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Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Improve the skills of analysis and assessment of PR reserves, roles in human life.

Develop the ability to independently work with various sources of geographic information.

Equipment: Physical, climate maps of Russia

Move lesson

I. Organizing time

Geographic digital dictation

Task: assign numbers to natural complexes if the feature corresponds to the complex.

Complexes: Chukotka, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Commander Islands, Ussuri taiga.

Signs:

1. The following grow here: Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, etc.

2. Discovered this territory of the Far One.

3. This is the coldest part of the Far East.

4. There are many active volcanoes in the Eastern Ridge.

5. The origin of the ridge is volcanic.

6. The population uses thermal waters as a recreational resource. “Everything here is not like ours. Everything is the same, but not the same. Squirrels are not red, but black. Magpies are blue."

I've been here on the island.

The highest peak of the Far East is Klyuchevskaya Sopka.

10.The researchers of this natural complex are a famous traveler and writer.

11. Here they say “12 months are winter, and the rest of the time is summer.”

12.The attraction of this PTK is the grandiose fir grove.

13. There are large rookeries of fur seals here.

14. Lake Khanka is the largest lake in the Far East.

15.In 1995, an earthquake destroyed the city of Neftegorsk.

16. A natural uniqueness of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers is located in this PTK.

17. This territory occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics.

18. Here, most of the territory is occupied by a subzone of coniferous-birch park forests with a predominance of stone and Japanese birches.

19.The population grows rice and soybeans.

20. Vitus Bering is buried on one of them.

Answers:

Chukotka - 3, 11.

Kamchatka - 2.4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 18.

Sakhalin-8, 15.

Commander Islands - 5, 13, 20.

Ussuri taiga - 1, 7, 10, 14, 17, 19.

The form of work is an independent assessment of the natural resources of the Far East using maps, textbook text and filling out the table:

Natural resources of the Far East (continued)

At the end of the lesson, the table and the conclusion from the table are evaluated.

IV Homework

Topic: Natural resources of the Far East

Goals and objectives of the lesson:

Consider the natural resources of the Far East - types, location, possibility of use.

To develop knowledge about environmental problems of the Far East.

Develop the ability to work with different sources of geographic information.

Equipment: Physical, climatic maps of Russia and the Far East; maps of natural areas; tectonic map, zoogeographic map (R.: p. 159), herbarium, rock collection.

During the classes

I. Organizing time

II. Repetition. Checking homework

Work in pairs or groups

Listen to a comparison of two natural-territorial complexes of the Far East.

The students’ task is to identify the resources of the natural complex and determine (evaluate) the living conditions of humans in a given PTC.

Working on a map. Show on the map.

Option I: Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Shelikhov Bay, Sakhalin Island, Cape Dezhnev, Kuril Islands, Sredinny Range. Koryak Highlands, Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano, Dzhugdzhur ridge, Lake Khanka, Amur River, Zeya River.

// option: Sea of ​​Japan, Bering Sea, Kunashir Strait, Nevelskoy Strait, Commander Islands, Chukotka Peninsula, Peter the Great Bay, Ratmanov Island, Sikhote-Alin Range, Chukotka Highlands, Ussuri River, Anadyr River.

III. Learning new material

The Far East extends from north to south for 4 thousand kilometers. In the north of the Far East - the Chukotka Peninsula - there is snow almost all year round, and ice floats in the seas, tundra on the surface, and permafrost underground.

Residents of Chukotka say: “We have winter for 12 months, and the rest is summer.”

In the south of the Far East, located at the latitude of the North Caucasus (Vladivostok lies at the latitude of Sochi), there is a warm, humid summer. Heat-loving trees also grow here - Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, Amur grapes, relict endemic plant ginseng and delicate lotus.

Remember in which natural complex of Russia, besides Lake Hanga, does the lotus grow? (In the Astrakhan Nature Reserve in the Volga delta.)

The Far East is washed by the seas of two oceans. Name the seas. (Chukchi, Bering, Okhotsk, Japanese.)

