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Pronouns in Spanish are a very interesting part of speech, and also at first glance very complex. They change in form, gender, number, sometimes they are even written together with the verb, and the same pronoun can act as various parts of speech. We must not forget about some nuances that sound very strange to the Russian ear.

What is a pronoun?

First, you should understand for yourself what a pronoun is and what its features are. This is an independent part of speech (along with a verb, a noun), which replaces a noun. For example, if we say: “The boy went home,” then we can replace the first word with a personal pronoun. It will turn out: “He went home.” Or we can say, “I see a girl,” and then replace the last word with a pronoun. It will turn out: “I see her.” These parts of speech come in different types, sometimes replacing numerals, adjectives, or even a verb. In addition, the pronoun can indicate the number of objects and their characteristics!

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns (I, we, etc.) in Spanish vary by case and person, and sometimes by gender. So, we have the following picture:

Singular:

1. Yo = I

2. Tú = You.

3. There are three pronouns in the 3rd person::

Él = He.

Ella = She.

Ello = It.

Usted (Ustedes) = You (polite form in plural and singular).

And in the plural, Spanish pronouns also differ depending on the gender of the person being referred to:

Nosotros (in the literary form Nosotras) = ​​we (masculine and feminine, respectively),

Vosotros (in the word Vosotras) = ​​you;

Ellos (Ellas) = ​​they.

If we are talking, for example, about two persons, one of whom is male and the other female, then the masculine form is used: ellos, vosotros. Spanish is a gendered language. In it, the masculine gender always prevails.

Verbs in Spanish are inflected for number and case, so personal pronouns are often omitted in speech. So, for example, instead of “yo leo” - I read - the Spaniards will simply say “leo”. The ending of the verb indicates who the subject is, so the subject can often be omitted. In this, Cervantes' language is similar to Latin.

In the area of ​​grammar such as personal pronouns, Spanish is quite a difficult language. First, it's worth keeping dialects and regional differences in mind. In Latin America, for example, the pronoun vosotros - you - is not used. People address everyone with the polite, formal form of "You" - Ustedes, even to friends and family. You can also abbreviate the pronoun Usted as Ud., or Vd., (plural Uds. and Vds., respectively). This abbreviation is formed by merging two words Vuestra mersed and means “Your Grace.”

Unstressed form

In the indirect cases (dative and accusative), Spanish pronouns can appear in two forms. If a pronoun is used with a verb without a preposition, then in Spanish it is called unstressed, or without a preposition. In Russian, the analogue of this is the form of the dative and accusative cases.

If the verb in a sentence is presented in an indefinite form, Spanish pronouns are written together with the verb. Example: "Quieres llamarme?" - do you want to call me? Here we see that the verb “to call” - llamar - is joined by the pronoun “me”.

In the case where there are two pronouns, then the one in the dative case is written first, followed by the accusative: “Damelo” - give me this. This word consists of three: “give” + “me” + “this”. Sometimes it seems absolutely impossible to remember, but daily practice will help.

The most difficult thing is to remember these numerous Spanish pronouns. A table that you keep with you at all times will be the best way to remember.

Stressed form of the personal pronoun

Stressed (independent) forms of personal pronouns in Spanish are those used with the prepositions en, para, a, de, por, sin, con. The forms of these pronouns are the same as the personal pronouns, with the exception of the first and second person singular: they will be mí and tí, respectively. For example, the phrase “for me” would sound like “para mí”.

A special form is formed by singular pronouns with the preposition “with” - con. So, they turn into conmigo, contigo and contigo (with me, with you and with him, respectively). This rule cannot be explained logically, you just need to remember that it is correct to say it this way.

Possessive pronouns

These parts of speech can act as adjectives and nouns in speech. In the first case, they are placed before the word and declined according to numbers and sometimes according to gender: for example, my friend is mi amiga, our friends are nuestros amigos. Such Spanish pronouns act as an independent part of speech and stand before the noun. In this case, the article is not used.

There are also independent possessive pronouns that replace a noun. They also agree with number and person. So, to the question “whose house is this?” we get a clear answer: “Mía” is mine. Here the speaker means the word casa - "house".

The main and main function of the named parts of speech is to highlight the object of action among several. There are three types of Spanish pronouns. These are este, ese and aquel (and their derivatives). In Russian we only have the pronouns “that” and “that”. In Spanish, “this one” is divided into “the one who is closer to the speaker” and “the one closest to the interlocutor.” By time - pronouns are divided into those that relate to today and the present moment, and those that describe events of the past. So, for example, in the sentence “this Russian newspaper” the demonstrative pronoun will be “esto” in the required form. But if we add the participial phrase “which you are reading,” then the situation will change. Compare:

Este perió dico es ruso

Ese perió dico, que estas leyendo, es ruso.

In general, the boundary between these two pronouns is extremely subjective. The speaker himself determines which word to choose. Sometimes the border is almost transparent, and both options will be correct.

As for aquel, it indicates those objects that are out of sight. The word in question is translated into Russian by the pronoun “to”.

