Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

Rules citing techniques very simple:

1. The text of the quotation must exactly correspond to the source from which it was taken. Only minor changes can be made to it.

First tolerance from the original - it is allowed to modernize spelling and punctuation using modern rules. Thus, it is customary to translate quotes from pre-revolutionary publications into modern spelling and punctuation. The difficulty of such a translation is that one must be able to separate the features of the old-time spelling and punctuation system from the individual features of the spelling and punctuation of the author of the quoted text (the latter cannot be leveled out and cannot be destroyed). When it comes to yats, the hard sign at the end of nouns, the question is clear. But here it is necessary to distinguish an intonation, author's comma from a comma placed according to outdated punctuation rules that were only previously accepted. Here you really need to study the rules of that time, study the specific individual features of the author’s punctuation and make decisions on this basis. It is impossible to touch upon the forms characteristic of the era.

It is advisable to modernize spelling and punctuation also in quotations from post-revolutionary publications, which is not always accepted. If, when quoting from pre-revolutionary publications, spelling and punctuation are modernized mainly so that the quotation is easier to read, then when quoting post-revolutionary publications - in order not to have a destructive influence on the literacy of the reader with unestablished spelling and punctuation skills, not to confuse him, to consolidate today's norms. If the word Western European changed its spelling several times after the revolution from hyphenated to continuous, then, of course, there will be little benefit if this discrepancy is maintained.

Second tolerance from the original - arbitrarily abbreviated words can be written in full. The supplemented part of the word is enclosed in straight brackets: “because]”.

The same goes for misspellings - you can put the correct word next to them in straight brackets. Words omitted by the author, but necessary for a better understanding of the quote, are also placed in straight brackets.

Third tolerance from the original - it is allowed to omit one or more words and even sentences if they are not needed by the person quoting, and if the thought of the author of the quotation is not distorted in any way.

The reader must be made aware that the quotation does not reproduce the text in full, and that in one place or another text is omitted. A gap is indicated, as is known, by an ellipsis. Are words omitted at the beginning of the quoted sentence, in the middle, at the end - everywhere, instead of the omitted words, an ellipsis is placed.

The omission of several sentences, one or more paragraphs is usually indicated by an ellipsis in angle brackets<...>.

The ellipsis is not used only in cases where individual words or phrases are quoted. It is already clear to the reader that in the text from which these words enclosed in quotation marks are extracted, they are preceded or followed by other words.

2. You need to quote the author only from his works. Only in exceptional cases, when the original source is completely inaccessible or finding it is fraught with enormous difficulties, is it permissible to quote the author from excerpts from his works cited by another author.

There are several reasons for the restriction. There is a danger of inaccurate quoting. You have to rely only on the thoroughness of the one who quoted first, which is problematic. The reader's path to the source is difficult.

3. As a rule, it is impossible to quote an author from older editions of his works if there are later, more refined ones. If a classic work is cited, then a textually authoritative publication should be chosen as the primary source.

It is customary to quote the works of the founders of Marxism-Leninism according to the latest edition of their collected works: the works of V. I. Lenin - according to the Complete Works (5th edition), the works of K. Marx and F. Engels - according to the 2nd edition of the Works.

Editorial, or editorial-technical, design of quotations is subject to the following rules:

1. A quotation is enclosed in quotation marks, except when it (after the text warning about the quotation following it and a colon) is typed in a font different from the font of the main text in size or design. A typical example is a poetic quotation; it is usually typed in a smaller font than the main text and is not enclosed in quotation marks. Font highlighting quite clearly shows the boundaries of the quoted text and thereby replaces the quotation marks.

Epigraphs and quotation marks are not enclosed in quotation marks. They are highlighted by position, typing format (already the main text) and signature - a link to the author.

2. The text of the quotation should be divided into paragraphs in the same way as in the source.

3. The text of the quotation is written with capital letter:

a) if the quotation after the colon in the middle of the phrase began with a capital letter in the source;

b) if the quotation omits the first words of the quoted sentence, but it begins a phrase, comes after a period, or opens the text.

In the source - a letter from A.P. Chekhov:

If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital; if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people, and not on Malaya Dmitrovka, with mongooses.

In the text with a quote:

a) Chekhov wrote: “If I am a doctor, then I need patients and a hospital...”;

b) Chekhov said well about how necessary a writer’s connection with the people is. “...If I am a writer, then I need to live among the people, and not on Malaya Dmitrovka, with mongoose,” we read in one of his letters.

