Empirical formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CO

Molecular weight, kg/kmol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..28.01

State of aggregation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gaseous

Appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .colorless gas

Smell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . without smell.

Application: as one of the starting compounds underlying the modern organic synthesis industry. Used for the reduction of metals from oxides, for the production of metal carbonyls, phosgene, carbon sulfide, aluminum chloride, methyl alcohol, formamide, aromatic aldehydes, formic acid, etc.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Density at 0 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,250

Density at 20 °C and pressure 101.3 kPa, kg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.165

Boiling point, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 192

Melting point at pressure 101.3 kPa, °C. . . . . . . . . . . .minus 205

Critical temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 138.7

Critical pressure, MPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5

Heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 283

Specific heat of combustion, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10107

Heat of formation, kJ/mol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . minus 110.5

Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and constant pressure, kJ/(kg? deg). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0416

Heat capacity of gas at 0°C and constant volume, kJ/(kg? deg). . . .0.7434

Dynamic viscosity, N?s/m2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166.04?107

Kinematic viscosity, m2/s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.55?106

Thermal conductivity coefficient of gas at 0°C and pressure 101.3 kPa, W/(m? K). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0233

*t - solid substance.

Solubility in water: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . soluble

Reactivity: relatively well soluble, especially under pressure, in solutions of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ammonium hydroxide, and hydrochloric acid. At low temperatures, carbon monoxide is quite inert; at high levels, it easily enters into various reactions, especially addition reactions. Has restorative properties.

Oxidizes into CO2 at room temperature.

SANITARY AND HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTICS

CAS registration number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630-08-0

MPCm.r. in the air of the working area, mg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20*

Air pollutant code: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0337

Hazard class in atmospheric air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

MPCm.r./s.s. in atmospheric air, mg/m3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5/3

* - When working in an atmosphere containing carbon monoxide for no more than 1 hour, the maximum permissible concentration of carbon monoxide can be increased to 50 mg/m3, when working for no more than 30 minutes. – up to 100 mg/m3, with a duration of work of no more than 15 minutes. – 200 mg/m3. Repeated work under conditions of high carbon monoxide content in the air of the working area can be carried out with a break of at least 2 hours.

Impact on people: toxic substance, refers to substances with a highly targeted mechanism of action, requiring automatic control of its content in the air. Toxic effect on the central nervous system.

First aid measures for victims of exposure to the substance: fresh air, remove clothing that restricts breathing, rest, warming. Severe and moderate poisoning is treated in a hospital.

Precautionary measures: local exhaust devices and general ventilation of the premises are required. Sealing of equipment and communications. Constant monitoring of the concentration in the air of the work area, the use of automatic instruments and alarm devices.

Means of protection: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . filter gas mask.

FIRE AND EXPLOSION PROPERTIES

Flammability group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flammable gas (GG)

Self-ignition temperature, °C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605

Concentration limits of flame spread, % (vol.). . 12.5-74

Minimum explosive oxygen content, % (vol.) when diluted:

Nitrogen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6

Carbon dioxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9

Maximum explosion pressure, kPa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Safe experimental maximum clearance, mm. . . . . . . . . . 0.84

Explosive mixture group according to GOST R 51330.5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T1

Fire-fighting equipment: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . inert gases.

Carbon oxides

In recent years, preference has been given to personality-oriented learning in pedagogical science. The formation of individual personality traits occurs in the process of activity: study, play, work. Therefore, an important factor in learning is the organization of the learning process, the nature of the relationship between the teacher and students and students among themselves. Based on these ideas, I am trying to build the educational process in a special way. At the same time, each student chooses his own pace of studying the material, has the opportunity to work at a level accessible to him, in a situation of success. During the lesson, it is possible to master and improve not only subject-specific, but also such general educational skills as setting an educational goal, choosing means and ways to achieve it, monitoring one’s achievements, and correcting errors. Students learn to work with literature, make notes, diagrams, drawings, work in a group, in pairs, individually, conduct a constructive exchange of opinions, reason logically and draw conclusions.