Like possessive pronouns, demonstratives can perform the function of a noun in sentences and speech.

If we want to say who owns what thing or say who is whose relative, then possessive pronouns will help us. Such pronouns answer the question “Whose?” (¿De quien? [de kien]). Possessive pronouns in Spanish vary by person and number, and first and second person plural pronouns also change by gender.

In Spanish there is a division into possessive pronouns - adjectives, which are used only before nouns and possessive pronouns - nouns, which can be used on their own.

Let's look at the table and immediately learn the names of some of our relatives in Spanish:

Possessive pronouns - adjectives

Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun	Example
yo (I)	mi [mi] (my, mine, mine)	mi madre [mi madre] (my mother)
tú (you)	tu [tu] (yours, yours, yours)	tu padre [tu padre] (your dad)
el (he)	su [su] (his, her, yours, yours)	su marido [su marido] (her (your) husband)
ella (she)		su mujer [su muher] (his (your) wife)
usted (you)		su tío [su tio] (his (her, your) uncle)
nosotros(as) (we)	nuestro [nuestro] (our)	nuestro hijo [nuestro iho] (our son)
	nuestra [nuestra] (our)	nuestra hija [nuestra ikha] (our daughter)
vosotros(as)(You)	vuestro [buestro] (your)	vuestro abuelo [buestro avuelo] (your grandfather)
	vuestra [buestra] (yours)	vuestra abuela [buestra avuela] (your grandmother)
ellos (they) - m.r.	su [su] (theirs, yours)	su hermano [su hermano] (their brother)
ellas (they) - female		su hermana [su hermana] (their sister)
ustedes (you)		su tía [su tia] (their, (your) aunt)

As you can see, in the third person there is su everywhere (his, her, yours - the polite form, theirs), which is not so difficult to remember. If we say su madre, then sometimes it is not clear whose mother (his, hers or theirs). Context serves for understanding; you can also use a preposition de, who also often talks about belonging:

su madre de ella [su madre de eya] - her mother

su madre de usted [su madre de usted]- Your mother

su madre deél [su madre de el] - His mother

The gender needs to be remembered only for nuestro(a) and vuestro(a) . If male, then ending -o, if female, then -a, in principle, this is not surprising for the Spanish language.

There is nothing new for the plural either, we just add the ending -s:

singular	plural	example
mi	mis	mis amigos [mis amigos] (my friends)
tu	tus	tus padres [tus padres] (your parents)
su	sus	sus hijos [sus ihos] (his (her, their) children)
nuestro	nuestros	nuestros coches [nuestros coches] (our cars)
nuestra	nuestras	nuestras casas [nuestras casas] (our houses)
vuestro	vuestros	vuestros pensamientos [buestros pensamientos](your thoughts)
vuestra	vuestras	vuestras sobrinas [buestras sobrinas](your nieces)

Of course, possessive pronouns in Spanish are used not only when it comes to family ties, but also when something belongs to someone, for example, about things, about pets, and also about external signs:

Mi casa es muy bonita - My house is very beautiful

Tu gata es intelligenta - Your cat is smart

Sus ojos son azules - His (her) eyes are blue

An article is never placed before a possessive pronoun - an adjective, just like in English or German. Without an article, we understand that we are talking about someone’s specific thing.

Let's look at adjectives and nouns.

Possessive pronoun - adjective	Possessive pronoun - noun	Example
mi (my)	mío [mio]	Este perro es mío [este parro es mio](This dog is mine)
	mía [mia]	Esa casa es mía [Esa casa es mia] (That house is mine)
tu (yours)	tuyo [tuyo]	Este dinero es tuyo [este dinero es tuyo](This money is yours)
	tuya	Esta hermana tuya es nerviosa [esta ermana tuia es nerviosa](That sister of yours is nervous)
su	suyo [suyo]	Este ordenador es suyo [este ordernador es suyo](This computer is hers (his, theirs))
	suya [suya]	Esta gata suya es locala [esta gata suya es loca](This cat of theirs is crazy)
nuestro	nuestro	Estes libros nuestros son muy interesantes [estes livros nuestros son muy interesantes](These books of ours are very interesting)
nuestra	nuestra	La vida es nuestra [la bida es nuestra](life is ours)
vuestro	vuestro	Este coche es vuestro [este coche es buestro](This car is yours)
vuestra	vuestra	Esta casa vuestra es muy bonita [esta casa buestra es muy bonita] This house of yours is very beautiful

All possessive pronouns - nouns change according to gender and number. Often used with the verb ser (to be) and with demonstrative pronouns. For the plural, as always, add the ending -s at the end. Let's look at a few more examples:

Sus hijos son pequeños. Los tuyos son grandes. (His children are small. Yours are big)

Mi madre es profesora. ¿Y la tuya? (My mother is a teacher. What about yours?)

