:

1) verb formbe (was, is, will be, the zero form of this verb)I was happy ;
2) verbs become, seem, appear and etc.He seemed lonely ;
3) verbs with the meaning of action, state:come, arrive, return, stand, etc. She arrived by train;
4) in the present tense, the auxiliary part (linking verb) can be omitted. There may be a dash instead.

Examples of a compound nominal predicate in sentences:

Is it really influence ( What ? subject) on people - not great art? Sin no problem , word of mouth not good . (compound nominal predicate with zero copula)
Evening how was your evening. Study – there's a plague . Scholarship – that's the reason .
The glory of these people is true glory. There is, without a doubt, a "thunderstorm" the most decisive work Ostrovsky. (Belinsky)
Judas was small and not squeamish. Art - This is not a profession, but a talent. (D. Granin)
From this day on, Prince Andrei the groom began to go to the Rostovs. (L.N. Tolstoy)
My whole life was collateral the faithful date with you. (A.S. Pushkin)

Table of types of predicates

SIMPLE VERB

(usually consists of one word - a verb)

COMPOSITE

COMPOUND VERB

COMPOUND NOUN

Ways to express a simple verb predicate:

verb in various moods

1. Alreadywoke up songbirds.

(ch. past tense, in the indicative mood)

2. In the sports section youtrained would more regularly.

(chap. in conditional mood)

3. Take take a card with you into the passage.

(chap. in the imperative mood)

interjection in the meaning of a verb

Suddenly from the bushesruns out dog andjump in water.

verb in the complex future tense

Even louderwill sing birds.

stable phrase (phraseologism)

You constantlyyou hang to menoodles on the ears

Auxiliary word

Linking verb

+

Ways to express an auxiliary word:

Verbs ( start, stop, continue, be able, wish, want, etc.)

Brotherstopped studying Andmay fall behind learning.

short adjectives

(glad, ready, must, obliged, intends, etc.)

Iglad to youhelp.

Pay attention:

1. Undefined verb form is not always part of the predicate. It can act as any member of the sentence.

Subject:

Smoking – healthharm.

Supplement :

Doctors forbade him (what?)smoke .

(Actions expressed by verbs are performed by different persons, which meanssmoke is not part of the predicate.)

Circumstance:

He left (why?)smoke.

Definition:

Habit (what?)smoke hurt him.

2 . A compound verb predicate can includemore than 2 words :

IWas glad to youhelp.

Nominal part

Infinitive

Ways to express a linking verb:

verb BE in different time forms

I was a teacher .

I I'll be a teacher .

I ○ teacher ( present tense copulazero)

Verbs to do, to become, to become, to appear, to appear, to be called, etc.

All becomes lighter from the first snow.

A linking verb can consist ofof 2 words

I I want to be a teacher .

Ways to express the noun part:

Noun

He ○ merry fellow . He was a fun guy .

Adjective

He was today is very funny.

Communion/short participle

Her eyebrows were moved .

Bread already ○ threshed .

Pronoun

The Cherry Orchard is now ○my.

Numeral

Two and three it will be five .

Adverb

her shoes will fit.

Syntactically indivisible phrase

Hewas tall.

EDUCATION, TRAINING

Materials for lesson No. 1 "Simple verb predicate"

1 . Job in pairs with sentences written on the board and on cards

- Find the subject and predicate in the sentences, write above the predicate how it is expressed

1). The songbirds have already woken up.

The birds are singing loudly.

The birds will sing even louder.

2). What is a predicate?

(The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which depends only on the subject and denotes its attribute or action. The predicate answers the questions: What does the subject do? What happens to it? What is it like? What is it? Who is it?)

3). What parts of speech are the predicates expressed?

(Verbs - predicates have forms of the indicative mood of the past, present and future complex tense.)

4) Draw a conclusion

Conclusion : Such predicates, in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed by one verb in the form of some mood, are called simple verbs.

2. Consolidation. Work in pairs

1) Independent work with CMMs. Option No. 3 (page 25).

2) B2. replace the phrase (on) the village pier (sentence 1), built on the basis of management, with a synonymous phrase with the connection coordination. Write the resulting phrase.

on the rural pier

3) B3. Write down the grammatical basis of sentence 22.

In the distance, the nimble Rocket made noise on its return flight.

Answer:

4) B6. indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 15.

I looked into his eyes - he looked away, he didn’t want to be impudent.

EDUCATION, TRAINING

Materials for lesson No. 2. "Compound verb predicate"

Slide

Review the table of auxiliary verbs and their meanings. Auxiliary verbs carry additional meaning to the main verb in the infinitive form.

Basic auxiliary words

Beginning, end, continuation of action

Desirability, possibility, necessity of action

Emotional assessment of action

Short adjectives as auxiliary verbs

Phraseological combinations

begin

become

finish

get started

continue

quit

set off

stop

be able to

be on time

want

dream

want

try

assume

get used to

try

be in love

like

hope

be afraid to be ashamed

prepare

hate

be afraid

be a coward

glad

must

ready

must

worthy

to have a wish

make an effort

agree

burn with desire

have the honor

to have intention

give a promise

have a habit

Consolidation of new knowledge

1. Write example sentences , analyze them. Pay attention to the way of expressing the predicate. (Slide)

Laws of mechanics opened Isaac Newton.
Even as a child, Isaac started tinkering mechanical toys. Newton in adolescencecontinued to build water mill models.
Formulate your own conclusion and justify your answer.