4. The text of the quotation is written with lowercase letter:

a) if the first words are omitted from the quotation, but it does not begin a phrase, but stands in its middle;

b) if in a quotation-sentence the first word is not omitted, but the quotation is included in the syntactic structure of the phrase - it stands in its middle, but not after the colon; in this case, despite the fact that the source text of the quotation is written in capital letters, the quotation itself is written in lowercase letters.

In the source - text by S. I. Vavilov:

It is necessary by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.

In the text with a quote:

a) S.I. Vavilov demanded “...by all means to rid humanity from reading bad, unnecessary books”;

or in the version with Chekhov's text:

a) Chekhov wrote: “...if I am a writer, then I need to live among the people”;

b) S.I. Vavilov wrote that “it is necessary by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

5. The ellipsis also replaces all punctuation marks that precede it. Commas, dashes, semicolons, and colons are discarded before the omitted word(s). For example:

In the source:

In general, each Chekhov short story is so laconic, so dense in its consistency, the images in it are so meaningful that if anyone decided to comment on any of them, the comments would turn out to be much more extensive than the text, for another fugitive and inconspicuous image occupying two lines in the text , one would have to devote five or six pages to at least partially find out what idea is in it (Chukovsky K. Chekhov. - In the book: Chukovsky K. Contemporaries. Portraits and sketches. M., "Mol. Guard", 1963, p. 112).

In quote:

Right:

As K. Chukovsky writes, “... each Chekhov short story is so laconic, so thick in its consistency... that if anyone decided to comment on any of them, the comments would be much more extensive than the text...”

"...so thick in consistency...what if..."

"...so thick in consistency... that if..."

However, if in a quotation of several sentences a complete sentence is followed by a sentence at the beginning of which one or more words are omitted, then the period before the ellipsis is retained, separated from the ellipsis by a space and starting the sentence in which the first words are omitted with a capital letter. For example:

In the source:

Tolstoy “chopped” his manuscripts and proofs not because he sought special aesthetic perfection, as, for example, Flaubert did. The main reason was that he... continuously reacted to everything he learned and saw, and constantly came to new decisions and conclusions (Eikhenbaum B. Creative stimuli of L. Tolstoy. - In the book: Eikhenbaum B. About prose. Collection of articles. "P., "Khudozh. lit.", 1969, p. 80).

In quote:

B. Eikhenbaum explained it this way: “Tolstoy “chopped” his manuscripts and proofs not because he sought special aesthetic perfection, as Flaubert did, for example. ... He ... continuously reacted to everything he learned and saw, and constantly came to new decisions and conclusions" (Eikhenbaum B. About prose. Collection of articles. Leningrad, "Khudozh. lit.", 1969, p. 80).

The dot is also preserved before the ellipsis enclosed in angle brackets:

Offer.<...>Offer.

If a word or several words are omitted at the end of the sentence preceding a large bill, this is indicated by an ellipsis, regardless of the ellipsis in angle brackets:

Offer...<...>Offer.

6. It is recommended to start a quotation that continues the text after a colon on a new line:

a) when it consists of two or more paragraphs;

b) when it represents poetic lines;

c) when it is necessary to highlight it from the text.

In other cases, the quotation, as a rule, is included in the text, unless, of course, it begins a new paragraph. It is advisable to adhere to uniform decisions within one publication.

7. Large quotes with text divided into paragraphs should be highlighted from the text using a font (usually a smaller size) or indentation. Retracts are undesirable when quotes take up a page or more (the highlighting in this case is hardly noticeable).

8. Such author's and editor's notes to the quotation, such as semantic explanations necessary during its reading, instructions on the selections made by the quoting person, are placed inside the quotation. They are usually enclosed in parentheses, starting with a lowercase letter, ending with a dot, a dash, and the initials of the citing person’s first and last name in bold font—usually in italics. For example:

“There are cockroaches in my brain (from reading - K. Ch.).”

“In everything, almost everything that I wrote, I was guided by the need for a collection of thoughts linked together to express myself...” (our italics - M. Sh.).

Identical in-quote notes, if there are many of them, are replaced with interlinear notes at the first quote, for example:

It is easier for the reader to find a footnote if he, not reading the book from the very beginning, wants to inquire about who owns the highlights in the quotes.