La tuya no trabaja. (Yours doesn't work)

Mi novia tiene veinte años y la suya tiene treinta años. (My friend is 20 years old and his is 30)

Possessive pronouns in Spanish always agree with the object to which they refer, and not with the owner of this object. For example:

Este coche es suyo. (This car is his (her, theirs)) - masculine (el coche)

Esta gata es suya (This cat is his (her, theirs)) - feminine (la gata)

As you can see, possessive pronouns - nouns have a definite article in front of them when they completely replace the noun. However, they can also be used with nouns if they have demonstrative pronouns or numerals in front of them, then the article is not needed:

Esta amiga suya es hermosa. - This friend of theirs is beautiful

Dos hermanas tuyos son modestas. - Your two sisters are modest

You can also find the use of such pronouns in exclamations:

¡Madre mía! - My mother!

¡Dios mío! - My God!

Possessive pronouns in the Spanish language, indicating the belonging of certain persons, phenomena or objects to other phenomena or persons, demonstrate a dual nature of use: as so-called pronouns-adjectives, as well as pronouns-nouns.

Pronouns mi, tu, su, nuestro etc. - These are possessive pronouns-adjectives. They are usually placed before the noun and always agree in number, and sometimes (some) also in gender. In these cases, the article before the noun is omitted.

Spanish possessive pronouns-adjectives are translated into Russian by the corresponding possessive pronouns. Despite this, Spanish possessive pronouns have a number of differences compared to Russian possessive pronouns.

The following should be remembered:

1. Forms of pronouns mi, tu, su are forms of both masculine and feminine pronouns, for example:

2. Forms of pronouns nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras translated into Russian using singular pronouns. number - ours, ours; in plural number - our; pronouns vuestro, vuestra yours, yours, vuestros, vuestras yours indicate the ownership of an object several persons or many, each of whom the speaker can address on a first-name basis.

3. Forms of pronouns su, sus agree in gender and number Not with the person to whom the item belongs, and with noun - subject, which belongs owner - person, For example: su lápiz translate into Russian: „ his" pencil, " her" pencil, " Your" pencil, " their" pencil .

And so, when used as adjectives, possessive pronouns in Spanish are used exclusively in conjunction with a noun, agreeing with it as an object of possession, in the form of person and number.

Su (3 sheets and units) interés es evidente. (His interest is obvious).

Sus (3 liters and plural) comentarios son muy interesantes. (Their proposals are very interesting).

At the same time, it should be noted that Spanish possessive pronouns-adjectives have two forms - full and short. Full variants are characterized mainly by postpositive use (after a noun with the use of agreement with it). -

La hermana nuestra trabaja en el hospital. - Our sister works at the hospital.

Such use of Spanish possessive pronouns, as a rule, adds an additional expressive tone to statements, making them more solemn and bookish. -

Es el amigo mío para siempre. - (This is my friend for eternity.) + excessive pomposity.

In turn, when used in their short form, possessive Spanish pronominal units are placed before the noun (prepositional use), necessarily agreeing with it in number, sometimes in gender (in the first and second person plural), and the article, in this case , goes down. - Nuestro (singular, m.r.) casa está en otra ciudad. (Our house is in another city).

Mis (plural) ingresos son pequeños. (My income is small)

A possessive pronoun such as su or sus (his, her, ours, yours, yours) characterizes a very large number of persons or objects. In this regard, if the context does not clearly indicate its owner, then the practice is to use a personal pronoun of a clarifying type together with de (preposition), which is placed after the noun. -

Es su boligrafo de Usted. (This is your ballpoint pen)

It should also be remembered that if, for example, in the Russian language there is a pronoun such as own, which can be used in the form of any person, then in Spanish each person is characterized by the presence of a separate specific pronoun. -

Hoy almuerzo con mi hermana Nina. (I'm having lunch today with my (= my) sister Nina).

Se reunieron con sus amigo. (They met their friend (= their) friend.

Often in Spanish you can encounter cases of using possessive pronouns to replace nouns with them. Such possessive-type noun pronouns are used independently without a defined noun, replacing it with themselves in speech in order to avoid unnecessary unnecessary repetitions. In this case, only the full form of pronouns is used. -

la esposa de Pedro funciona como un barbero, y la mía funciona como un contador. (Pedro's wife works as a hairdresser, and mine is an accountant).

As can be seen from the above example, usually noun pronouns are preceded by an article of a certain type. However, if the verb ser is present in the phrase, it is omitted. -

De quién es la idea? Es nuestra. - Whose idea is this? Our.

De quién es el coche? Es mío. - Whose car is this? My.

Pronouns are divided into several groups: personal (indicate the speaker or person to whom speech is addressed), demonstrative (indicate an object or quality), possessive (indicate the affiliation of an object or person).

Possessive pronouns have another form, stressed (here all forms change according to gender and number):

The stressed form is used instead of a noun (so as not to repeat itself), when addressing, or when there is already a demonstrative pronoun (that, that..) or a numeral before the defined noun. They are translated in the same way as unstressed ones. Always used instead of a noun, i.e. without him.