2. Digital dictation followed by self-test . (Slide)

Distribute the predicates in accordance with numerical designations into three columns: in the first - a simple verbal predicate, in the second - a compound verbal predicate (PG, SGS):

Isaac Newton (1606-1642)was born (1) in England.

Newtonwanted to hope (2) that his kinddates back (3) to the Scottish nobles of the 15th century, However, historians do notcount (4) .

Ancestors of Newtonstrived get rich(5).

By the end of the 16th century the family moved (6) into the rank (landowners ).

Newton's father left (7) inherited a large sum for those times of 500 pounds sterling and several hundred acres of fertile land occupied by fields and forests.
Isaac from 12 studied (8) At school V .

In 1659 motherreturned (9) him to the estate andtried to lay (10) The 16-year-old son takes part in managing the household.
(1.3.4.6,7,8.9//2.5.10)

3. R.r. Creative tasks

Group I. (Slide)

1. Replace simple verbal predicates with compound ones.

1. Isaac read books.
2. Newton studied at Cambridge University.
3. During his student years, Isaac made scientific instruments.

Sample answers: strived to learn, continued to tinker.

Group II. (Slide)

2. Parse the sentence:

According to legend, Newton was able to discover the law of gravity by observing an apple falling from a tree branch.

III group.

3. Perform punctuation analysis of the sentence:

Newton continued to experiment with color, proving that white light is not primary, but consists of colored components with different angles of refraction. (Slide)

IV group.

4. Determine how the predicate is expressed. (Slide)

The scientist dreamed of writing a book about mathematical principles. In this work, Newton was ready to define the basic principles of mechanics. Newton was able to formulate three laws of mechanics. He had to work hard.

4 . Using the text, fill in the table

Ways of expressing a compound verbal predicate.

Way of expression

Example

Self-test. (Slide):

Way of expression

Example

Modal verb (want, can, etc.)

was able to get it, helped bring it

Verb denoting a phase of action (start, end, etc.)

started studying, continued studying, continued to build, finished building

A verb denoting an emotional assessment of an action (to love, to fear)

loved to devote

Short adjectives or adverbs with a modal meaning (must, glad, obligated, must, etc.)

it was necessary to carry out, I was glad to build

Newton Isaac (1643-1727)

English mathematician, physicist, alchemist and historian. Born into a farmer's family.
At the age of 12 he began studying at Grantham School, and in 1661 he continued to study at Trinity College, Cambridge University, as a subsizer (the so-called poor students who performed the duties of servants in college to earn money).
After graduating from the university, Newton was able to receive a bachelor's degree in 1665. In 1665-1667. He continued to develop mainly those ideas that helped lead him to the creation of differential and integral calculus, the invention of the reflecting telescope, and the discovery of the law of universal gravitation.
In Cambridge he had to conduct experiments on the decomposition of light. In 1668, Newton was awarded a master's degree. In 1671, Newton finished building a second reflecting telescope - larger and of better quality. Newton owns ideas about monochromatic light rays and the periodicity of their properties, substantiated by the finest experiments, that underlie physical optics.
In 1687, Newton published his grandiose work “Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy” (briefly - “Principles”), which laid the foundations not only of rational mechanics, but also of all mathematical natural science. The “Principles” contained the laws of dynamics, the law of universal gravitation with effective applications to the movement of celestial bodies, the origins of the study of the movement and resistance of liquids and gases, including acoustics.
In 1705, Queen Anne was pleased to elevate him to a knighthood for his scientific works. In the last years of his life, Newton liked to devote a lot of time to theology and ancient and biblical history. Newton was buried in the English national pantheon - Westminster Abbey.

5. Testing the acquired knowledge followed by self-test

– In this lesson we talked about the compound verb predicate. Why is the predicate called compound? Verbal?
I draw your attention to the fact that an infinitive must be present in a compound verbal predicate.

Verification work. Write down the compound verb predicates

(1) Little Isaac was constantly alone. (2) His peers did not treat him very well because he could always win at checkers and other games that required intelligence. (3) Young Newton could not make friends with any of these kids. ( 4) Thus began his loneliness - from birth to death....
(5) During his student years he felt, What capable of solving problems that have troubled humanity for centuries. (6) Just thinking about it, he felt the frantic impatience and insatiable passion of the discoverer. (7) Of course, at Cambridge he will become a master, then a member of the college, maybe a professor. (8) He knew that members of the college could not get married. (9) Newton did not regret it. (10) Mathematics became his love...
(11) He knew perfectly well anatomy and physiology, various methods of treatment, which largely contributed to his enviable longevity.
(12) He did not particularly favor literature and did not like poetry, painting and sculpture at all.
(13) From childhood, Newton was able to introduce into his consciousness that lies, selfishness, violence, loss of control over one’s feelings and actions are mortal sins. (14) He was a true son of his Puritan age.
(15) Newton was characterized by faith in the original clear meaning of the Bible. (16) He tried to eliminate the discrepancies between secular chronology and Old Testament chronology.
(17) The passion for scientific pursuits could not leave him even in his later London years. (18) Although his creative age had long passed, he tried to strictly observe the training regime he had established for himself once and for all. (19) No one had ever seen him without work. (20) Work served him as a balm for mental anxiety.