The territory of the Far East is the most remote from the European part of Russia, from the capital of Russia - Moscow. It is not easy to inhabit and develop it. To develop the Far East, the longest road in the world was built here - the Siberian Railway, the rails of which end in Vladivostok on the shore of the Sea of ​​Japan.

Why are we developing this part of Russia? What does the Far East give to Russia? What resources did the indigenous population of the Far East use?

Today we will determine what natural resources the territory of the Far East is rich in, what is the possibility of using resources in the Far East.

Mineral resources of the Far East

Let's get acquainted with the mineral resources of the Far East. What maps will give us information about this type of resource? (Tectonic, physical maps.)

The main mineral resource of the Far East is gold. Find deposits on maps and name them. (This is the Selemdzha River basin, the slope of the Sikhote-Alin, the lower reaches of the Amur River, the Chukotka Peninsula, the Kamchatka River.)

The second place in importance is occupied by ores of non-ferrous metals, lead, zinc, mercury, and tin. The famous “tin belt” runs here in eastern Asia.

Tin occurs in Chukotka, in the Sikhote-Alin ridge, in the Bureinsky ridge, in the south of the Kolyma Highlands. In the Sikhote-Alin ridge there are deposits of tungsten, molybdenum, lead and zinc (Tetyukhinskoe deposit of lead-zinc ores). Iron ores are mined in the south of the Far East - in the Amur region, Bureinsky ridge.

So, we have identified large mineral deposits in the Far East. Guys, what do these minerals have in common? What do they have in common? (These are ore minerals.)

That's right, why are there many deposits of ore minerals in the Far East? (This is a mountainous area, a folded area, composed of igneous rocks, in which ores predominate.)

Are there non-metallic minerals in the Far East? (There are coal deposits - the Bureinsky basin, and in the south of Primorye the Partizanskoye deposit, on Sakhalin Island, on the Kamchatka Peninsula. Oil and gas are produced in the north of Sakhalin Island.)

Let's evaluate mineral resources and the possibilities of their use.

The Far East has a variety of minerals - both ore and fuel. But some of the deposits are located in undeveloped areas where there are no roads. In addition, the natural conditions are unfavorable - polar night, cold winters, permafrost, mountainous terrain, and a high probability of earthquakes. There are especially great difficulties in developing deposits in the north of the Far East.

Agroclimatic resources

-Agroclimatic resources are necessary for agriculture, these are moisture and heat. It is determined by the heat supply based on the annual sum of temperatures, i.e. average daily temperatures above +10°C.)

Agroclimatic map (R.: p. 102, fig. 46).

The south of the Far East has favorable conditions for agriculture, there is enough heat for plant growth, and precipitation falls in a monsoon climate.

In summer, which makes it possible to engage in farming without irrigation and sprinkling. Autumn in the Far East is dry (the rainy season is ending), which is convenient for harvesting.

The most favorable conditions are in the Amur region and in the lowlands of Primorye. Even heat-loving crops grow here: soybeans, rice, tomatoes, cucumbers and even grapes.

Water resources

Let's evaluate the availability of fresh water in the Far East, i.e., a dense or sparse river network, the presence of large lakes. (The river network is dense, because the eastern slopes receive a lot of precipitation. The rivers are full in summer. They freeze in winter.)

Large rivers - Amur with Zeya, Bureya, Ussuri - in the south of the Far East. Mountain rivers have hydropower resources, i.e. hydroelectric power stations can be built on them. Navigable rivers of the Far East. (Cupid, Zeya, BooRhea, Ussuri.)

It’s true, the Selemdzha and Amgun rivers are also navigable. What are the possibilities for using rivers? (Rivers can also be used for householdneeds, both for the construction of hydroelectric power stations and as transport routes. But in the summer, floods and flash floods are possible.)

Energetic resources

In the Far East there are special inexhaustible types of resources that are still very little used by humans to obtain energy. Name them. (This is energyinternal heat of the earth- hot springs of Kamchatka, and the energy of ebbs and flows; in Shelikhov Bay in Penzhinskaya Bay the highest tides are up to 13 meters.)