Possessive pronouns in Spanish indicate that one object, person or phenomenon belongs to another. In Spanish, possessive pronouns are divided into two groups: possessive adjective pronouns and possessive noun pronouns.

1. Possessive pronouns-adjectives in Spanish are always used with a noun and agree with it in gender (not in all persons) and number. The presence of a possessive pronoun before a noun in Spanish allows you to omit the article. The position of the adjective pronoun is always before the noun:

Tengo una hora para mi vuelo desde Kiev – I have an hour (of time) before my flight from Kyiv

The table provides a complete list of possessive pronouns-adjectives in Spanish:

When translating into Spanish, special attention should be paid to the Russian possessive pronoun yours - yours.

in Spanish	in Russian
Esto es mi lápiz. Tengo mi lápiz. Leo mi libro.	This is my pencil. I have my own pencil. I'm reading my book.

In Russian the reflexive possessive pronoun mine may refer to to all persons both numbers. In Spanish, it corresponds, depending on the subject, to various possessive pronouns (see above), but only the pronoun su, sus in the 3rd person corresponds to Russian yours, - yours, and here you should be very careful. It must be remembered that Spanish possessive pronouns agree with noun-subject, A Not with the person in possession of the item.

There is no complete correspondence between Russian and Spanish possessive pronouns, so you should pay attention to this:

1) The possessive pronoun vuestro and its derivatives indicate belonging to several persons, each of whom individually can be called “you”;

2) The pronoun su in Spanish does not refer to the noun to which something belongs, but to the object of belonging itself. In addition, the pronoun su in Spanish always correlates with the third person; in Russian this relationship can vary.

3) Since the form of the Spanish pronoun su is the same for singular and plural, the preposition de is used to clarify ownership.

In addition, the personal pronoun in Spanish tú (you) is emphasized in writing so as not to confuse it with the possessive adjective pronoun tu (your)

2. Possessive pronouns-nouns in Spanish are used independently, replacing the actual nouns. Such possessive pronouns are usually preceded by a definite article in Spanish:

este es tu libro y aquél - el mío – this is your book, and that one is mine

The definite article in Spanish is omitted before a possessive pronoun-noun if it comes after the verb ser este lápiz es mío - this pencil is mine

The table shows a list of possessive pronouns-nouns:

singular	plural
masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine
mío - mine	mía - mine	míos - mine	mías – mine
tuyo - yours	tuya - yours	tuyos - yours	tuyas – yours
suyo – his, yours	suya – hers, yours	suyos – his, yours	suyas – hers, yours
nuestro - ours	nuestra - ours	nuestros - ours	nuestras - ours
vuestro - yours	vuestra - yours	vuestros - yours	vuestras - yours
suyo – theirs, yours	suya – theirs, yours	suyos – theirs, yours	suyas – theirs, yours

Sometimes possessive pronouns in Spanish can be used with the neuter definite article lo: lo mío – mine. In this case, they replace a noun that has a general meaning

In literary speech and in set expressions, possessive pronouns-nouns can take a position after the noun.

Non-independent form with a noun - this form of the pronoun is used only together with a noun in the meaning of an adjective.

Possessive pronouns agree with nouns that determine number, and pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural agree with gender:

Mi (tu, su) libro - mis (tus, sus) libros

Mi (tu, su) novela - mis (tus, sus) novelas

Nuestro (vuestro) amigo- nuestros (vuestros) amigos

Nuestra (vuestra) hermana- nuestras (vuestras) hermanas

The possessive pronoun su-sus suits many people. If it is not clear from the context to whom it refers, then after the noun a clarifying personal pronoun with the preposition de is placed.

A few words about possessive pronouns .

1. There are two forms of possessive pronouns in Spanish: adjective pronouns and noun pronouns. Today we will talk about possessive pronouns-adjectives.
2. Possessive adjective pronouns are always used with nouns. For example: Mi nombre. Tu perro.
3. Possessive adjective pronouns are always used before a noun, and never after. For example: Mi amigo, and never – amigo mi.
4. T ú is a pronoun. T u is a possessive pronoun-adjective.

Masculine and feminine. Plural and singular.

1. The gender and number of a possessive pronoun will depend on the gender and number of the noun with which it is used.
2. Possessive pronouns that change their form: Nuestro (nuestra) and vuestro (vuestra). All other pronouns do not change their form and can be used with masculine and feminine nouns without changes. For example: Casa, feminine. Esta es mi casa. Coche, masculine. Este es mi coche.
3. To form the plural, add –s to the pronoun. For example, mi – mis. Tu – tus. Vuestra – vuestras.

Su, su and su. The pronoun su in Spanish.

As you have already noticed, at least 4 pronouns have the same form of the possessive pronoun: “Su”. Sometimes, without context, it is difficult to understand who or what a person is talking about when using the possessive pronoun “Su”.

For example: Sus amigos son muy simpáticos.

From this sentence we cannot understand whose friends this person is talking about.