If in quotations there are emphases of both the author’s and the citing one, then it is advisable to format them differently (for example, the author’s – in space, the quoting – in italics), specifying only the quotation’s emphases: Everywhere in quotes italics are mine.- I.I.

Thus, working with quotations requires the editor to have a subtle semantic analysis and great technical equipment, without which the culture of the publication may suffer.

Quote, or excerpt, is a text from a work, reproduced verbatim by the author in the publication to substantiate his own statements or refute the quoted author, etc.

What are the rules for formatting quotations, depending on their location in the phrase and the syntactic relationships between it and the preceding and subsequent text?

1. Between the words of the quoter and the quotation that follows them:

1. put a colon if the quoting words preceding the quotation warn that a quotation will follow; For example:
   I.S. Nikitin wrote: "...not reading means for me not living..."
2. they put an end to it if, despite the warning nature of the text preceding the quotation, inside the quotation or behind it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text of the phrase; For example:
   I.S. said this clearly. Nikitin. “...Not reading means for me not living...” writes the poet N.I. Vtorov.
3. do not put any marks if the quotation appears in relation to the text preceding it as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause begun in the quoting text; For example:
   S.I. Vavilov demanded "...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books."
   S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”

2. After quotation marks in a phrase ending with a quotation:

1. put a period if there is no ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before these quotation marks; For example:
   A.N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.”
2. they put a period if the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, but the quote is not an independent sentence, but acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included (usually such quotes are part of a subordinate clause); For example:
   Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”.
3. do not put any marks if there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person preceding them); For example:
   Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a more blue and fresh morning!”
   Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
   Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”

3. In a sentence with a quote in the middle:

1. before a quotation, a colon is placed or not placed according to the same rules as before a quotation, which ends the quoting phrase (see paragraph 1a);
2. after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a comma is placed if the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that also ends with it; For example:
   So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves...
   or completes the first part of a complex sentence:
   Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially interested in books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed the gross logical error;
   or the quotation completes the main clause, followed by a subordinate clause:
   And then you have to read: “The viewer met E. Vitsin...”, although Vitsin’s name is Georgy.
3. after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a dash is placed if, according to the conditions of the context, the subsequent text is not supposed to be separated by a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it attached by the conjunction “and” another):
   The author, after the phrase: “Production management is built on a scientific basis,” quotes...
   or the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark:
   When the literary staff member signed the answer to the reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...
   or a dash must be placed according to the rules of punctuation between the part of the phrase before the quote and the part of the phrase after it:
   To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism...
4. after a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed, which applies to the entire text with the quotation, at the end of the last poetic line; For example:
   “Life is spread out in nature like a boundless ocean,” and even that it is to man
   blissfully indifferent
   As befits the deities (1.96),
   does not cast a shadow on the call...

4. In a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quotation:

1. if at the break in the quotation there is a comma, semicolon, colon, dash or there are no punctuation marks, then the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash; For example:
   in the source:
   I have become incapable of noble impulses...
   in the edition with a quote:
   “I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...”
2. if there is a period where the quotation breaks, then a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and after these words - a period and a dash, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter; For example:
   in the source:
   ...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. I'm ready to make any sacrifice...
   in the edition with a quote:
   “...My heart is turning to stone, and nothing will warm it up again,” concludes Pechorin. “I am ready for all sacrifices...”
3. if there is a question or exclamation mark at the break in the quotation, then before the quoting words this sign and a dash are placed, and after the quoting words - a dot and a dash or a comma and a dash, starting the second part with an uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on which letter it began in the quotation after an exclamation or question mark; For example:
   in the source:
   I sometimes despise myself... isn't that why I despise others too?..
   I became incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
   ...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again.
   in the edition with a quote:
   “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”
   “...Forgive me love!” Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart is turning into stone, and nothing will warm it up again.”
4. if there is an ellipsis at the break in the quotation, then an ellipsis and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash after the quoting words; For example:
   “I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin, “isn’t that why I despise others too?..”
5. if in the words of the quoter there are two verbs, one of which refers to the first part of the quotation, and the other to the second, then after the first part of the quotation a punctuation mark is placed at the place where the quotation breaks, and a dash, and after the quoting words a colon and a dash; For example:
   “I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”

5. In a sentence that begins with a quote:

1. if the quotation in the source ended with a period, then after the quotation a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words; For example:
   in the source:
   ...I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
   in the edition with a quote:
   “I’m afraid to seem funny to myself,” Pechorin wrote.
2. if the quotation in the source ended with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then after the quotation a dash is placed before the quoting words; For example:
   in the source:
   I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others too?..
   in the edition with a quote:
   “I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin.