The Pauzheyskaya geothermal station operates in Kamchatka; hot water is used to heat buildings and greenhouses. In Penzhinskaya Bay there was a project for the construction of a tidal power station, and it was marked on maps as being under construction, but on later maps this station was not marked.

Conclusion: Energy resources are poorly used.

Biological resources.

The biological resources of the Far East are very rich.

For a long time, the indigenous population of the entire Far East was engaged in hunting and fishing. The inhabitants of Chukotka were engaged in fishing for whales, walruses, seals, and fur seals.

In Chukotka there is still a tradition: sea whale fishing ends with the delivery of the whale to the shore. The whole village, old and young, gathered to get a piece of the whale’s still warm liver. This is a remedy for scurvy.

30 fur-bearing animals are used as hunting objects. And the young antlers of sika deer (flower deer) and wapiti are used to produce a valuable medicine - pantocrine.

The fish resources of the Pacific Ocean are very important. Salmon fish are especially valued - salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon, and chinook salmon. A lot of herring, pollock, and saury are caught in the seas. They harvest crabs, shrimp, shellfish, and algae - kelp. The forests are rich in valuable wood species.

Biological resources are rich and the possibility of using them is quite good. The problem is the ice cover of the seas in winter, since the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is still clogged with ice in June and ship movement is only possible with the help of icebreakers.

Recreational resources. Students evaluate recreational resources independently. The result of the lesson should be a completed table:

Natural resources of the Far East

Homework: B.: §43; Compose a brief description of one of the Russian PTCs for students to recognize this PTC.

Mineral resources. The natural resources of the Far East are rich and varied. There are many mineral deposits in the Far East. The main ones are ore. Gold ranks first among the region's mineral resources. Gold is mined in Kolyma, Chukotka, in the lower reaches of the Amur, in the upper reaches of Selemdzha, on the right bank of the Zeya and on the eastern slope of Sikhote-Alin.

The second place in importance is occupied by ores of non-ferrous and rare metals.

Even in comparison with the regions of Siberia rich in mineral resources, the Far East stands out in that very scarce and sometimes simply unique minerals are concentrated here. These include tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, gold, mercury, graphite, fluorite, etc.

Table 10. Natural resources of the Far East

Tin deposits are concentrated in Chukotka, on the eastern and southern outskirts of the Khingan-Bureya massif, in the middle and southern parts of the Sikhote-Alin. Sikhote-Alin is rich in tungsten and mercury, and there is also a large Tetyukhinskoye deposit of lead-zinc ores.

Iron ores were found in the southern part of the Far East - in the Khingan-Bureya massif and on the Amur-Zeya Plain. Deposits of titanomagnetite sands have been discovered on the eastern coast of Kamchatka and on some islands of the Great Kuril Ridge.

In the southern part of the region there are large Bureinsky and Suchansky coal basins and lignite deposits on the plains. Oil and gas are produced in the north of Sakhalin.

Special mention should be made of the mineral waters of the Far East, many of which are thermal. Not far from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, the Pauzhetskaya power plant is already operating on underground hot water, and a greenhouse complex has been built near it.

Agroclimatic resources. In the temperate zone of the Far East, climatic conditions are quite favorable for agriculture. Vegetables and grain crops, including soybeans and rice, as well as fruit trees grow well in the lowlands of the Amur region. Even grapes ripen in the lowlands of the Primorsky Territory and in river valleys in the south. Potatoes and other root crops are successfully grown on Sakhalin.

Water resources. The Far East has a fairly dense river network, the rivers are mostly fast, with great potential for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. Some of them have already built hydroelectric power stations. Amur, Zeya, Selemdzha, Bureya, Ussuri, Amgun are of transport importance.

The region's groundwater, unfortunately, has not yet been studied well and is still poorly used.

Energy resources of the Far East- this is not only coal and oil, water resources, but also the energy of sea tides, the heat of volcanoes and hot springs.

Biological resources. The forests of the Far East provide valuable timber.

Many animals are of economic importance. Among them are more than 30 species of fur-bearing animals - sable, weasel, otter, squirrel; two species of deer - sika and wapiti, the young antlers of which are used to produce a valuable medicine - pantocrine.