Answer:

(1) was lonely

(2) could win
(3) couldn't make friends
(5) What able to solve
(8) couldn't get married
(13) was able to implement
(16) tried to eliminate
(17) couldn't leave
(18) tried to comply

Peer review. (Slide)

5. Written work. Slide. Replace simple verb predicates with compound verbs.

a) The trees turned yellow. (The trees began to turn yellow.)

b) The meeting will begin at the appointed time. (must start)

c) The teacher will help the children in solving difficult problems. (should help)

d) Sons help their mother with household chores. (happy to help)

d) She drives a car. (can drive)

f) The sons visited their parents. (they will be able to visit.)

EDUCATION, TRAINING

Materials for lesson No. 3 "Compound nominal predicate"

1. Explanation of a new topic.

Let's write down the sentences and find the predicates in them. Determine how the predicates in these sentences are expressed.

1. He was mine brother . (linking verb and noun tv. p.)

2. He's mine Brother . (noun in the noun case) (zero connective!)

3. Blizzard it was scary . (v.-st. and adj.)

4. Earth great and beautiful . (short adj.)

5. Glass were broken . (verb connective + participle in name) or Glass were broken (participle in tv.p)
6. This girl tall . (whole phrase)

7. Five plus five it will be ten . (ch.-st. + num.)

8. I was on guard e . (v.-sv. + adverb) on guard - sak, uyau bulu

9. All fish – yours . (pronoun)

10. He was a jack of all trades . (ch.-st. + phraseological unit)

Conclusion. This means that SIS consists of a linking verb and a nominal part. Usually the linking verb is not used in the present tense. Such a link is called zero. The nominal part is expressed by a noun in the nominative and instrumental case, full and short adjectives, participle, whole phrase, numeral, adverb, pronoun and phraseology).

1. Laboratory work on the topic: Compound nominal predicate.

Given: simple sentences.

Purpose: to determine which part of speech can express the nominal part in a compound nominal predicate.

Progress

1. Read the sentences carefully.

2. Find the basis of these sentences.

3. Determine which part of speech expresses the nominal part in a compound nominal predicate.

4. Draw a conclusion.

Do not forget!

SIS = verb - connective + nominal part

Present tense linking verb be zero,

1. The ABC is a stepping stone to wisdom.

2. The product is good and the price is reasonable.

3. Mixed thoroughly, but not baked.

4. Two and two make four.

5. And it’s good, but out of place.

6. And yours is mine, and what’s mine is mine.

7. Seven troubles - one answer.

CONCLUSION:

(The nominal part of compound nominal predicates can be expressed by all nominal parts of speech, as well as participles, adverbs and syntactically indivisible phrases)

Discussion of questions that students had during the laboratory work.

2. Test work (printed on sheets)

(multi-level tasks, students choose the option to complete themselves)

1. The date of k...rn...in...la has not yet been specified.

2. And...um...the nation in...l...is great.

3. The rider was wearing a gray jacket with a fur collar.

4. The parents' conference met once every quarter.

5. The creation of... the... mi... was dissolved ahead of schedule.

* Insert missing letters. Find the subject and predicate.

** Insert missing letters. Find the subject and predicate.

Determine the type of predicate.

*** Insert the missing letters. Find the subject and predicate.

Determine the type of predicate.

Write down your example of a sentence with a predicate, the type of which is not in these sentences.

Based on the results of the test work, the teacher fills out an assessment sheet, which will help him see the degree to which students have mastered the educational material and plan further work on the topic.

Teacher's score sheet

№ p/p

Types of student activities

Student ratings (comments)

F.I.

F.I.

F.I.

F.I.

1.

Ability to find the basis of a sentence

2.

Determining the type of predicate

3.

Determining the form of the predicate

4.

Knowledge of parts of speech

5.

Ability to draw conclusions.

3. Multi-level tasks.

Rearrange the sentences so that the simple verb predicatebecame a compound noun.

Sample: The street is empty. The street became empty.

1. He often comes to see me. 2. The boy is growing up quickly. 3. The brother leads the group. 4. The sky is darkening.

2. Determine the type of predicate in sentences.

/. We listen to the radio. Today we will listen to an interesting program. We will start listening to this program after dinner. He will be a student at a school lecture. 2. Be the mistress of this house. Be at home here day. The streets were decorated with flags and brightly lit. 3. I would be proud the battle. I would be proud of you. I'm proud of you.

3. Replace full forms of participles and adjectives with short ones
forms. Make sentences with some of them. Which member
sentences is a short form? What spelling rules for participles and adjectives did you apply?

Lost Keys, Desert Area, Renovated Room, Sown Field, Fresh Bread, Painted Walls, Fixed and rewritten manuscript, young artists, biting frost, hot sand, clumsy bear, lifeless desert, prickly rose hips, packed new and shipped cargo.

4. Independent work (Card)

Exercise:

On the card insert missing spellings and punctuation marks.

Underline predicates of different (!) types.