Conducting such lessons is not easy, but if you succeed, you feel satisfaction. I offer a script for one of my lessons. It was attended by colleagues, administration and a psychologist.

Lesson type. Learning new material.

Goals. Based on motivation and updating the basic knowledge and skills of students, consider the structure, physical and chemical properties, production and use of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide.

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Equipment and reagents.“Programmed survey” cards, poster diagram, devices for producing gases, glasses, test tubes, fire extinguisher, matches; lime water, sodium oxide, chalk, hydrochloric acid, indicator solutions, H 2 SO 4 (conc.), HCOOH, Fe 2 O 3.

Poster diagram
“Structure of the molecule of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide (II)) CO”

DURING THE CLASSES

The desks for students in the office are arranged in a circle. The teacher and students have the opportunity to freely move to laboratory tables (1, 2, 3). During the lesson, children sit at study tables (4, 5, 6, 7, ...) with each other as desired (free groups of 4 people).

Teacher. Wise Chinese proverb(written beautifully on the board) reads:

“I hear - I forget,
I see - I remember
I do - I understand.”

Do you agree with the conclusions of the Chinese sages?

What Russian proverbs reflect Chinese wisdom?

Children give examples.

Teacher. Indeed, only by creating can one obtain a valuable product: new substances, devices, machines, as well as intangible values ​​- conclusions, generalizations, conclusions. I invite you today to take part in a study of the properties of two substances. It is known that when undergoing a technical inspection of a car, the driver provides a certificate about the condition of the vehicle’s exhaust gases. What gas concentration is indicated in the certificate?

(O t v e t. SO.)

Student. This gas is poisonous. Once in the blood, it causes poisoning of the body (“burning”, hence the name of the oxide - carbon monoxide). It is found in car exhaust gases in quantities dangerous to life.(reads a report from a newspaper about a driver who fell asleep in a garage while the engine was running and died of death). The antidote to carbon monoxide poisoning is breathing fresh air and pure oxygen. Another carbon monoxide is carbon dioxide.

Teacher. There is a “Programmed Survey” card on your desks. Familiarize yourself with its contents and, on a blank piece of paper, mark the numbers of those tasks for which you know the answers based on your life experience. Opposite the number of the task-statement, write the formula of carbon monoxide to which this statement relates.

Student consultants (2 people) collect answer sheets and, based on the results of the answers, form new groups for subsequent work.

Programmed survey “Carbon oxides”

1. The molecule of this oxide consists of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom.

2. The bond between atoms in a molecule is polar covalent.

3. A gas that is practically insoluble in water.

4. The molecule of this oxide contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.

5. It has no smell or color.

6. Gas soluble in water.

7. Does not liquefy even at –190 °C ( t kip = –191.5 °C).

8. Acidic oxide.

9. It is easily compressed, at 20 °C under a pressure of 58.5 atm it becomes liquid and hardens into “dry ice”.

10. Not poisonous.

11. Non-salt-forming.

12. Flammable

13. Interacts with water.

14. Interacts with basic oxides.

15. Reacts with metal oxides, reducing free metals from them.

16. Obtained by reacting acids with carbonic acid salts.

17. I.

18. Interacts with alkalis.

19. The source of carbon absorbed by plants in greenhouses and greenhouses leads to increased yield.

20. Used for carbonating water and drinks.

Teacher. Review the contents of the card again. Group the information into 4 blocks:

structure,

physical properties,

Chemical properties,

receiving.

The teacher gives each group of students the opportunity to speak and summarizes the presentations. Then students of different groups choose their work plan - the order of studying oxides. For this purpose, they number the blocks of information and justify their choice. The sequence of study can be as written above, or with any other combination of the four blocks marked.

The teacher draws students' attention to the key points of the topic. Since carbon oxides are gaseous substances, they must be handled with care (safety precautions). The teacher approves the plan for each group and assigns consultants (pre-prepared students).

Demonstration experiments

1. Pouring carbon dioxide from glass to glass.

2. Extinguishing candles in a glass as CO 2 accumulates.

3. Place several small pieces of dry ice into a glass of water. The water will boil and thick white smoke will pour out of it.