Marine fisheries are also important in the economic specialization of the Far East. Here they catch herring, salmon, sea bass, halibut, sablefish, pollock, saury, swordfish, tuna, crabs, and shrimp. Large fishing trawlers process all their catch directly at sea. Sea cucumbers, clams, mussels and scallops, sea urchins, and kelp are caught in coastal waters.

Recreational resources of the Far East potentially large, but underutilized. As already noted, the south of Primorye is not inferior in its climatic conditions to the resorts of the Crimea and the Caucasus. The predominance of clear sunny days and the absence of sweltering summer heat make the climate of Primorye extremely beneficial for people. Its value is increased by numerous healing springs and large deposits of medicinal mud. The swimming season on the coast of Peter the Great Bay lasts from July to the end of September, and the season for sailing and rowing exceeds 250 days.

Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands are unique in their landscapes and healing thermal springs.

Therefore, in the future, many territories of the Far East can be used for tourism and the organization of resort facilities.

Kurile Islands

The Kuril Island Arc is located between the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean. The Garland of the Kuril Islands consists of two parallel ridges: the Greater Kuril ridge and the Lesser Kuril ridge. Most of the islands are mountainous.

The origin of the Kuril ridge is volcanic. Each island here is a volcano, a fragment of a volcano, or a chain of volcanoes fused together at their bases. There are 104 volcanoes on the Kuril Islands (excluding underwater ones), of which 39 are active. At least 75 volcanic peaks have heights from 50 to 1300 m, and 12 peaks exceed 1300 m. The highest volcano of the Kuril ridge is Alaid (2339 m) on Atlasov Island.

During the eruption of the Sarychev volcano on the island of Matua in 1946, lava flows reached the sea. The glow could be seen 150 km away, and ash fell even in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The ongoing movements of the earth's crust are evidenced by frequent earthquakes and seaquakes, causing tidal waves of enormous destructive power - tsunamis.

The climate of the Kuril Islands is monsoonal, maritime, moderately cold, and quite harsh in the north. Summers are cool, winters are cold, snowy, and long. And this despite the fact that the islands lie between 50-45° N. sh., that is, where forest-steppes and steppes are located in the European part of Russia. In the south, up to 1000 mm of precipitation falls per year, in the north - about 600 mm. The soils are varied: mountain-tundra, mountain-meadow, turf, under forests - slightly podzolic. They often have several humus horizons, layered and covered with volcanic ash. On the northern islands, the lower tier of forests is dominated by thickets of elfin pine and alder, and above 550-1000 m - mountain tundra. On the southern islands, at the foot of the mountains, sparse forests of stone birch grow; further south, Kuril bamboo is mixed in with them. Above 500-600 m, stone birch is adjacent to dwarf cedar and alder. In the forests there are foxes, bears, wolves, and ermines. There are deposits of sulfur and copper ore on the islands. The main occupation of the residents is fishing.

Vitus Ionassen (Ivan Ivanovich) Bering (1681-1741)

Vitus Jonassen Bering was born in Denmark and was invited to Russia in 1704 as an experienced sailor. In 1724, by special order of Peter I, he was promoted to captain of the first rank. Vitus Bering in 1725-1741 headed the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions. The main task of the expeditions was to resolve the issue of the existence of an isthmus or strait between Asia and America. Bering left St. Petersburg in 1733 and in 1737 reached Okhotsk, where he led a detachment located on two ships - “St. Peter” and “St. Paul”. In 1740, they left Okhotsk for Avacha Bay and here, in the village named after the ships, Petropavlovsk, the expedition overwintered. In June 1741, both ships sailed to the shores of North America.

In mid-July, Bering saw land. This was Alaska. The expeditions passed the strait between the Chukotka Peninsula and Alaska, later called the Bering Strait.

On December 6, 1741, V. Bering died on an uninhabited island, which was called Bering Island, and the entire group of islands was called the Commander Islands.