The king has arrived. He was in a bad mood. He shook his head and twitched his shoulders so much that it filled everyone with horror. Entering the hall where they were dancing, I found it hot and wanted to open the window. But the windows were blocked from the outside by guards. The king ordered the ax to be brought and, together with two orderlies, set to work. Finally I got my way and took out the frame. The window remained open (not) for long and the yard began to thaw again, the wind was blowing directly from the west. But still there were such drafts in the rooms. That lightly dressed ladies and chilly old men did not know where to go. The king was tired, sweating from work, but was pleased, even cheerful.

“Your Majesty,” said the Austrian resident Player, a great amiable man, “you have opened a window to Europe.”

(D. Merezhkovsky, “Peter and Alexey”)

5. Work to prepare for the State Examination.

Task No. 8 in the OGE. Find the grammatical basis of such and such a sentence. (Slide)

(55) I can listen to you forever, Pushkin! GHS

(27) The adults were nowhere to be seen. SIS

(40) They still remember in the village of Belogrudka. PGS

(41) Tolik became scared. SIS

(49) You can never be understood... GHS

(10) Only her tears were light. SIS

(23) And this is what came of it. PGS

(20) Checkmark, let’s go to the fifth “B”, otherwise they will actually leave. PGS

6 . Underline the predicate. Match the sentences with the type of predicate. (Slide)

A. The evening milk has been drunk. 1. ASG
B. Meanwhile, Princess Mary stopped singing. 2. SGS

B. Ivan began to climb the stairs to the podium. 3. SIS
D. It will rain for a long time.
D. Beaupre was a hairdresser in his homeland.

A B C D E (3 2 2 1 3)

EDUCATION, TRAINING

Materials for lesson No. 4 "Dash between subject and predicate"

Exercise 1.Establish the cases of placing a dash, graphically explain the conditions of choice.

1) Venus is the brightest star in the night sky.

2) The earth is great and beautiful.

3) Her eyes are like bright stars.

4) Two and eight ten.

5) The book is a source of knowledge.

6) You can’t make good by living with someone else’s mind.

1) Our souls are mirrors that reflect us.

2) Be in battle to find out the value of life.

3) I'm a good person.

4) The air is like a rose.

5) This day is like a holiday.

6) The north is a swamp without a bottom or edge.

7) The head is crazy like a lantern without light.

8) Speak without thinking and shoot without aiming.

9) These plains are like an endless sea.

10) Poverty is not a vice.

11) Our Volga is the most beautiful river.

12) I am a stranger to everyone.

13) Life is not a field to cross.

14) Your speeches are like a sharp knife.

Task 2. Recognize the third extra:

1. The book is a source of knowledge. My father is a teacher. Father is a history teacher.

2. Oak is a strong tree. Studying means working hard. Poverty is not a vice.

3. Drink tea, don’t chop wood. He is a good carpenter. Solve the problem of learning something new.

4. Learning to play tennis is great! Smoking is harmful to health. The heart is not a stone.

5. The area of ​​the apartment is 50 meters. Who's your buddy? Astana is the capital of Kazakhstan.

6. Our schoolyard is like a garden. Sasha is a volleyball player. A.S. Pushkin is the sun of Russian poetry.

7. Poverty is not a vice. My hobby is collecting stamps. I am a future tailor.

REPEATING THE TOPIC

1. Work in pairs with the sentences shown on the slide or on the cards.

- Find the subject and predicate in the sentences written on the board, write above the predicate how it is expressed.

I love Russia to the point of heartache and I can’t even imagine myself anywhere other than Russia. (Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Love for the Fatherland cannot fade in our hearts. (L. Tolstoy)

My incorruptible voice was an echo of the Russian people. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Back in the spring of my days, I left my father’s house. (V.A. Zhukovsky)

I like to listen to the hum of mosquitoes in the evening over the mowing site. (S.A. Yesenin)

- What can you say about the predicates that you encountered in these sentences? (simple and compound)

- Notice what parts of speech they consist of?

- What is the name of a predicate consisting of one word? What about two words?

2. Work on repetition in groups. Each group has 5 people and the same number of questions on the topic. Answer questions, give examples.

What does the predicate mean?

What types of predicates are there?

What are the features of a simple verbal predicate?

What is the difference between a compound verb predicate?

What are the features of a compound nominal predicate?

CONTROL

A student assessment sheet will help students evaluate their work.

№ p/p

Activities

Performance evaluation (comments)

I know

I can

I doubt

1.

Finding the stem of a sentence

2.

Determining the type of predicate

3.

Determining the form of the predicate

4.

Knowledge of parts of speech

5.

Ability to draw conclusions.

Russian language test “The grammatical basis of a sentence. Types of predicates" No. 1 for grade 8

1.Indicate a sentence with a simple verbal predicate. T

A) Many sounds flow into the night bird chorus.

B) I was already starting to worry.

B) I was ready to agree.

D) He would be glad to leave.

2.Indicate a sentence with a compound verbal predicate.

A) He stood up and immediately sat down.

B) And the three palm trees began to murmur against God.

B) Soon it began to rain heavily.

D) Lisa decided to do this.

3.Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate.

A) The word is silver, silence is gold.

B) Peter decided to help his brother.

C) Andrei was ready to dispose of even Kiev.

D) He stopped and thought a little.

4.Indicate an example with an error in determining the type of predicate.