Thus, when you use the possessive pronoun Su, always remember that you must provide context so as not to confuse your interlocutors. And it’s not at all difficult to do. For example:

Ricardo es mi amigo. Su hermana tiene veinticinco años.

Ustedes son estudiantes. Su escuela esmuy grande.

Ellos tienen un gato. Su gato es pequeño y negro.

A few more examples:

Mi gato es pequeño, bonito, blanco y negro.

Susana tiene un perro. Su perro es muy grande y gordo. Su perro se llama Sharik. Sharik es marron y blanco.

Nuestro coche es nuevo. Es rojo y pequeño. También es muy caro.

Ellos son nuestros vecinos. Se llaman Luis y Gloria. Son viejos. Luis tiene sesenta y cinco años y Gloria tiene sesenta y ocho. Son esposos.

Mis hijos tienen una casa muy grande. Su casa es vieja pero muy bonita.

¿José Alejandro Domínguez Velázquez? Vuestro nombre es muy grande.

La familia. Los Simpson.

Bart es hermano de Lisa.

Lisa es hermana de Bart.

Homer es el papá de Bart y de Lisa y Marge es su mamá.

Homer y Marge son esposos.

El padre de Homer es el Abuelo Abraham.

Y la esposa de Abraham se llama Mona. Mona es la mamá de Homer.

Homer tiene un hermano. Se llama Herb.

Y Marge tiene dos hermanas. Una se llama Patty y la otra se llama Selma.

Bart y Lisa tienen una hermana menor. La pequeña Maggie. Maggie es un bebe.

Selma, la hermana de Marge, también tiene un bebé. Se llama Ling.

La abuela de Ling (mamá de Marge, Selma y Patty), se llama Jackeline. El abuelo se llama Clancy.

Bart es el mayor.

Lisa es la segunda hija.

Y Maggie es la más pequeña.

Selma y Patty son las tías de Bart, Lisa y Maggie. Herb es el tío de ellos, también.

El abuelo es muy viejo.

Homer es tonto, pero divertido.

La mamá, marge, tiene el pelo azul y rizado.

Bart tiene el pelo corto.

Lisa and Maggie también.

Homer no tiene pelo.

Todos son amarillos y tienen unos ojos muy muy grandes:)

New words:

Abuelo, abuelito: grandfather, grandfather

Abuela, abuelita: woman, grandmother

Padre, papá: father, dad

Madre, mamá: mother, mother

Esposo, sa: husband, wife

Also: Marido y mujer: husband and wife

Hijo, ja: Son, daughter

Nieto, nieta. Grandson, granddaughter

Tío, a: uncle, aunt

Bebe: child

El mayor, más grande: the oldest, even older

Segunda: second

La más pequeña: the youngest

Describe yourself in Spanish.

Who you are?What do you look like? What do you do in life? How old are you? Where are you from?

El es de Italia. Else llama Adriano. Adriano es viejo y alegre. Es cocinero y trabaja en un restaurante de comida italiana. Adriano tiene poco pelo y no es delgado ni gordo. Adriano tiene cincuenta y cuatro años.

Ellos son franceses. Ellos son estudiantes y trabajadores. Ellos están felices. Ellos hablan francés.

Yo soy Jackie Chan y soy chino. Tengo cincuenta y siete. Soy muy fuerte y divertido. Mi pelo es corto y negro. Mis ojos son marrones y rasgados. Soy delgado y no soy muy alto. Soy actor and deportista.

Mi nombre es Natalia. Tengo veinte años y soy de Rusia. Soy una muchacha alegre, joven y bonita. Yo soy estudiante. Estudio en la universidad. Mi pelo es marrón y muy largo. Yo tengo ojos son redondos y marrones. Yo no trabajo.

On one of the streets of Mockvy:

“- ¡Hola! ¿Tú eres Gael García, verdad?
- Sí, yo soy...
- ¡Claro que si! Tú eres un actor mexico. ¿Eres de Mexico? ¿Sí? Sí, eres de Mexico. Amo las películas mexicanas. ¿Cuántos años tienes?
- Tengo treinta y dos años, ¿Y tú? ¿Cómo te llamas? ¿Cuántos años tienes?
- Yo soy Ksyusha. Tengo veintitrés años. ¡Y estoy muy alegre ahora!
- Tú hablas español muy bien.
- Sí, yo soy estudiante de español. Estudio español en la universidad. ¡Gael, eres muy guapo! :)
- Gracias Susha? Ksisha? Shusha?
- No, no, no. Mi nombre es Ksyu-sha. Kyusha. Mucho gusto de conocerte:)
- Mucho gusto de conocerte también.”

Til Schweiger es un actor alemán. Él es muy guapo. Él tiene pelo castaño claro y ojos verdes. El tiene cuarenta y siete años.

Nosotros somos americanos. Yo soy Brad Pitt and ella es Angelina Jolie. Somos actores famosos. Yo tengo el pelo castaño y corto. Angelina Jolie tiene el pelo largo y negro. Somos esposos. Yo tengo cuarenta y siete años. Mi esposa tiene treinta y seis años.