CO 2 gas is liquefied already at room temperature under a pressure of 6 MPa. In a liquid state, it is stored and transported in steel cylinders. If you open the valve of such a cylinder, the liquid CO 2 will begin to evaporate, due to which strong cooling occurs and part of the gas turns into a snow-like mass - “dry ice”, which is pressed and used to store ice cream.

4. Demonstration of a chemical foam fire extinguisher (CFO) and explanation of the principle of its operation using a model - a test tube with a stopper and a gas outlet tube.

Information on structure at table No. 1 (instruction cards 1 and 2, structure of CO and CO 2 molecules).

Information about physical properties– at table No. 2 (working with the textbook – Gabrielyan O.S. Chemistry-9. M.: Bustard, 2002, p. 134–135).

Data about preparation and chemical properties– on tables No. 3 and 4 (instruction cards 3 and 4, instructions for conducting practical work, pp. 149–150 of the textbook).

Homework

The teacher suggests taking the “Programmed Survey” card home and, in preparation for the next lesson, thinking about ways to obtain information. (How did you know that the gas you are studying liquefies, reacts with acid, is poisonous, etc.?)

Independent work of students

Groups of children perform practical work at different speeds. Therefore, games are offered to those who complete the work faster.

Fifth wheel

Four substances can have something in common, but the fifth substance stands out from the series, is superfluous.

1. Carbon, diamond, graphite, carbide, carbine. (Carbide.)

2. Anthracite, peat, coke, oil, glass. (Glass.)

3. Limestone, chalk, marble, malachite, calcite. (Malachite.)

4. Crystalline soda, marble, potash, caustic, malachite. (Caustic.)

5. Phosgene, phosphine, hydrocyanic acid, potassium cyanide, carbon disulfide. (Phosphine)

6. Sea water, mineral water, distilled water, ground water, hard water. (Distilled water.)

7. Lime milk, fluff, slaked lime, limestone, lime water. (Limestone.)

8. Li 2 CO 3; (NH 4) 2 CO 3; CaCO 3; K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 . (CaCO3.)

Synonyms

Write the chemical formulas of the substances or their names.

1. Halogen -... (Chlorine or bromine.)

2. Magnesite – ... (MgCO 3.)

3. Urea –... ( Urea H 2 NC(O)NH 2 .)

4. Potash - ... (K 2 CO 3.)

5. Dry ice - ... (CO 2.)

6. Hydrogen oxide –... ( Water.)

7. Ammonia -... ( 10% aqueous ammonia solution.)

8. Salts of nitric acid –... ( Nitrates– KNO 3, Ca(NO 3) 2, NaNO 3.)

9. Natural gas – ... ( Methane CH 4.)

Antonyms

Write chemical terms that are opposite in meaning to those proposed.

1. Oxidizing agent –... ( Reducing agent.)

2. Electron donor –… ( Electron acceptor.)

3. Acid properties – ... ( Basic properties.)

4. Dissociation –… ( Association.)

5. Adsorption – ... ( Desorption.)

6. Anode –... ( Cathode.)

7. Anion –… ( Cation.)

8. Metal –… ( Non-metal.)

9. Starting substances –... ( Reaction products.)

Search for patterns

Establish a sign that combines the specified substances and phenomena.

1. Diamond, carbine, graphite – ... ( Allotropic modifications of carbon.)

2. Glass, cement, brick - ... ( Construction Materials.)

3. Breathing, rotting, volcanic eruption - ... ( Processes accompanied by the release of carbon dioxide.)

4. CO, CO 2, CH 4, SiH 4 – ... ( Compounds of group IV elements.)

5. NaHCO 3, CaCO 3, CO 2, H 2 CO 3 – ... ( Oxygen compounds of carbon.)

The insidious properties of carbon monoxide have been known since ancient times. Our ancestors knew that it was very dangerous to close the draft in an unburned stove while maintaining heat. In a closed house it is warm, cozy, a person goes to rest - and does not wake up, he burns out.

The culprit of the misfortune goes by different names - carbon monoxide (II), carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, carbon monoxide, CO.