A) His face was sour (compound noun).

B) Silence is gold (compound nominal).

B) We would like to participate in competitions (compound verb)

D) He sat down and wrote down the old woman’s story (compound verb)

5. Indicate a sentence with a simple verbal predicate:

a) The approaches to the barriers and trenches are mined. (A. Ananyev)

b) Krutikov heatedly began to explain what had happened. (N. Gorbachev)

c) Liverovsky’s assumptions turned out to be correct. (A.N. Tolstoy)

d) There was a thick smell of resin in the air. (V. Bykov)

6. Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate:

a) Before the snowfall, the tree began to drop leaves. (E. Nosov)

b) Squirrels will have a lot of worries in the summer. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

c) The car had to pass half a meter behind Seryozha. (V. Tokareva)

d) The whole village was visible from the hill. (A. Kuprin)

a) The city is stretched out in a long strip along the railway on one side. (B. Vetokhin)

b) After yesterday’s small storm, the water was especially cloudy today. (G. Golubev)

c) Having fallen silent, Pinchuk decided to mend a hole in his tunic. (M. Alekseev)

d) Landing on that site was in danger of being disfigured. (D. Medvedev)

8. Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate:

a) Let the enemy discover the crossing point as late as possible! (E. Vorobyov)

b) The boat station was clearly visible from here. (A. Rybakov)

c) After dinner, Anfisa silently began to clear the table. (A. Ivanov)

d) At the edge of the moss swamp, I ordered everyone to stop. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

9. Indicate sentences with a simple verbal predicate.

a) Every talent is inexplicable.

b) Since then I have stopped interfering with his economic orders.

c) Darken, sun of Austerlitz! Burn, great Moscow!

d) The feeling of recovery is one of the sweetest.

10. Indicate a sentence with a compound verb predicate.

A) Chichikov had to close his eyes for a minute.

B) Our generals have become cheerful, loose, well-fed, and white.

C) I’m afraid that it’s too late for me to dream about happiness.

D) I won't be young anymore.

Russian language test “The grammatical basis of a sentence. Types of predicates" No. 2 for grade 8

1. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

In the vicinity of Moscow, in the forest, a camp was set up. (Medvedev D.)

2. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence :

The order came to seize a bridgehead on the opposite side of the river. (Kozhevnikov V.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

3. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence :

In the evening, they began to dive into the snow from the tall birches of Teterev. (Shim E.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

4. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

In front of the balcony there was a large, trampled area. (Kuprin A.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

5. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

Having sent a messenger with a message, Ryabinkin ordered the soldiers to carry out this order of his. (Kozhevnikov V.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

6. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

Without pack animals we could not set off. (Arsenyev V.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

7. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence :

The path here is laid along the ridges on the right side of the valley. (Arsenyev V.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

8. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

Directors of enterprises came here to agree on connecting a new workshop, a new house. (Granin D.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

9. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence:

I like to listen to the hum of mosquitoes in the evening over the mowing site. (Yesenin S.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

10. Indicate the type of predicate in the sentence :

The professor was visibly agitated. (Veresaev V.)

1) Simple verbal predicate

2) Compound verb predicate

3) Compound nominal predicate

Russian language test “Types of predicates” No. 3 for grade 8

1. Indicate a sentence with a simple verbal predicate:

1) The approaches to the barriers and trenches are mined. (A. Ananyev)

2) Krutikov heatedly began to explain what had happened. (N. Gorbachev)

3) Liverovsky’s assumptions turned out to be correct. (A.N. Tolstoy)

4) There was a thick smell of resin in the air. (V. Bykov)

2. Indicate a sentence with a compound verbal predicate:

1) The paratroopers hastened to go deeper into the thicket. (A. Belyaev)

2) The snow kept falling and falling, making it difficult to navigate in an unfamiliar city. (G. Adamov)

3) Before the offensive, our artillerymen began shelling German positions. (E. Kokovin)

4) Zakhar allowed people to rest a little. (A. Ivanov)

3. Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate:

1) Before the snowfall, the tree began to drop leaves. (E. Nosov)

2) Squirrels will have a lot of worries in the summer. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

3) The car had to pass half a meter behind Seryozha. (V. Tokareva)

4) The whole village was visible from the hill. (A. Kuprin)

4. Which sentence does not have a simple verbal predicate?

1) The sphericity of the Earth played a decisive role in my journey to Antarctica. (V.Sanin)

2) The crows remaining for the winter fly from tree to tree. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

3) Tired Pinchuk decided to rest a little. (M. Alekseev)

4) The flight director advised the pilots to look for another job. (V. Ershov)

5. Indicate a sentence with a compound verbal predicate:

1) The order to saddle the horses forced the shooters to get down to business. (V. Arsenyev)

2) Taras Gavrilovich loved to talk with an educated person. (A. Kuprin)

3) Stepan suggested hunting geese. (V. Korolenko)

4) On the old bookcase, only the middle shelf was filled with books. (I. Lazutin)

6. Indicate a sentence that does not have a compound nominal predicate:

1) The streets are full of night freshness. (B. Vetokhin)

2) The gorge was tightly packed with short boards. (M. Bulgakov)

3) Timoshkin had to correct the firing of our artillery. (S. Borzunov)

