Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

The standard of living is determined by a system of indicators, each of which gives an idea of ​​one aspect of human life. There is a classification of indicators according to individual criteria: general and specific; economic and socio-demographic; objective and subjective; cost and natural; quantitative and qualitative; indicators of proportions and consumption patterns; statistical indicators, etc.

TO general indicators include the size of national income, the national wealth consumption fund per capita. They characterize the general achievements of the socio-economic development of society.

TO private indicators These include working conditions, provision of housing and amenities, level of socio-cultural services, etc.

Economic indicators characterize the economic side of the life of society, the economic possibilities of meeting its needs. These include indicators characterizing the level of economic development of society and the well-being of the population (nominal and real incomes, employment, etc.)

Socio-demographic indicators characterize the gender, age, professional and qualification composition of the population, and the physical reproduction of the labor force.

Dividing indicators into objective and subjective is associated with the justification of changes in people’s lives and are divided depending on the degree of subjectivity of the assessment made.

TO cost indicators include all indicators in monetary form, and natural characterize the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services in physical terms.

To characterize the standard of living, they are of great importance quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative ones determine the volume of consumption of specific material goods and services, and qualitative ones determine the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.

As independent indicators, we can distinguish proportions and distribution structure welfare of the population.

An important role in determining the standard of living is played by statistical indicators, which include general indicators, indicators of income, consumption and expenditure, cash savings, accumulated property and housing of the population and many others.

At the 29th session of the UN Statistical Commission in February 1997, a minimum set of national social statistics data recommended by the Working Group on International Statistical Programs and Coordination of the UN Economic and Social Council was approved. The set included the following indicators:

population size by sex, age and ethnic group;

average life expectancy at birth by sex;

child mortality by sex;

maternal mortality;

proportion of children weighing less than 2.5 kg at birth, by sex;

average years of schooling, disaggregated by gender and, if possible, income status;

GDP per capita;

average per capita household income;

the cost of the minimum food basket necessary to meet food needs;

share of unemployed by gender;

ratio of employed people to total population by gender, formal and informal sectors;

access to drinking water;

provision of sanitary and hygienic conditions;

number of people per room, excluding kitchen and bathroom.

The decision of the UN Statistical Commission notes that the list of indicators should be considered as a minimum set of indicators, and not as exhaustive.

The former State Statistics Committee of Russia has developed a system of indicators that reflect the possibilities of assessing the standard of living at the present stage and make it possible to compare the standard of living of the population of Russia with other countries.

Indicators of living standards can be combined into the following sections:

integral indicators of living standards;

indicators of material security of the population;

living conditions of the population;

education indicators;

health indicators;

indicators of culture, tourism and recreation;

indicators of public order.

Integral indicators of living standards include:

macroeconomic indicators;

demographic indicators;

indicators of economic activity;

pension indicators.

As macroeconomic indicators the following are used:

household final consumption expenditure;

actual final consumption of households;

growth rate of real disposable household income;

wages of hired workers, including hidden ones;

salary fund;

nominal and real average monthly wage.

Demographics assessments of living standards play an important role, since the population is, on the one hand, an object of observation when studying living standards, and on the other hand, it reflects the level of economic and social development of the country with its characteristics. As demographic characteristics of the standard of living and quality of life, the system of indicators includes:

growth rate of the resident population;

life expectancy at birth, including by gender;

infant mortality rate, including by gender;

infant mortality rate, including by gender;

maternal mortality rate.

Economic Activity Indicators include:

level of economic activity;

employment level;

the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy to the population;

unemployment rate.

One of the most important characteristics of the standard of living is the economic situation of pensioners, since taking into account the demographic aging of the population, the proportion of pensioners in the country is increasing. In this regard, the system of indicators includes the following pension indicators :

number of pensioners, including grouping by age;

the amount of assigned monthly pensions, including by age;

average nominal monthly pensions;

growth rate of the average real amount of assigned pensions;

minimum pension amount.

Indicators of material security of the population can be divided into two groups:

Household income and

Inequality in the distribution of income between certain groups of the population.

The indicators in this section are determined on the basis of a sample survey of households.

To the group household income indicators included indicators of total and monetary nominal and real income of households (total and disposable), as well as indicators characterizing the real capabilities of the population:

purchasing power of average per capita cash income;

average monthly salary, average amount of assigned pensions;

income deficit and consumer price index.

Income inequality is assessed using the characteristics of the distribution of the population into 20% groups depending on the volume of cash expenditures, the decile coefficient of differentiation of income of the population, the coefficient of income concentration - the Gini index.

Indicators of personal consumption and nutrition of the population include the following indicators:

the cost of the minimum consumer basket;

the cost of living;

structure and dynamics of consumer income of households in current and comparable prices;

share of food costs in households' disposable resources and consumer expenditures;

average per capita consumption of basic food products;

energy value of the diet;

Grade living conditions of the population carried out using indicators such as:

provision of housing for the population (total and living space per person);

share of housing costs in consumer spending;

number of families registered for housing.