WHERE IS CARBON MONOXIDE FORMED?

When the draft is closed, it is formed during the oxidation of smoldering coals in conditions of lack of oxygen, and enters the room. People do not notice the invasion - after all, the invader has neither smell nor color. But it acts, first of all, on the central nervous system, and the distressed person is not able to assess that something wrong is happening to him.

It would seem that nowadays few people use stoves, and the likelihood of encountering carbon monoxide is low. But it turns out that this substance is released both as a result of human activity and in many natural processes.

Carbon monoxide is formed in almost all types of combustion - when burning fuel at power and heating plants, when burning a fire and a gas stove, in a car exhaust, when smoking. Sources of CO are metallurgy and chemical industry. Carbon monoxide is used as a starting material for the synthesis of acetone, methyl alcohol, urea, etc.

As a result of volcanic activity and the oxidation of methane, carbon monoxide also enters the atmosphere. But the amount of natural carbon monoxide, according to some estimates, is only about 3% of the gas from anthropogenic sources, 90% produced by burning fossil fuels.

One of the sources of carbon monoxide is the person himself.

The fact is that carbon monoxide is a product of normal metabolism - in small concentrations it is necessary for the body and performs in it important functions .

A person exhales up to 10 ml of CO per day. This is important to keep in mind for developers of air purification systems for long-term stays in enclosed spaces - spaceships, caissons, etc.
Thus, the ubiquitous carbon monoxide can be called everyday poison. Its maximum permissible concentration in the air of industrial premises is 20 mg/m3 or 0.02 mg/l. The natural level of CO in the air is 0.01 - 0.9 mg/m3, and on Russian highways the average CO concentration ranges from 6-57 mg/m3, exceeding the poisoning threshold.

The main “supplier” of carbon monoxide in large cities is motor transport. When burning 1000 liters of fuel, vehicles emit 25 to 200 kg of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. For example, 72-75% of all carbon monoxide enters the atmosphere of Moscow through the fault of cars.

Unfortunately, cases of poisoning in closed garages are not uncommon.

Under no circumstances should you start and warm up the engine in a closed, unventilated room!

WHERE DOES CARBON MONOXIDE ACCUMULATE?

Carbon monoxide can accumulate in dangerous concentrations not only in the garage. In 1982, hundreds of Afghan and Soviet soldiers died at the Salang Pass due to an accident in a mountain tunnel more than four kilometers long. Due to the snowfall, many cars were piled up on both sides. Two cars collided in the center of the tunnel, causing a traffic jam. The drivers did not turn off the engines, the concentration of carbon monoxide increased, people lost consciousness and died.

The slower a car moves on the streets, the longer it sits with the engine running, or crawls at a snail's pace in a traffic jam, the more carbon monoxide it emits. And carbon monoxide is one of the main air pollutants in large cities. Therefore, the cleanliness of air in large cities is largely related to how traffic is organized. And, of course, the awareness of drivers is important

If you have to stand at a traffic light or crossing for several minutes, turn off the engine.

You will save gasoline and the air will be cleaner. And you don’t need to warm up the engine by pointing the exhaust pipe at your neighbor’s window. Moreover, the engines of most modern cars do not need to be warmed up at all.

Carbon monoxide accumulates in poorly ventilated yards and near highways. Therefore, the concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood of residents of large cities is higher than that of residents of rural areas. If possible, avoid walking along busy highways, especially with children. Choose a quiet nearby street, or better yet a park. This is especially important if you are engaged in vigorous activity that requires increased energy expenditure and, therefore, more intense breathing - cycling, rollerblading, jogging or skiing.

Such physical exercises near the highway will only bring harm.

However, for some, this carbon monoxide lurking around us everywhere is not enough - and they “catch up” with the help of tobacco smoke. A smoker inhales 18.4 mg of CO when smoking one cigarette. If so much carbon monoxide entered the body at one time, he could die. Fortunately, some of the CO leaves the body when you exhale. The concentration of carbon monoxide in the blood of a smoker in 40 times exceeds the norm!