Questions and tasks

1. Give an assessment of the natural resources of the Far East.
2. What resources in this region are most important?
3. What are the difficulties associated with developing the natural resources of the Far East?
4. Which natural resources are the least developed and why?
5. Propose your project for the development and use of the resources of the Far East.

Why is a large number of isotherms closed in the Far East?

Closed isotherms are associated with mountain ranges and intermountain basins, which disrupt the smooth decrease in temperature from south to north.

How can one explain such sharp contrasts in the amount of precipitation in different parts of the Far East?

This is again explained by the mountainous terrain. On the path of moist sea air masses there are mountain ranges that intercept the bulk of precipitation.

Why are the rivers of the northern runoff characterized by high water content with little precipitation?

Because these rivers have low groundwater flow due to permafrost, and low evaporation due to the cold climate.

The costs of transpiration (evaporation of water by a plant) for conifers, mosses and lichens are also low. Thus, almost all precipitation reaches the rivers and determines their water content.

How does the monsoon climate affect the Amur regime? Tell us about the economic importance of this river.

The monsoon climate determines the feeding regime of the Amur: stormy floods in the summer (during which the flow increases 4 times), often leading to floods. Amur is the main water artery of the south

Far East. Used for shipping and fishing. The border between Russia and China runs along it.

Show on the map the composition of the territory of the Far East, its mainland, island and peninsular parts, the main geographical objects.

You need to remember the following geographical features:

• seas: Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka, Beringovo, Okhotsk, Japan;
• bays: Penzhinskaya Bay, Peter the Great, Shelikhova, Anadyrsky;
• straits: Longa, Beringov, Tatarsky, La Perouse, Kunashirsky;
• islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Komandor, Kuril, Sakhalin; peninsulas: Kamchatka, Chukotka; uplands: Zeya-Bureinskaya; lowlands: Yana-Indigirskaya, Kolyma, Middle Amur, Central Yakut;
• mountains, ridges, highlands: Aldan upland, Vitim plateau, Yano-Oymyakon upland, Chukotka upland, Sikhote-Alin, ridges - Chersky, Dzhugdzhur, volcanoes - Klyuchevskaya Sopka, Avachinskaya Sopka;
• rivers: Vilyui, Aldan, Olenek, Lena, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma, Amur, Zeya, Us-Suri, Kamchatka, Anadyr;
• lakes and reservoirs: Khanka, Vilyuiskoye, Zeyaskoye;
• nature reserves: Ust-Lensky, Kronotsky, Wrangel Island, Far Eastern Sea, Kedrovaya Pad;
• cities: Tiksi, Mirny, Yakutsk, Verkhoyansk, Anadyr, Magadan, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Vladivostok, Khabarovsk, Ussuriysk.

What are the main features of the physical-geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity in this area?

The Far East is the country's largest economic region in terms of territory, the longest from north to south, covering all latitudes in Russia from almost 42° N. w. in Primorsky Krai up to 74° N. w. in northwestern Yakutia.

The main features of the physical and geographical position of the area:

Wide access to the seas of the Pacific and Arctic oceans;

Wealth in natural resources.

The agroclimatic potential of the region is similar to the southern parts of the European part of the country. True, the widespread occurrence of a sharply continental climate in the west of the region and a moderate monsoon climate in the east and permafrost sharply narrow the possibilities for farming. The most favorable conditions for crop production are in the south in the Amur and Khanka lowlands.

In terms of the diversity of mineral resources, the Far Eastern region is one of the largest, and many deposits are poorly studied and require extensive geological work. There are ores of non-ferrous and ferrous metals (gold, tin, lead, zinc, tungsten, antimony, rare metals, iron, manganese), and diamonds. There are significant reserves of coal, oil, gas, mica-phlogopite, and fluorspar.

The richest hydropower resources of the rivers are almost not used (there is no consumer).

The area is unique in its diversity and reserves of biological resources. The forests contain the most valuable plants (ginseng, lemongrass, eleutherococcus) and animals (fur trade).

The riches of the ocean make it possible to harvest fish and shellfish, seaweed and crabs here.