Chapter education indicators includes:

the number of state daytime educational institutions and the number of students in them;

number of public higher education institutions;

number of students at state higher educational institutions per 10,000 population;

the number of state secondary specialized educational institutions and the number of students in them per 10,000 population.

Indicators of culture, tourism and recreation include indicators characterizing:

number of visits to theaters and museums per 1000 population;

number of books, brochures and magazines published per capita;

the number of people treated and vacationing in sanatorium-resort institutions and recreational institutions;

the number of Russian citizens who traveled abroad on tourist trips.

As public order indicators Three groups of indicators are used:

number of registered crimes;

crime detection;

mortality rates from homicides, including by gender and grouped into urban and rural populations.

The given system of indicators has a structure that allows it to be coordinated with the general system of socio-economic indicators. This set of indicators can be used for a more detailed assessment of the standard of living of individual population groups within the country, as well as for international comparisons of living standards.

Also of interest is the system of indicators of living standards developed by the Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It differs from the considered system of indicators:

a more detailed list of indicators of income and expenditure of the population is presented;

There is a section characterizing the activities of sectors of the social sphere. The branches of the social sphere are considered in 3 aspects: by the cost of services provided to the population, by providing the population with social services, by the characteristics of the branches of the social sphere as economic objects;

such an important section as natural and climatic living conditions is presented. Environmental characteristics of living standards are currently becoming increasingly important due to the unprecedented growth rates of global consumption and, as a result, increasing pressure on the environment and resource depletion.

In terms of their content, the systems of statistical indicators used in domestic practice are quite close to the system of indicators of living standards developed by the UN. The latest version of the UN system of indicators was adopted in 1978. In 1989, due to the growing interest of statistical services around the world, a handbook on social indicators was published, which made it possible to construct systems of indicators of living standards in accordance with national characteristics and the needs of international comparisons of living standards. The system of indicators developed by the UN includes 12 sections:

demographic characteristics of the population;

sanitary and hygienic living conditions;

food consumption;

living conditions of the population;

education and culture;

employment and working conditions;

income and expenses of the population;

cost of living and consumer prices;

vehicles;

organization of recreation;

social Security;

human freedom.

The UN's work on the formation and implementation in various countries of a system of indicators for adequate assessment of living standards is aimed at providing information on the development of human potential. Currently, the standard of living has become such a broad concept (as evidenced by the indicator systems used) that its content is completely integrated with assessments of human development.

Many indicators used to assess living standards are used to calculate general indicators of human development, assess regional differences in the quality of life, and analyze the dynamics of human development in individual countries and regions.

The standard of living in its content is a much broader concept than just the material living conditions of the population. It is generally accepted that income level is not the only and determining condition for human development. To ensure a decent life, a person requires a fairly wide range of benefits, through the use of which the necessary level of existence is achieved. In addition, the standard of living is assessed not only through the consumption of these goods, but also through the possibilities of obtaining them.

The standard of living exists and is used together with a whole family of synonymous and similar terms: national welfare, quality of life and others.

First of all, this is people's welfare, the broadest and most capacious concept from this set. “People’s welfare is understood as a complex socio-economic phenomenon that integrates the characteristics of the level, image and quality of life of the population, each of which represents only a certain cross-section of a single, but multifaceted and voluminous social organism. Ultimately, people’s welfare reflects the development of people’s needs, the state and ways to satisfy them in relation to the main spheres of life: labor, consumption, culture, reproductive behavior, socio-political life."

To date, “national welfare” has gradually begun to lose popularity, being, firstly, a term related to the outdated vocabulary of a centrally planned economy, secondly, under the influence of the growing use of the concepts of the level and quality of life and, thirdly, in connection with a certain incompatibility of the term “welfare,” which has a positive semantic connotation, with a significant drop in the standard of living of the majority of the country’s population.

Quality of life is defined as a subjective assessment of the degree to which people’s material and spiritual needs are met. Russian scientists have actively turned to the study of problems of quality of life, primarily in connection with the exacerbation of the systemic crisis and the deepening socio-economic contradictions in society, which is expressed mainly in a decrease in real incomes of the population, deepening property differentiation, an increase in the incidence of illness among the population and a gradual reduction in the duration of life. his life.

Quality of life, therefore, should be considered as a set of certain characteristics of vital aspects, processes and phenomena for a person, reflecting his modern existence, both in the aspect of work activity and in the aspect of life activity in general.