4) Closer to dawn, the engines of German tanks can be heard behind the front line. (G. Baklanov)

7. Indicate a sentence with a simple verbal predicate:

1) The city is stretched out in a long strip along the railway on one side. (B. Vetokhin)

2) After yesterday’s small storm, the water was especially cloudy today. (G. Golubev)

3) After falling silent, Pinchuk decided to mend a hole in his tunic. (M. Alekseev)

4) Landing on that site was in danger of being disfigured. (D. Medvedev)

8. Indicate a sentence that does not have a compound verb predicate:

1) Ivan Vasilyevich began to sadly prepare for the night. (V. Sollogub)

2) Sometimes Ivan Matveevich forced me to play the piano. (I. Turgenev)

3) In February, Ivan Grigorievich began to prepare for retirement. (V. Svintsov)

4) At the ferry crossing we decided to have a snack. (V. Svintsov)

9. Indicate a sentence with a compound nominal predicate:

1) Let the enemy discover the crossing point as late as possible! (E. Vorobyov)

2) From here the boat station was clearly visible. (A. Rybakov)

3) After dinner, Anfisa silently began to clear the table. (A. Ivanov)

4) At the edge of the moss swamp, I ordered everyone to stop. (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

10. Indicate a sentence with a simple verbal predicate:

1) Semyon Matveich made me sit down. (I. Turgenev)

2) During dinner, Volodka continued to show concern for the visitor. (L. Platov)

3) Most of the offices were locked. (V. Ershov)

4) White clouds were visible through the empty windows. (I. Vsevolzhsky)

Varieties of the predicate - one of the main members of a two-part sentence, grammatically subordinate to the subject, having a real and grammatical meaning, which are respectively expressed as follows:

1) the real value is the name of the action, attribute, state;

2) grammatical meaning – tense and mood: Summer is gone; The birds were excited; Autumn will be dry and warm; Earth is our planet. He was wearing a frock coat. Taking into account the way of expressing real and grammatical meanings, the main structural types of the predicate in the Russian language are distinguished: 1) simple and 2) compound. In a simple predicate, the real (concrete) and grammatical (abstract) meanings are expressed by one word form or a lexicalized combination of words. In a compound predicate, the real and grammatical meanings are expressed in two components - separately.

The predicate has a lexical meaning (names what is reported about the reality named in the subject) and a grammatical meaning (characterizes the statement from the point of view of reality or unreality and the correlation of the statement with the moment of speech, which is expressed by the forms of the mood of the verb, and in the indicative mood - and time) .

There are three main types of predicates: simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal.

Simple verbal predicate, ways of expressing it

A simple verbal predicate (SVS) can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

PGS - one word:

1) verb in conjugated form, that is, the form of one of the moods; in these cases the predicate agrees with the subject:

2) verbal interjection or infinitive; there is no agreement between the predicate and the subject:

And bam the hat right on the floor.

As soon as the music starts, the boy immediately starts dancing.

PGS - phrase:

1. PGS - a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase - can have the following structure and typical meaning:

1) repetition of the verb form to indicate the duration of the action:

I walk and walk, but it’s still a long way to the forest.

2) repetition of the verb form with a particle like this to indicate an intense or fully accomplished action:

That's what he said.

3) repetition of the same verb in different forms or verbs of the same root to enhance the meaning of the predicate:

He doesn’t sleep himself and doesn’t let others sleep.

I can't wait for spring.

4) a semantic verb with an auxiliary verb form that has lost or weakened its lexical meaning and introduces additional semantic shades into the sentence:

And he just say / know and sings to himself.

5) two verbs in the same grammatical form to denote an action and its purpose:

I'll go for a walk in the garden.

6) a verb with the particle was, introducing the meaning of a failed action:

I was getting ready to go to the cinema, but didn’t go.

7) design with an action intensity value:

All he does is sleep.

2. PGS phraseological unit denotes a single action, inseparable in meaning from the action and its material object; in most cases, this phraseological unit can be replaced by one verb: to take part, to come to one’s senses, to fly into a rage, to sound the alarm, to have the opportunity, to have the intention, have the habit, have the honor, have the right; express a desire, burn with desire, acquire a habit, consider oneself entitled, consider it necessary, etc.:

He took part in the conference (=participated).

Compound verb predicate

The compound verb predicate (CVS) has the following structure:

preinfinitive part + infinitive.

The infinitive expresses the main lexical meaning of the predicate - it names the action.

The pre-infinitive part expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, as well as an additional characteristic of the action - an indication of its beginning, middle or end (phasic meaning) or possibility, desirability, degree of commonness and other characteristics that describe the attitude of the subject of the action to this action (modal meaning).

The phase meaning is expressed by the verbs become, begin (begin), accept (accept), continue (continue), cease (cease), stop (cease) and some others (most often these are synonyms for the above words, characteristic of the colloquial style of speech):

The modal meaning can be expressed

1) verbs be able, able, want, desire, try, intend, dare, refuse, think, prefer, get used to, love, hate, beware, etc.

2) a linking verb to be (in the present time in the zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable, as well as adverbs and nouns with a modal meaning:

I was willing/willing/able to wait.

The phraseological unit can be used both in the pre-infinitive part and in the infinitive position:

He is eager to participate in the conference (= wants to participate)

He wants to take part in the conference (= wants to participate).