Passive smoking is also slightly less dangerous. In an hour in a smoky room, a person inhales about 9 mg of CO2 - this is what he would get if he smoked half a cigarette himself. This is especially important to remember for parents who smoke in the presence of their children.

IMPACT ON THE BODY
How does carbon monoxide affect the body? Getting into the lungs and from there into the blood plasma, CO penetrates into red blood cells and there interacts with the protein hemoglobin - the carrier of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Each hemoglobin molecule contains four heme - porphyrin rings, in the center of which there is an iron atom that can reversibly attach an oxygen molecule, forming the so-called oxyhemoglobin. Thanks to hemoglobin, blood can bring about 70 times more oxygen to tissues than salt water would carry through dissolution alone.

It is the iron atom that carbon monoxide targets, forming a complex compound (carboxyhemoglobin) that is unable to carry oxygen.

In competition for hemoglobin, carbon monoxide has a distinct advantage over oxygen - it reacts faster with hemoglobin and forms a stronger compound than oxyhemoglobin. In addition, the dissociation of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood occurs very slowly, and it gradually accumulates. Therefore, the concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood can increase to a dangerous degree when inhaling for a long time air containing carbon monoxide in very small concentrations - as little as 0.07%. The blood loses its ability to carry oxygen to the tissues, and symptoms of acute oxygen deficiency appear.

Visible signs of poisoning appear when the carboxyhemoglobin content relative to the total hemoglobin content in the blood exceeds 20%. At 30%, dizziness, weakness in the legs, decreased visual acuity appear, at 40-50%, clouding of consciousness, 60-70% carboxyhemoglobin content leads to death. The higher the concentration of carbon monoxide in the air, the faster the dangerous concentration of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood is reached. For example, inhaling air containing 0.1% carbon monoxide leads to a 40% level of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood in less than 3 hours if the person is at rest. And if he is busy with hard work, the lungs are actively ventilated, and the formation of carboxyhemoglobin occurs faster - the same level.

When small amounts of carbon monoxide are exposed to the body over a long period of time, carboxyhemoglobin is constantly present in the blood. There are no obvious signs of poisoning at a carboxyhemoglobin concentration of 2-10%, but such people often complain of headaches, fatigue, decreased appetite, irritability, poor sleep, pain in the heart, weakened memory and attention. Symptoms familiar to many residents of large cities. And city residents who smoke make the situation even worse.

HOW TO HELP SOMEONE POISONED BY CARBON MONOXIDE

How can you help a person poisoned by carbon monoxide? First of all, it is necessary to help the blood get rid of carboxyhemoglobin as quickly as possible, to shift the balance towards the formation of a compound of hemoglobin with oxygen. And to do this, even before the ambulance team arrives, take (or carry) the victim out into the fresh air.

An increase in oxygen concentration in the air accelerates the removal of carboxyhemoglobin from the blood. Doctors, for example, give the victim to breathe pure oxygen or, if possible, oxygen under pressure in a pressure chamber, stimulating his breathing with medication or using artificial respiration methods. Doctors have other medications in their arsenal to combat carbon monoxide poisoning, for example, iron compounds “intercepting” CO from hemoglobin and speeding up its removal from the body.

The longer the body is in conditions of oxygen starvation of tissues, the more severe its consequences, primarily for the heart muscle and brain. Therefore, cure of immediate syndromes of severe poisoning does not mean complete recovery. Damage to the neurons of the cerebral cortex often occurs; in 7 cases out of 10 after poisoning, mental disorders, loss of immediate memory, and personality changes may appear within 3 months.

Summarize: What should you do to avoid carbon monoxide poisoning? First of all, follow basic safety rules when firing stoves, do not keep a car with the engine running in a closed space, and ventilate kitchens equipped with gas stoves as often as possible. Spend as much time in the fresh air as possible, avoiding walking on busy highways, especially near traffic jams. Don’t miss any opportunity to visit the countryside, trying to increase your physical activity in the fresh air whenever possible in order to actively “breathe.” And, of course, do not smoke and do not allow smoking near you. And then the insidious carbon monoxide will not be scary.

Carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide (CO), is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Burns with a blue flame, like hydrogen. Because of this, chemists confused it with hydrogen in 1776 when they first produced carbon monoxide by heating zinc oxide with carbon. The molecule of this gas has a strong triple bond, like the nitrogen molecule. That's why there are some similarities between them: the melting and boiling points are almost the same. The carbon monoxide molecule has a high ionization potential.

When carbon monoxide oxidizes, it forms carbon dioxide. This reaction releases a large amount of thermal energy. This is why carbon monoxide is used in heating systems.

Carbon monoxide at low temperatures almost does not react with other substances; at high temperatures the situation is different. The addition reactions of various organic substances take place very quickly. A mixture of CO and oxygen in certain proportions is very dangerous due to the possibility of its explosion.

Production of carbon monoxide

In laboratory conditions, carbon monoxide is produced by decomposition. It occurs under the influence of hot concentrated sulfuric acid, or when passing it through phosphorus oxide. Another method is to heat a mixture of formic and oxalic acids to a certain temperature. The evolved CO can be removed from this mixture by passing it through barite water (a saturated solution).

Carbon monoxide danger

Carbon monoxide is extremely dangerous to humans. It causes severe poisoning and can often cause death. The thing is that carbon monoxide has the ability to react with hemoglobin in the blood, which carries oxygen to all cells of the body. As a result of this reaction, carbohemoglobin is formed. Due to lack of oxygen, cells experience starvation.

The following symptoms of poisoning can be identified: nausea, vomiting, headache, loss of color vision, respiratory distress and others. A person suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning must receive first aid as soon as possible. First, you need to take him out into the fresh air and put a cotton swab soaked in ammonia on his nose. Next, rub the victim’s chest and apply heating pads to his legs. Plenty of warm fluids are recommended. You should call a doctor immediately after detecting symptoms.

Let's try to figure it out and remember knowledge from physics and chemistry.

Carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide, chemical formula CO) is a gaseous compound formed during combustion of any kind.

What happens when this substance enters the body?

After entering the respiratory tract, carbon monoxide molecules immediately end up in the blood and bind to hemoglobin molecules. A completely new substance is formed - carboxyhemoglobin, which interferes with the transport of oxygen. For this reason, oxygen deficiency develops very quickly.

The most important danger is that carbon monoxide is invisible and not perceptible in any way, it has neither odor nor color, that is, the cause of the illness is not obvious, it is not always possible to detect it immediately. Carbon monoxide cannot be felt in any way, which is why its second name is a silent killer.

Feeling tired, weak and dizzy, a person makes a fatal mistake - he decides to lie down. And, even if he later understands the reason and the need for going out into the air, as a rule, he is no longer able to do anything. Many could be saved by knowledge of the symptoms of CO poisoning - knowing them, it is possible to suspect the cause of the illness in time and take the necessary measures to save it.

What are the symptoms and signs of carbon monoxide poisoning

The severity of the lesion depends on several factors:

– state of health and physiological characteristics of a person. Weak people, those with chronic diseases, especially those accompanied by anemia, the elderly, pregnant women and children are more sensitive to the effects of CO;

– duration of exposure of the CO compound to the body;

– concentration of carbon monoxide in inhaled air;

– physical activity during poisoning. The higher the activity, the faster poisoning occurs.

Three degrees of severity of carbon monoxide poisoning based on symptoms

Mild degree severity is characterized by the following symptoms: general weakness; headaches, mainly in the frontal and temporal regions; knocking in the temples; noise in ears; dizziness; visual impairment – ​​flickering, dots before the eyes; unproductive, i.e. dry cough; rapid breathing; lack of air, shortness of breath; lacrimation; nausea; hyperemia (redness) of the skin and mucous membranes; tachycardia; increased blood pressure.

Symptoms medium degree severity is the preservation of all the symptoms of the previous stage and their more severe form: fogginess, possible loss of consciousness for a short time; vomit; hallucinations, both visual and auditory; violation of the vestibular apparatus, uncoordinated movements; pressing chest pain.