Yo soy torero. Soy de España. Yo hablo español. Mi pelo es corto y negro. Soy alto y delgado. Me llamo Raúl y tengo treinta años.

Nosotros somos japonesas. Hablamos solamente japonés. Nuestro pelo es negro, lacio y muy largo. Somos delgadas y pequeñas. Nuestros ojos son negros y rasgados.

Yo soy de la India. Soy hindu. Soy una mujer y tengo veinticinco años. Soy morena y tengo ojos azules. Mi pelo es castaño oscuro. Soy delgada y no soy alta, soy baja. Hablo hindú y también inglés.

David Beckham es un futbolista inglés. Él es alto y blanco. Su pelo es corto y rubio. Es delgado y fuerte. Tiene treinta y seis años. Sus ojos son azules.

Yo soy Carmen.

Me llamo Carmen. Tengo muchas amigas. Mi mejor amiga se llama Luisa. Yo tengo doce años y ella tiene trece años. Somos estudiantes. Mi familia es grande y su familia es pequeña. Yo tengo papa y mama. Ella solo tiene mamá. Mi papá tiene treinta y ocho años y mi mamá tiene treinta y siete años.

Mi mamá trabaja en una escuela. Es maestra de niños pequeños. Mi papá es arquitecto y trabaja en un edificio. La mamá de Luisa es secretaria. Su mamá tiene treinta y cuatro años.

Luisa y yo somos muy buenas amigas. Ella es alta, delgada y tiene ojos grandes. Luisa es muy alegre y divertida.

Me llamo sofía y tengo cincuenta años.

Tengo cuatro hijos. Mis hijos son hombres todos. Sus nombres son, Pablo, Alberto, Daniel y Francisco. Pablo tiene veintiocho años. Alberto tiene veinticuatro, Daniel tiene veintitrés y Francisco, el más pequeño, tiene veinte.

Dos de mis hijos están casados: Pablo y Daniel. La esposa de Pablo se llama Carolina y la esposa de Daniel se llama Paula. Daniel está soltero y no tiene novia. Francisco tiene novia. Ella se llama Laura.

Mi esposo se llama Rodrigo. El tiene cincuenta años como yo. El es jubilado. Yo también.

Julian

Yo soy pequeño. Todos son grandes. Mi hermana Rosario, mi prima Sandra y mi primo Arturo son grandes. Yo soy muy pequeño. De verdad. Mi mamá, mi papá, mis tíos. Todos son muy grandes. Yo tengo cuatro o cinco años. Uno... dos... tres... cuatro. Cuatro años. Cuatro dedos de mi mano. Cinco no. Me llamo Julian. Mi mamá se llama Rosario y también mi hermana. Mi hermana es alta y su pelo es muy muuy largo y negro. Mi mamá tiene el pelo corto. Mi papá es alto también. Es grande y un poco gordo. Mi papá es alegre y fuerte. Mi mamá es inteligente y bonita. Y mi hermana es rara. Siempre habla mucho y yo no entiendo nada.

Mi novia

Estoy muy feliz. Tengo novia y se llama Fernanda. Ella es alta y muy blanca. Es delgada, alegre, bonita y también muy interesante. Ella tiene 21 (veintiún) años. Yo tengo años 21 (veintiún) años también. Mi nombre es Arturo. Soy estudiante de biología en la universidad. Mi novia es diseñadora y también estudia en la universidad.

Vladimir

Vladimir es mi hijo. Su nombre es ruso, pero él es mexicano. Yo soy rusa, me llamo Svetlana. Mi esposo es mexicano, se llama Enrique. Nuestro hijo, Vladimir, tiene veinte años y estudia en la universidad geografía. Vladimir es un chico guapo, de pelo negro y corto. Tiene ojos grandes y es muy delgado. Mi esposo y yo también tenemos una hija. Nuestra hija se llama Elena. Elena es pequeña. Tiene ocho años. Es delgada y tiene ojos muy grandes y de color miel. Su pelo es muy largo, rizado y castaño. Vladimir habla español y ruso, pero Elena solo habla español.

New words:

Amigo, ga: friend, girlfriend

Familia: family

Yo no entiendo: I don't understand

Mejor, (el mejor, mi mejor, la mejor, etc.): the best

Mucho: a lot

Siempre: always

Solo: only

Dedo: finger

Biología: biology

Raro, ra: rare, strange

Body and face parts

We continue to describe people in Spanish and today we will learn what parts of the body and face are called in Spanish. You already know: Pelo or pelo and ojos.

Mi cabeza es muy grande

Y mi cabeza es pequeña

Mi cara es bonita

Mi cara no es muy bonita

En mi cara yo tengo…

Dos ojos

(Y también tengo pestañas largas)

Una nariz

Y una boca.
(En mi boca tengo labios rosas)

(Y también dientes)

También tengo dos orejas

Y también tengo dos cejas muy grandes

Algunos tienen bigote

Otros tienen barba

Y otros tienen barba y bigote.