He is eager to take part in the conference (= wants to participate).

The complication of the GHS occurs due to the additional use of a modal or phase verb in its composition:

I started to feel hungry.

I felt that I might soon begin to feel hungry.

A special type of GHS is presented in sentences, the main members of which are expressed by verbs in an indefinite form: To be afraid of wolves, do not go into the forest. The auxiliary part of such predicates is atypical for compound verbs: it is represented by the linking verb to be, which is found in compound nominal predicates. In addition, the auxiliary part can also be represented by the verb mean, for example:

Not coming means offending.

The following predicates are not compound verbal predicates:

1) the compound form of the future tense of an imperfect verb in the indicative mood: I will work tomorrow;

2) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, occupying the position of complement in the sentence in the case of different subjects of action in the conjugated form of the verb and the infinitive: Everyone asked her to sing (everyone asked, but she should sing);

3) a combination of a simple verbal predicate with an infinitive, which in a sentence is a circumstance of the goal: He went outside for a walk.

It is easy to notice that in all these cases the conjugated form of the verb, standing before the infinitive, has neither phase nor modal meaning.

Compound nominal predicate

The compound nominal predicate (CIS) has the following structure:

nominal part (ligament) + nominal part.

The nominal part expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The predicate part expresses the grammatical or grammatical and part of the lexical meaning of the predicate.

The nominal part is:

1) abstract: the verb to be (in the meaning of “to appear” and not “to be” or “to have”), which expresses only the grammatical meaning of the predicate - mood, tense, person / gender, number; in the present tense, the abstract connective appears in the zero form:

He is/was a student.

2) semi-nominal (semi-abstract): verbs appear (appear), happen, appear (seem), introduce yourself (introduce yourself), become (become), become (be done), stay (remain), count, etc., which express the grammatical meaning of the predicate and complement the meaning expressed by the nominal part; These verbs are usually not used without a nominal part:

He turned out to be a student.

She seemed tired.

3) significant (full-valued): verbs of movement, state, activity go, walk, run, return, sit, stand, lie, work, live, etc.:

We returned home tired.

He worked as a janitor.

He lived as a hermit.

When determining the type of predicate, the significant and semi-nominal copula can be replaced by an abstract one.

The nominal part can be expressed mono-wordly or non-wordly.

One-word expression of the noun phrase:

1) a noun in case form, more often in I. p. / T. p.:

He is/was a janitor.

The skirt was checkered.

2) an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any degree of comparison:

His words were stupid.

He became taller than his father.

He is the tallest in the class.

3) full or short participle:

The letter was not printed.

4) pronoun:

This pencil is mine!

5) numeral:

He was eighth in line.

6) adverb:

The conversation will be frank.

I felt sorry for the old man.

Non-word expression of the nominal part:

1) a phraseologically free, but syntactically related phrase can have the following structure:

a) a word with a quantitative meaning + a noun in R. p.:

The boy was five years old.

b) a noun with words dependent on it, if the noun itself is uninformative, and the semantic center of the statement is located precisely in the words dependent on the name (the noun itself in this case can be dropped from the sentence with almost no loss of meaning):

He is the best student in the class.

2) phraseological unit:

He was the talk of the town.

The connective part can also be expressed by phraseological units:

He looked gloomy and absent-minded - phraseology in the connective part;

A compound nominal predicate, like a compound verb, can be complicated by introducing a modal or phasic auxiliary verb into it:

She wanted to appear tired;

He gradually began to become an expert in this field.

Features of agreement between the predicate and the subject.

Inconsistent predicate

The agreement of the predicate with the subject is carried out in number, gender (for predicates expressed in forms that have a generic characteristic) and person (for subjects expressed by personal pronouns and predicates in the present / future tense and imperative mood).

The main problems in agreeing the predicate with the subject are related to agreement by number. Subjects that cause such problems can be divided into three groups.

I. In the subject of the word majority, minority, part

1) these words do not have dependent words in the subject:

Most decided to go to the cinema.

2) they have a singular dependent word:

Most of the class decided to go to the cinema.

3) the predicate contains a passive participle:

Most of the class was invited to the birthday party.

The predicate is put in the plural if the plurality or independence of subjects is emphasized:

Most of the boys and girls decided to go to the cinema.

II. Subject - numeral + noun in the genitive case

In this case, the predicate is put in the singular if

1) unity or totality is emphasized:

The hall seats one hundred people.

2) time or space is indicated:

Forty years have passed.

3) the numeral ends in one:

Thirty-one people went on the excursion.

4) the numerals (grammatically - nouns) thousand, million, billion are used:

A thousand people came to the concert.

The predicate is put in the plural if

1) in the subject there are numerals ending in two, three, four:

Two guys approached us.

2) the subject has all the definitions, these, those indicated, etc.:

All three invitees arrived at the same time.

In other cases, the predicate can be either singular or plural.

The question of the complex predicate in the scientific literature turned out to be extremely confusing: a) in educational and reference literature and in special works, the complex predicate is distinguished as one of the three main types - along with the simple and compound predicate; b) the concept of a complex predicate has completely different content, its criteria are justifiably contradictory. Shakhmatov’s system of three types of sentences, differing in the form of the predicate, became the basis for the subsequent characteristics of the three types of predicate: simple (cf. “single predicates”), compound (cf. “cohesive predicates”) and complex (cf. “double predicates”), giving them uncertainty and fuzziness of the main criterion [Ibid., 27].