Quote correctly!!!

Quotes can decorate the text, confirming or revealing more widely the idea expressed by the author, therefore, they are probably willingly used both in journalism and in scientific works. But sometimes introducing a quotation into a text can cause difficulties in terms of punctuation.

In this article we will try to remember the rules for formatting quotes for different ways of including them in the text. Let us remember which words need to be used, as well as ways to highlight certain words in the quoted passage.

What is a quotation: example

A quotation is a verbatim reproduction of what was said, while being inextricably linked in meaning to the text in which the passage is included.

Old age is, first of all, experience accumulated throughout life. As the great Faina Ranevskaya once said: “Memories are the wealth of old age.”

Combining several passages from different parts of the work in one quotation is not allowed. They should be formatted as different quotations. An obligatory requirement is the presence of an indication of its source.

If the passage you quote does not begin at the beginning of the original sentence, then an ellipsis is placed there in the quotation. This sign is also placed in place of all missing words in the passage.

“... An intelligent person knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise person never gets into it,” Ranevskaya emphasized.

As the author or source of the quoted passage is indicated

In this article we will not talk about how a bibliographic footnote is formatted, but we will discuss the ways in which the author or source of what is cited is indicated. Good manners require you to do this every time you use someone else's thoughts.

“Incompetent people have a tendency to reach categorical and categorical conclusions” (David Dunning).

Please note that in this version there is no period after the quotation; it is placed only after the link! By the way, if the first word in brackets indicating the source is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.

“Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).

If the formatting of quotations in the text requires the name of the author or their source to be placed on another line, then they are written without parentheses or other punctuation marks. And after the quote itself there is a period or any necessary sign.

Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions.

David Dunning

The same rule applies to epigraphs.

Highlights within quotes

If the passage cited as a quotation contains author’s emphases, they are preserved in the same form as in the original source. The design of citations does not require special emphasis on the fact that these marks belong to the author. In cases where the citing person wants to highlight something, he must make an appropriate footnote. To do this, indicate in brackets: “my italics” or “emphasized by me” - and put initials.

A. Startsev spoke about the writer O. Henry: “Endowed by nature with the rare gift of seeing the funny..., he encountered the tragic in life..., but in most cases I preferred to remain silent about it(my italics - I.I.).”

“The literary legend that unites their names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - I.I.) is significant. After all, Ostrovsky was initially perceived as a direct successor of Gogol’s work...”

Ways in which quotations are put into context

Quotations can be introduced into a sentence as direct speech. In these cases, in the Russian language they are placed in the same way as when highlighting direct speech.

I. Zakharov emphasizes: “Ranevskaya handed down cruel rulings to others that looked like court decisions. But she didn’t spare herself either.”

In cases where the quote must be separated by the words of the author, it looks like this:

“His Majesty remains completely confident,” wrote A.S. Pushkin A.Kh. Benkendorf, - that you will use your excellent abilities to pass on to posterity the glory of our Fatherland ... "

If the quotation is an addition, or it is included in a subordinate clause, then no signs other than quotation marks are placed, and the quotation itself begins with a small letter, even if in the source it was written with a capital letter:

At one time, the philosopher J. Locke said that “there is nothing in the intellect that is not in feeling.”

at the end of the quote

Separately, you need to consider the design of a quotation in a letter in situations where it is necessary to decide on the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after the quotation marks.

• If the quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark, then they are placed before the quotation marks:

She exclaimed: “By obeying all the rules, you are depriving yourself of many pleasures!”

• And in a situation where there are no signs before the quotation marks in the quotation, a period is placed at the end of the sentence, but only after them:

Ranevskaya lamented: “85 years with diabetes is not sugar.”

• If the quotation is part of a subordinate clause, then a period should be placed after the quotation marks, even if there is already an exclamation mark, a question mark or an ellipsis before them:

Marlene Dietrich rightly believed that “tenderness is a better proof of love than the most passionate vows...”.

Lowercase or at the beginning of the quote?