Severe poisoning is characterized by the following symptoms: paralysis; long-term loss of consciousness, coma; convulsions; dilated pupils; involuntary emptying of the bladder and bowels; increased heart rate up to 130 beats per minute, but it is faintly palpable; cyanosis (blue discoloration) of the skin and mucous membranes; breathing problems – it becomes shallow and intermittent.

Atypical forms of carbon monoxide poisoning

There are two of them - fainting and euphoric.

Symptoms of fainting: pallor of the skin and mucous membranes; decreased blood pressure; loss of consciousness.

Symptoms of the euphoric form: psychomotor agitation; mental dysfunction: delirium, hallucinations, laughter, strange behavior; loss of consciousness; respiratory and heart failure.

How to provide first aid to victims of carbon monoxide poisoning

It is very important to provide first aid promptly, as irreversible consequences occur very quickly.

First, it is necessary to take the victim out into fresh air as quickly as possible. In cases where this is difficult, the victim must be put on a gas mask with a hopcalite cartridge as quickly as possible and given an oxygen cushion.

Secondly, you need to make breathing easier - clear the airways, if necessary, unfasten clothes, lay the victim on his side in order to prevent possible tongue retraction.

Thirdly, stimulate breathing. Bring ammonia, rub the chest, warm the limbs. And most importantly, you need to call an ambulance. Even if a person appears to be in satisfactory condition at first glance, it is necessary that he be examined by a doctor, since it is not always possible to determine the true degree of poisoning only by symptoms. In addition, promptly initiated therapeutic measures will reduce the risk of complications and mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning. If the victim’s condition is serious, it is necessary to carry out resuscitation measures until doctors arrive.

When is there a danger of carbon monoxide poisoning?

Nowadays, cases of poisoning occur a little less frequently than in those days when heating of residential premises was predominantly stoves, but there are still enough sources of increased risk. Potential sources of danger of carbon monoxide poisoning: houses with stove heating, fireplaces. Improper operation increases the risk of carbon monoxide entering the premises, thus causing entire families to burn out in their homes; baths, saunas, especially those that are heated “on black”; garages; in industries using carbon monoxide; long-term stay near major roads; fire in a closed space (elevator, shaft, etc., which are impossible to leave without outside help).

Only numbers

• A mild degree of poisoning occurs already at a carbon monoxide concentration of 0.08% - headache, dizziness, suffocation, and general weakness occur.
• An increase in CO concentration to 0.32% causes motor paralysis and fainting. After about half an hour, death occurs.

At a CO concentration of 1.2% or higher, a fulminant form of poisoning develops - in a couple of breaths a person receives a lethal dose, death occurs within a maximum of 3 minutes.

The exhaust gases of a passenger car contain from 1.5 to 3% carbon monoxide. Contrary to popular belief, you can get poisoned while the engine is running not only indoors, but also outdoors.

• About two and a half thousand people in Russia are hospitalized annually with varying degrees of severity of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Prevention measures

In order to minimize the risks of carbon monoxide poisoning, it is enough to follow the following rules:

Operate stoves and fireplaces in accordance with the rules, regularly check the operation of the ventilation system and promptly clean the chimney, and trust the laying of stoves and fireplaces only to professionals;

Do not stay near busy roads for a long time;

Always turn off the car engine in a closed garage. It only takes five minutes of engine operation for the concentration of carbon monoxide to become lethal - remember this;

If you spend a long time in the car, and even more so sleep in the car, always turn off the engine

Make it a rule - if symptoms arise that suggest carbon monoxide poisoning, provide fresh air as soon as possible by opening the windows, or better yet, leave the room.

Do not lie down if you feel dizzy, nauseous, or weak.

Remember - carbon monoxide is insidious, it acts quickly and unnoticed, so life and health depend on the speed of measures taken. Take care of yourself and your loved ones!

In the event of an emergency, you can call one emergency operational service using a separate number of any cellular operator: these are numbers 101 (fire and emergency response service), 102 (police service), 103 (emergency medical service), 104 (gas service). networks)

Unified helpline of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia in the Orenburg region