The development of certain types of raw materials and fuel in the Far East turns out to be unprofitable until foreign economic relations are established, since in Siberia there are deposits of similar resources located closer to European consumers and often with better development conditions.

The increased seismicity of the area and volcanism, unique for Russia, are explained by the fact that the extreme eastern part of the Far East is located in the area of ​​alpine folding, the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire. Tectonic movements continue in this area to this day.

What unique natural features distinguish the Far East from Siberia, which you have already studied? Give an assessment of the natural features of individual territories of the Far East. Which of them most seriously affect people's lives? Material from the site

The Far East is distinguished from Siberia by its extensive sea coast, monsoon and maritime climates, and volcanism. The features of the physical-geographical position were described above. All these natural features not only influence people’s lives, but also shape their lifestyle and type of farming. The monsoon climate with heavy summer rains and frequent river floods determines agricultural specialization and causes frequent crop losses due to flooding. The extensive sea coast determines the development of the fishing industry and the great importance of sea transport. Frequently recurring earthquakes force the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings. Permafrost and the mountainous nature of the territory make it difficult to develop the vast spaces of the Far East. In conditions of frozen soils, all communications in populated areas have to be carried out on the surface; settlements here give the impression of cities and villages entangled in pipes. The sharply continental climate with harsh winters places increased demands on the heating and thermal insulation properties of buildings.

Compare areas in the north and south of the Far East. Show differences and similarities. Explain their reasons.

The most important difference is that it is cold in the north of the region, warmer in the south. The consequences of this are clearly visible on maps of population density and agricultural areas. The Far North is a sparsely populated region with reindeer pastures; the south of the region is not inferior in population density to the European territory of Russia, and is distinguished by crop production and livestock farming. The main similarity is the coastal position of the extreme eastern parts; almost all settlements located on the coast are ports.

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On this page there is material on the following topics:

• what are the conditions and resources in the Far East
• compare areas in the north and south of the far east. show the differences
• assess the natural conditions in the north and south of the Far East
• amount of evaporation in the Far East
• What are the main features of the physical and geographical position of the Far East? What is the reason for the increased seismicity in this area?

The entire territory of Russia owns one or another natural resource. Thus, the European North is famous for its forests, Western Siberia for its water reserves, and Eastern Siberia for its deposits of brown coal. What about the Far East? This region is the largest in the state and contains many natural resources. I will tell you more about them below.

Forest, water and biological resources of the Far East

There is a lot of wood raw material in the region. A shortage of timber is observed only in Chukotka and the Magadan region. If you convey information in numbers, then the total volume of wood reserves is 326.4 million hectares. For reference, let me tell you that India has the same area! The most valuable are cedar-deciduous forests in the south.

There are enough water reserves in the region for farming. There are many lakes, but they are small. The situation with river networks is completely different. The major rivers are:

1. Amur.
2. Indigirka.
3. Anadyr.
4. Lena.
5. Kolyma.

Also, the water resources of the Far East include numerous seas along the contour of the continent.

Both forests and waters are sources of biological resources. Seas and rivers ensure the development of fishing. Polar bears and Amur tigers, musk deer and Amur gorals have found their home among the woody vegetation.

Mineral raw materials of the Far East

There are four main mineral resources in this region. These are gold, boron, diamonds and tin. To confirm my words, I will indicate the share of the total volume of the state's mining industry: gold - 50%, boron raw materials - 90%, diamonds - 98% and tin - 80%. There are also quite a lot of fuel and energy resources in the region under consideration. First of all, it is worth noting the oil that is actively produced in Sakhalin, Yakutia, the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan. Coal deposits are widespread. Most of them are concentrated in Southern Yakutia, Chukotka, Sakhalin, and Kamchatka.

The Far East is located in a zone of collision of lithospheric plates, which affected the relief and abundance of non-ferrous metals. The maximum number of discovered deposits is 659! Tungsten, uranium, mercury, zinc, lead, and titanium are mined here.