If a quotation is placed after a colon, then you need to pay attention to what letter it began with in the original source. If it is with a lowercase letter, then the quote is written with a small letter, only an ellipsis is placed before the text:

Describing A.S. Pushkina, I.A. Goncharov emphasized: “...in the gestures accompanying his speech there was the restraint of a secular, well-bred man.”

If the quoted passage begins with a capital letter, then the quotations are formatted in the same way as in direct speech - with a capital letter after the colon.

V. Lakshin wrote about A.N. Ostrovsky: “Many things continue to sound in these plays with living joy and pain, echoing in our soul.”

Some more nuances of noting quotes

How to indicate a quotation if you only need to quote one word or phrase? In such cases, the given word is enclosed in quotation marks and introduced into the sentence with a small letter:

V. Lakshin emphasized that the faces in Ostrovsky’s comedies are historically accurate and “ethnographically vivid.”

In situations where the original source of the quotation is not freely available (there is no translation into Russian or this is a rare publication), then when quoting you should indicate: “cit. By".

Is it possible to change anything in the quoted passage?

Formatting quotations requires not only compliance with the rules of punctuation, but also a correct attitude towards the quoted text. On the part of the author of the article in which these passages are given, only a few deviations from their original state are allowed:

• the use of modern spelling and punctuation, if the manner of writing and placement of characters is not a sign of the author’s individual style;
• restoration of abbreviated words, but with the obligatory conclusion of the added part in, for example, sv-vo - svo[yst]vo;
• the design of quotations also allows for the omission of individual words in them, with the location of the omission indicated by an ellipsis, if this does not distort the general meaning of the quoted passage;
• When including individual phrases or words, you can change their case so as not to disrupt the syntactic structure of the phrase in which they are included.

If the author needs to further express his attitude to the quoted passage or to some of its words, he, as a rule, places a question mark or exclamation mark enclosed in parentheses after them.

Not only punctuation marks in Russian should serve to convey a quote

For an author writing a scientific or literary work, a quotation is a convincing and economical technique that allows you to present facts to the reader, generalize them and, of course, confirm your idea with reference to authoritative sources.

In non-scientific texts, quotation is often a means of emotional impact. But we must not forget that the passage quoted must be conveyed accurately. Indeed, even in the definition of the concept “quote” it is emphasized that this is a verbatim excerpt from a text. And from this it follows that not only the text itself, but also the punctuation marks that the author has, as well as the emphasis that he has, must be reproduced without distortion.

And this can equally be attributed to both official documents and emotional excerpts from fiction. Only by remembering this can you fully understand what a quote is. An example of respect for the quoted material is, first of all, respect for the author who wrote the lines you quote.

The text is no less important than its semantic load. In particular, this applies to quotes. Errors with such text elements are among the most common; most students make them in one form or another. Next, we will look in detail at how to format citations in coursework and provide several practical examples.

1. Abuse of direct quotations is a sign of course work of low quality, deliberately “inflated” in its volume. In addition, non-unique quoted passages of text reduce the overall uniqueness of the coursework. Do not forget that this parameter is important in many universities, and its unsatisfactory value leads to a decrease in the student’s score.
2. Excessively large quotations, occupying almost a third of the page, are unacceptable. The reasons are the same - a decrease in the uniqueness of the work, and therefore its quality. Large quotations are permissible only in exceptional cases, for example, when it is necessary to analyze a passage of a work of art, consider the means of artistic expression used by the author, the manner of presentation, etc.
3. Citing reference literature is not always appropriate. Mention of various kinds of dictionaries and course reference books is not encouraged; references to such literature are permissible only in the introduction and, if necessary, definitions of terms.

How to format citations in coursework: the most common methods

There are two types of citation:

• direct
• indirect

In turn, direct quotes can be introduced into the text of the work in several ways:

• indicating the author and source directly in the text
• with reference to the author and source

Indirect quotation

In terms of design, this method is the simplest. Another advantage is that the text of the quotation can be changed; it is not necessary to use it verbatim. The student can state the essence of the quote in his own words and select key ideas from it.

Examples of indirect citation:

Direct Quote

A few punctuation rules for direct quotation:

How to provide an incomplete quotation? Sometimes it is necessary to quote without a certain part of it. In such a case, the words that are omitted are replaced with ellipses. Such a construction can be located anywhere in the passage - at the end, middle or very beginning. If three dots are located in front of the text, that is, the beginning of the phrase is omitted, its continuation is written with a small letter. In one quotation, several passages can be replaced with periods at once, at the discretion of the author of the work.