Yo tengo dos manos

Y diez dedos en ellas

También tengo dos pies

Y diez dedos en ellos

What do you think? Prepositions: En, sobre.

The verb Estar is used to indicate the location of an object or person. We will never use the verb Ser when talking about where something is.

We use the preposition “ en”, when we say that an object is inside something or in a certain place. For example:

“El gato está en la caja” (The cat is in the box.) And “El gato está en la calle” (The cat is on the street).

Also, the preposition “en” is used to mean “on something”. Although the preposition "sobre" ("on") exists in Spanish, the preposition "en" ("on") is more commonly used in colloquial speech.

Just please don't get confused. :) Preposition en can be used as a preposition sobre(meaning “on”). But not the other way around. I will show you the use of prepositions with an example.

Snoopy and apple.

Apple on the table. However, we don’t see this and so we ask our friend: “¿Dónde está la manzana?” He answers: “Está en la mesa”

Snoopy está sobre la casa. Literally translated: “Snoopy on the house” (which means Snoopy on the roof).

If someone asks: “Dónde está Snoopy?”, we should answer “sobre la casa”, but not “en la casa”. Why? If we say “en su casa” it would rather mean “in the house”. Thus, in order not to confuse our interlocutors, we need to say: “Snoopy está sobre su casa.”

Ellos están en la calle.

Nosotros estamos en el restaurante.

Ellos están en la escuela.

La computadora blanca está sobre la mesa.

El ordenador negro está sobre la mesa también.

La comida también está sobre la mesa

El perro está en su casa

Y el gato está sobre la cama.

Snoopy está sobre su casa
Y el pollito amarillo está sobre Snoopy.

Yo estoy en la ciudad

Y yo estoy en el campo.

Ejemplos:

1. Yo me llamo Enrique. Tengo 12 años y estoy en la escuela ahora. Mi hermano mayor se llama Alfredo y está en la universidad. Mi papá se llama Alfredo también y está en el trabajo. Mi mamá se llama Lilia y ella está en la tienda o en la casa ahora.

2. Mis amigos están en el café. Tengo 3 amigos. Ellos se llaman Facundo, Carlos y César. Facundo es alto y alegre. Cesar es inteligente y bajo. Carlos no es alto ni bajo y es el más viejo. Facundo tiene 34 años, Cesar tiene 32 y Carlos tiene 45 años. Yo tengo 35 años y me llamo Andrés.

3.
- ¿Estás en la universidad?

No, estoy en casa. ¿Y tú?

Estoy en la calle.

4. Hoy mi familia no está en casa. Ellos están en la calle. Mis papás están en el cine. Mis hermanos están en el parque. Mi hermana está en el café con su novio.

5.
- What do you think?

Estoy en mi coche. ¿Dónde estás tú?

Estoy en el autobus.

- ¿Y dónde está Ana?

Ella está conmigo.

6. What do you think? No está en la casa. Está en la calle.

- ¡¿Dónde está mi telefono móvil?!

Está en el sillón.

New words:

Caja: box

Calle: street

Ciudad: city

Campo: village

Conmigo: with me

Sillon: sofa

Computadora: computer (mostly used in Latin America)

Ordenador: computer (mostly used in Spain)

I live in… Vivo en…

Pronombre	Verbo Vivir. Presente de infinitivo	Traducción al Ruso
Yo	Vivo	I live
Tú	Vives	you live
Él, ella, Usted	Vive	lives
Nosotros	Vivimos	we live
Vosotros	Vivis	Are you living?
Ustedes	Viven	Are you living?
Ellos	Viven	live

1. Yo soy de Rusia y vivo en México. Yo vivo en la calle Acatempa en el número 101.

Tú eres de Rusia, pero, ¿Dónde lives? ¿en Russia?

No. Vivo en México.

- ¿Vives en un departamento o en una casa?

Vivo en una casa.

- ¡Ah! Yo vivo en un departamento pequeño.

3. Yo soy de España, y vivo en mi país. Vivo en la calle de Lope de Vega en el number 12. En el departamento # (número) 8

- ¡Hola! What do you think?

Bien, gracias, ¿Y tú?

Bien. Me llamo Alfredo. ¿Y tú?

Yo soy Anton.

- ¿Dónde lives?

Vivo in Russia. ¿Y tú?

Yo vivo en Argentina.

To ask in Spanish “Where do you live?” we use the phrase: ¿Dónde lives? to ask “Where are you from? What country do you live in?”, we say: ¿De donde eres?

“¿De donde eres?” “Yo soy de + pais”

Where are you from? I'm from... "country name"

New words and useful phrases:

Yo vivo en + país:
Example: Yo vivo en Perú. Ellos viven en Canada.
I live in Peru. They live in Canada.

Yo vivo en + la calle + nombre de la calle + en el #:
Example: Yo vivo en la calle Simón Bolivar en el # 20. Tú lives en la calle Pushkina en el # 8
I live on Simon Bolivar street 20. You live on Pushkin street 8.