A.M. Peshkovsky “very definitely proposed a system of two types of predicate” [Ibid.].

A complex predicate is a complicated simple or (more often) compound predicate.

The nominal or verbal type of a complex predicate is determined by the last component: if it is an infinitive, the predicate qualifies as a complex verb, if it is a name, then as a complex nominal).

Modal-temporal meanings are expressed by conjugated verb forms (they may not be present in the present tense). The nominal part in the first component (in the compound nominal predicate) of two-part sentences can be expressed by short adjectives: glad, ready, capable, intends, must, etc., and in one-part sentences - by words of a state category with a modal meaning (it is necessary, it is necessary, it’s impossible, it’s possible and under.) or with an emotional-evaluative meaning: fun, sad, pleasant, etc. The main part of the complex nominal predicate is connected to the first component using the infinitive to be or other verbal forms with the meaning of being, existence (live, exist, etc.).

Types of complex predicate

Complex (three-term, polynomial) is a predicate consisting of three or more parts. The following types of complex predicates are distinguished:

• a) verbal (consisting of only verbs and correlative with compound verbal predicates), for example: decided to start treatment, hopes to quit smoking;
• b) nominal (consisting of a predicative adjective, connective and nominal part, correlative with compound nominal predicates), for example: glad to be useful, ready to become a mediator;
• c) mixed (consisting of verbs and names, combining the characteristics of a compound verbal and a compound nominal predicate), for example: he could become a scientist, he is afraid of being funny.

For example: He wanted to appear brave on the fourth bastion (Tolstoy);

And you want to live like a lamb (Goncharov); I don’t even consider myself obligated to feel gratitude to him (Chernyshevsky); I was no longer afraid to be and seem sensitive... (Chekhov) [Ibid].

The general typology of the predicate is characterized in the Russian language by the opposition of a simple and a complex predicate with the division of a complex predicate into a compound nominal and a compound verb. Predicate constructions, which, on the basis of certain characteristics, were considered as forms of a “complex predicate”, also have their place in the outlined system of predicate types.

Until now, in the Russian language there is no consensus on what the predicate is as the main member of a sentence. Which classification of predicate is preferable: semantic or structural? How to determine clear boundaries of the type of predicate? Whose method of studying predicates in school grammar should be preferred? All this is reflected in the practice of teaching Russian at school and in the quality of preparation of graduates for the Unified State Exam.

In our opinion, the definition of A. G. Rudnev should be chosen as a working definition of the predicate:

• 1. The predicate as the main member of a sentence denotes the attribute of the subject that it possesses, either produces or perceives from the outside, and answers the questions: “who is (or “what is”) the object?”, “what is the object?”, “what does the object? or “what is being done with it?” .
• 2. The predicate as part of a sentence performs three semantic functions: 1) establishes the subject as the bearer of the attribute in the possession in time of one or another attribute inherent in it; 2) denotes the action that the subject performs; 3) denotes an action that the subject perceives from the outside [Ibid].

Regarding the predicate and its structural types, “in our educational and scientific literature there is unimaginable confusion.” There is no single classification of predicate types; it is considered according to two options: structural and semantic. There are different views on the identification of structural types of the predicate. Scientific grammar distinguishes three types of predicate: 1) simple; 2) compound and 3) complex.

Linguists recognize that non-conjugated forms of verbal roots of words (such as bam, jump, push, etc.) can be used as a predicate, as a rule, in colloquial speech with a connotation of a sudden, instantaneous action of the perfect form in the past.

Combinations with a verbal reference word, which have not yet become phraseological units, but have already lost to varying degrees the “freedom of compatibility”: to conduct a conversation, arrange a reception, give a hand, make an impression, etc., are qualified in scientific grammar in two ways: a) they can be considered as predicate and b) a minor member can be highlighted in them.

Phase and modal verbs in combination with verbs containing an emotional assessment of the action do not have an unambiguous interpretation in the literature and are considered either as predicates or as combinations of predicates with complements.

A controversial issue in linguistic literature is the question of the predicate of a complex compound type. Unlike P. A. Lekant, V. V. Babaytseva, N. S. Valgina, who distinguish verbal, nominal and mixed predicates of a complex type, I. P. Raspopov considers these constructions to be a union of two predicates - main and secondary.

A controversial issue in scientific grammar is the inclusion in the category of a compound nominal predicate of constructions such as lay fainted, returned rejuvenated. In such sentences, two predicative features are expressed simultaneously - active and passive, therefore, the predicate can be qualified as “double” (A. A. Shakhmatov). In another interpretation, these constructions are regarded as a complex predicate or as a combination of a simple verbal predicate in the strict sense of the term, and the conjugated verb is not a copula.

All forms of the predicate are divided into two structural types - simple and complex - based on the relationship between real and grammatical meanings. According to the content of the predicative feature, the verb and nominal predicate are contrasted. The verb predicate denotes an active attribute (action), the nominal predicate denotes a passive attribute (quality, property, state, etc.) [Ibid., 136].