The natural conditions of the Far East are distinguished by sharp contrast, which is due to the enormous extent of the territory from north to south. Most of the territory is occupied by mountains and highlands. The height of the mountains is on average 1000-1500 m. Lowlands are located only in relatively small areas along river valleys. A significant part of the region is covered by permafrost, which complicates the construction and development of agriculture. There are more than 20 active volcanoes and many geysers in Kamchatka. The largest of the volcanoes is Klyuchevskaya Sopka with a height of 4750 m.

The Far East has a rich and diverse mineral resource base. Deposits of diamonds, gold, tin, mercury and tungsten have been explored in the area. There are huge fuel resources, a variety of ore raw materials and building materials. The region occupies a leading place in the country in terms of tin reserves, the main deposits of which are located in the Republic of Sakha (Deputatskoye) and in the Magadan region (Nevskoye, Iltinskoye). The Primorsky Territory and Khabarovsk Territory are rich in tin. Impurities with tin include polymetals (lead, zinc, arsenic, silver, cadmium). A large deposit of polymetallic ores is Tetyukhe in the Primorsky Territory. Mercury deposits were discovered in Chukotka, in the northeastern part of Yakutia and in the Koryak Highlands (Kamchatka region). Tungsten deposits are located in the Magadan region (Iultinskoye tin-tungsten deposit) and in the Primorsky Territory (Armu-Iman region).

The Far East also has raw materials for ferrous metallurgy. Iron ores are concentrated mainly in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Amur Region and the Republic of Sakha. The Lesser Khingan iron ore district is located on the territory of the Jewish Autonomous Region. The largest deposit in this area is Kimkanskoye. Manganese ores also occur here, mainly in the south of Lesser Khingan. In the south of the Sakha Republic in the river basin. Aldan is located in the South Aldan iron ore region. The largest iron ore deposits in the region are Taeznoye and Pionerskoye.

Not far from the South Aldan iron ore region there are large deposits of coking coal - the South Yakutsk (Aldan) coal-bearing area, which is conducive to the creation of ferrous metallurgy in the Far East in the future.

The Far East is well supplied with fuel and energy resources. The main coal reserves are concentrated in the Kivda-Raichikhinsky lignite region, Bureinsky, Svobodnensky, Suchansky, Suifunsky, Uglovsky regions, as well as the Lena and South Yakutsk basins. The Far East has oil and gas resources. The Leno-Vilyui oil and gas province, which has great prospects, was discovered in the Republic of Sakha. The most significant gas fields are Ust-Vilyuiskoye, Nedzhelinskoye, Sredne-Vilyuiskoye, Badaranskoye and Sobo-Khainskoye. The largest oil and gas resources are available on Sakhalin.

There are diamond reserves, especially in the Republic of Sakha, where the Mir, Aikhal, and Udachnaya kimberlite pipes have been explored. Mining is carried out in an open way. In the basins of the Vilyui and Aldan rivers there are deposits of Iceland spar and rock crystal. The largest fluorspar deposit in Russia was discovered in Primorye (village Yaroslavsky). The Far East occupies an important place in the country in terms of reserves of mica - phlogopite. Its main deposits are Timptonskoye and Emeldzhanskoye. Chemical raw materials in the area include table salt and sulfur. Salt lies in the Republic of Sakha (Olekminskoye, Kempendyaiskoye and Peleduiskoye deposits), and sulfur lies in Kamchatka (Vetrovo-Yamskoye). Primorye and the Amur region are rich in cement raw materials. Graphite deposits have been discovered in the Jewish Autonomous Region.

The climate of the coastal strip of the southern part of the Far East is relatively warm and humid, monsoonal. As you move deeper into the continent, it becomes sharply continental. The climatic conditions of the region have a great influence on economic development.

The Far East has a fairly dense river network. The largest rivers are the Lena and Amur with many tributaries. It should also be noted the rivers of the extreme northeastern part of the region - Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. Rivers are used as transport routes. In addition, they are exceptionally rich in hydropower resources. Vilyuiskaya, Zeya and Bureyskaya hydroelectric power stations were built.