#: Number: number

En mi país: in my country

¿En qué país vives?: What country do you live in?

¿En qué ciudad vives?: What city do you live in?

¿Vives en una casa o en un departamento?: Do you live in a house or an apartment?

Casa: house

Departamento: apartment

Let's practice Spanish!

Alfredo es colombiano y vive en España. Él tiene treinta años y se dedica a trabajar. Alfredo tiene el pelo negro y corto. Es alto, inteligente y guapo. Alfredo no tiene hijos. Tiene dos hermanos. Sus hermanos viven en Colombia. Su novia es española. Él vive en Madrid, en la calle Buenavista en el número 12 en el departamento 4.

Yo soy de México pero vivo en Estados Unidos. Tengo veinte años y trabajo en un restaurante. Me llamo Agustín. Tengo dos hermanos. Ricardo, de 12 años y Felipe, de 8 años. Mi mamá vive en México con mis hermanos. Yo vivo en Estados Unidos con mi padre. Mis hermanos son estudiantes. Mi mamá, mi papá y yo trabajamos.

Possessive pronouns (Pronombres posesivos) indicate that an object, person or event belongs to someone. They answer the question: whose/whose/whose/whose? They are divided into two groups: possessive pronouns - adjectives (when they are used together with a noun) and pronouns - nouns (when they, as a rule, replace a noun).

They are always used together with a noun, and are placed before it and have the meaning of an adjective. These pronouns agree in number with nouns, and some of them agree in gender. In this case, the article is not used before the noun. These pronouns are translated into Russian by possessive pronouns of the Russian language.

	Singular		Plural
	Mi - mine, mine
	Tu - yours, yours		Tus - yours
Él, ella, usted	Su - his, her, yours, yours		Sus - his, hers, yours
	Nuestro is ours	Nuestra is ours	Nuestros are ours	Nuestras - ours
	Vuestro is yours	Vuestra is yours	Vuestros are yours	Vuestras are yours
Ellas, ellos, Ustedes

Thus, as can be seen from the table:

a) Mi, tu, su, and in addition, mis, sus, tus are forms of pronouns that are the same for the masculine and feminine and agree only in number:

Mi hermano - my brother

Mi hermana - my sister

Mis hermanos - my brothers

Mis hermanas - my sisters

b) pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plurals also agree in gender:

Vuestro hermano - Your brother

Vuestros hermanos - Your brothers

Vuestra hermana - Your sister

Vuestras hermanas - Your sisters

c) You can find out exactly who the pronouns su and sus refer to only from the context. If the text allows, then you can clarify using the preposition de:

Su coche de él - his car

Su coche de ella - her car

¡OJO! Be careful with sentences when we use the word “svoy” in Russian translation. In Russian, we use this pronoun to refer to all persons. In Spanish, each person always has a specific pronoun. Compare:

Busco a mi amigo. - I'm looking for my friend.

Buscan a su amigo. - They are looking for their friend.

Possessive pronouns – nouns

This group of pronouns is used independently and in most cases replaces a noun in a sentence. Moreover, such pronouns also agree with person and number.

	Singular		Plural
	(el) mío - mine	(la) mía - mine	(los) míos - mine	(las) mías - mine
	(el) tuyo - yours	(la) tuya - yours	(los) tuyos - yours	(las) tuyas - yours
Éĺ, ella, usted	(el) suyo - his, yours	(la) suya - hers, yours	(los) suyos - his, yours	(las) suyas - hers, yours
	(el) nuestro - ours	(la) nuestra - ours	(los) nuestros - ours	(las) nuestras - ours
	(el) vuestro - yours	(la) vuestra - yours	(los) vuestros - yours	(las) vuestras - yours
Ellas, ellos, Ustedes	(el) suyo - theirs, yours	(la) suya - theirs, yours	(los) suyos - theirs, yours	(las) suyas - theirs, yours

Very often pronouns are accompanied by a definite article:

Mira: la hermana de Oscar es morena, y la mía es rubia. Look: Oscar's sister is a brunette, and mine is blonde.

However, if the pronoun comes after the verb (usually the verb ser), then, as a rule, the article is omitted:

¿De quién es la casa? Es mía. - Whose is this house? My (the word “home” is implied).

¡OJO! It happens that noun pronouns are also found in pairs with a noun, but they always come after it.

- In this case, a numeral or demonstrative pronoun is placed before the noun:

Este coche tuyo es grande. – (This) car of yours is just huge.

Dos amigas mías son guapas. – My two friends are beautiful.

- or when the phrase is an address:

¡Dios mío! - My God! My God!

Practical task

Translate the sentences into Spanish:

1. My friend is very far from me.
2. He is reading his book.
3. Are they friends of yours.
4. This is my pencil, and that one is yours.
5. Our daughter is very smart.
6. His/her car is new.

1. Mi amigo está muy lejos de mí.
2. Lee su libro.
3. Son tus amigos.
4. Este es mi lápiz y aquél – el tuyo.
5. Nuestra hija es muy lista.
6. Su coche es nuevo.