How to quote, citing a source?

This method of introducing quotes is used most often. The use of footnotes or square brackets is acceptable here.

If you decide to use footnotes, you must do so as follows:

That is, the quoted phrase should be cited, followed by the footnote number. The number is indicated with the “Superscript” parameter enabled. At the bottom of the page there is a shortened horizontal line, under which the footnote number is duplicated (that is, “1”), a dot is placed and the source is indicated, most often with the page designation.

Note! The formatting of footnotes should be page-by-page. In other words, it is unacceptable for a quoted phrase to remain on one page, but a footnote indicating its source appears on the next or further. The fact is that the numbering of footnotes may not be continuous throughout the entire text of the course work, but page-by-page. That is, each subsequent footnote is considered the first for a new page.

When using square brackets, the quotation is introduced into the text as a separate sentence, without changes to the text and without the punctuation marks mentioned above. After it, square brackets open, which indicate the source number and its specific page.

It looks like this:

Note! When using square brackets, take into account the requirements of your university regarding the compilation of a bibliography. Numbering of quotations can be either in the order of their appearance in the text or in alphabetical order (by source names).

In the Russian language, there are certain rules for quotation and its design, the use of which will help you correctly insert a quotation into any text. Citing is an integral part of writing abstracts, term papers and dissertations, articles and texts. Quotes give the article completeness, conciseness and a certain status, as the credibility of the author increases by quoting famous people. However, many people wonder how to format quotes correctly, as well as where in the text and how to insert a quote.

Let's look at the basic rules for formatting quotes in Russian.

Rules for quotations in Russian

1. The most important rule for formatting a quotation is this: the quotation must reproduce the quoted text with 100% accuracy! Deviations from the text, insertion or exclusion of any parts of the text are unacceptable.
2. The same applies to punctuation marks - they must correspond to those in the text. When the quoted text is not at hand (for example, when taking an exam), it is necessary to place the appropriate punctuation marks according to the punctuation rules of the Russian language.
3. The quotation must be relevant and justified by the specific goals of the author.
4. When you omit some words from passages, you should put an ellipsis in place of the omission. At the same time, we should not forget that the ellipsis should not distort the meaning of the phrase, since such a violation is a gross error in quoting as such. If the quotation does not contain the first words, then it is necessary to put an ellipsis after the quotation marks and begin the quotation with a small letter.
5. The original meaning is the main criterion of the quotator. When a quotation refers to one subject and is used to describe another, the meaning that the author gave to the quotation is distorted.
6. If a quote is added to the text of an essay, then it is possible to use indirect speech, which will allow you to convey the exact phrase of the person being quoted (for example, the hero of a book). For example: “I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre. Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”
7. It is unacceptable to retell a poetic text in your own words.

How to highlight a quote graphically?

1. The most basic way is quotes.
2. Italics or a smaller font size for the quotation compared to the body text.
3. A separate place for a quote on the page (middle, side).

Making highlights inside a quote

Regardless of whether the selections belong to the author of the quoted text or are the initiative of the quoting person, they are also subject to strict requirements.

If the emphasis belongs to the quoting person, then they are specified. The comment is enclosed in parentheses.

Epigraph

Separately, it is worth considering the epigraph - a quote that is placed at the beginning of an essay or a separate part to give a certain image, meaning, spirit to the work or express the author’s thoughts. A witty saying used as an epigraph is called "motto".

The requirements for the design of an epigraph are slightly different from the rules for the design of regular quotes:

• located on the right side of the sheet;
• formatted without quotation marks;
• The author's surname and initials are not enclosed in parentheses;
• There is no period after the surname.

For example:

Who fastened it wrong

first button

It won't fasten properly anymore.

(Johann Wolfgang von Goethe)

About copyright

The law of the Russian Federation does not prohibit quoting both in the original and in translation, without the consent of the author or payment of remuneration, but requires the indication of the name of the author, the work from which the quotation was taken, as well as the source of borrowing.

So, we have looked at the most important rules for formatting quotes. To remember them faster, read more of the literature that contains quotes, then you will know exactly how to write quotes so that they complement your own text. Good luck!