In the southern part of the region, typical crops of the Pacific regions of Asia - soybeans and rice - are widespread. In the north, vast areas are occupied by tundra and forest-tundra. The trees are intertwined with vines, which makes the Ussuri taiga look like subtropical forests. The Far East exports timber and its processed products to the countries of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The forests are rich in valuable fur-bearing animals (ermine, sable, fox, squirrel, weasel), which are of commercial importance.

The vast territory of the Far Eastern region can be divided into three zones according to the level of economic development: southern, middle and northern.

The southern zone of intensive development includes the Primorsky Territory, the southern parts of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions. This is the most economically developed part of the Far East. The basis of the economy of the southern zone is the sea, forest and mining complexes. Currently, development is taking place along the path of combining leading industries with service industries and agriculture.

The middle zone includes the northern regions of the Khabarovsk Territory, the Amur and Sakhalin regions, and the southern part of the Sakha Republic. This zone is characterized by relatively high rates of development. The main specialization is the mining industry, and service industries are poorly developed. Its economic axis is the Baikal-Amur Mainline, which has made great changes to the territorial structure of the economy of this zone: the formation of the industrial belt of the region is underway. The main objectives of the economic development of the zone, in addition to the construction of a second exit to the Far East, are the development of new mineral deposits and the creation of potential in the BAM area for the development of the northern part of the region. The formation of the South Yakutsk and Komsomolsk TPK is associated with the economic development of the Baikal-Amur Mainline zone.

Magnetite quartzites have been explored in the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers. This makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.

In the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex, significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been identified.

The new BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation to Berkakit provide access to Yakut coal to the BAM and to the Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coals from the South Yakutia basin will be supplied in significant volumes to the southern regions of the Far East at metallurgical plants and exported to Japan. To export them to Japan, the first stage of a new large port, Vostochny, was built in Wrangel Bay.

In the future, in addition to coal, it is planned to involve in the exploitation of iron ore resources of the region in order to create here in the future a raw material base for full-cycle ferrous metallurgy. Agriculture is of a focal nature.

In the northern zone of the Far East, focal development is characteristic not only of agriculture, but also of industry. The extractive industries are more intensively developed based on the selective use of minerals. In the northern zone, several industrial centers can be distinguished, which from small points with the mining industry are turning into territorial production nodes in the forestry, food industry, machine repair, fishing and hunting industries.

The seas (Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese) play an exceptionally large and diverse role in the economy of the Far East. Along the Sea of ​​Japan there are routes that connect Russia with Japan, the DPRK, the Republic of Korea, China, and the USA. Here they catch herring, flounder, cod, salmon, mackerel and a number of other valuable commercial species. Crab, sea cucumber, seaweed and seaweed are also caught in the Sea of ​​Japan. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk ranks one of the first places among the seas washing the shores of Russia in terms of fish stocks. Salmon and herring make up the bulk of the total fish production. Crabs are caught in large quantities off the western shores of Kamchatka, seal and whale fishing is developed in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, and fur seals live on the islands, the fishing of which is regulated by an international convention. The Bering Sea is becoming more and more economically important every year due to the growth of transportation along the Northern Sea Route. Valuable fish species are caught here (coho salmon, chinook salmon, chum salmon, pink salmon). Whaling is developed off the coast of Kamchatka. The Far Eastern region accounts for 60% of Russia's fish catch.

An analysis of the territorial structure of the Far Eastern region showed that the scale and structure of industry in the region are characterized by large differences and indicate the uneven distribution of industry. Major changes to the territorial structure of the region were made by the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and the creation of new territorial production complexes.

The Far East has fairly developed inter-regional and international economic ties. Its role is especially great in foreign trade relations with the countries of the Pacific Rim. Dozens of countries trade through the region, and its export functions are of exceptional importance. More than half of the cargo imported into the regions from foreign countries transits in a western direction.

The development of foreign trade relations entails improvement of the region's transport system, economic performance indicators, improvement of the structure of freight turnover and inter-district transport connections.

If until recently the import of goods to the Far East was four times higher than their export, now the structure is changing. Freight turnover is growing at a very high rate, and exports are growing faster than imports. This indicates an increase in the efficiency of the district's economic complex.