The modern economic dictionary defines the term “quality of life” as a socio-economic category that represents a generalization of the concept of “standard of living” and includes “not only the level of consumption of material goods and services, but also the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, life expectancy, environmental conditions, surrounding a person, spiritual comfort." In our opinion, the problem of the study is not to add the concept of “quality of life” to the concept of “standard of living”, but to reflect the quality of life when analyzing and assessing the standard of living, which requires an appropriate taxonomy of people’s needs and proper assessment their level of development and degree of satisfaction.

It should be noted that quality of life as a category of economic science is interconnected with such concepts, similar in origin and content, as lifestyle, lifestyle, and standard of living of a person.

Lifestyle is a fusion of objective conditions and the subjective side of people’s activities, an expression, first of all, of their socio-economic activity. The way of life is “led”, practiced, it is, as it were, a general formula for the daily existence of an individual. In other words, a way of life is the typical, practiced norms and behavior of people, the way of their daily activities in the sphere of work and life, in the production and consumption of both material and spiritual values.

Thus, the quality of life reflects the degree to which a whole range of diverse material, spiritual, intellectual, cultural, aesthetic and other needs of people are satisfied.

1.2 Indicators for measuring the level and quality of life

To determine the level and quality of life of the population, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of those elements that help assess the socio-economic situation in the country.

It should also be remembered that these concepts are influenced by many factors.

Integral indicators for measuring the standard of living are: real income per capita, real wages, income from secondary employment, from the sale of personal farm products, dividends (on stocks and bonds), interest on household deposits, pensions, benefits, scholarships.

Using these indicators, the level, dynamics and structure of income from various sources are studied and forecasted.

Real income of the population D p are determined by dividing the total amount of cash income by the consumer price index:

Where D D - the total amount of cash income of the population;

Consumer price index.

There is a difference between real incomes of the population without taking into account services and taking into account services.

Real income excluding services - part of GDP used by the population to satisfy material and cultural needs.

Real income including services - part of GDP used by the population for consumption and accumulation of material goods and services.

To characterize the growth (decrease) of real incomes, indices of real incomes of the entire population are calculated, as well as indices of real incomes by social groups.

When calculating real income indices, comparability of prices must be ensured; For this purpose, the calculations take into account price changes for the comparable period - the consumer price index.

Real wages of workers are a component of real income (including services).

It is determined by dividing the nominal (accrued) wage by the consumer price index for goods and services:

Where Salary R - real wages,

Salary N - nominal wage;

Consumer price index.

In the policy of incomes and wages, indicators characterizing their differentiation also occupy a significant place.

The differentiation of income and wages makes it possible to assess the ongoing social changes, the level of social tension and determine the nature of the income and wage policy.

Indicators of income and wage differentiation are:

distribution of population by level of average per capita income - an indicator of the share or percentage of the population in certain given intervals of average per capita monetary income;

distribution of the total volume of cash income among various population groups - an indicator (in percentage) of the share of the total volume of cash income that each of the 20% (10%) groups of the population has;

decile income differentiation coefficient - the ratio of average per capita monetary income, above and below which are the tenths of the most and least affluent population;

coefficient of differentiation of population incomes by constituent entities of the Federation - the ratio of the highest and lowest levels of average per capita income in the constituent entities of the Federation;

wage differentiation coefficient - the ratio of the highest and lowest wage levels between industries, regions, professions, within industries and enterprises, etc.

Some of the most common indicators of income differentiation are also the income concentration coefficient (Gini index) and the Lorenz curve, which allow one to judge the degree of removal from the state of equality in income distribution. The calculation of the Gini index is related to the Lorenz curve.

Income inequality graph (Lorenz curve) shown in Fig. 4.1

Straight line OA called the line of absolute equality of income distribution. It reflects a situation where 20% of people own 20% of the income, 40% of the people own 40% of the income, etc. Curve OB shows the actual distribution of income among family groups.

Increased inequality in income distribution is expressed in a change in the configuration of the Lorenz curve towards increasing its concavity in relation to the line of absolute equality.

Income concentration ratio (Gini index) ) represents the deviation of the actual distribution of income of the population from the line of their uniform distribution. It is determined by the ratio of the area of ​​the figure formed by the Lorenz curve and the line of absolute equality to the area of ​​the entire triangle OAS. The value of the coefficient can vary from 0 to 1 or from 0 to 100%. It should be noted that the higher the value of the indicator, the more unevenly income is distributed in society.

To determine the general direction of changes in income distribution, the directional coefficient of the population stratification process is used - the ratio of the population with incomes below the subsistence level to the population with incomes above the high-income budget per 1 thousand people. The dynamics of the stratification coefficient characterizes the increase or decrease in the polarization of society.

In Russia, the bottom 20% account for 6% of income, and the top 20% account for 47%. This ratio is close to the national average. Income is distributed similarly in, for example, Great Britain, Estonia, and Kyrgyzstan. A lower ratio of the share of income of the 20% most and least wealthy people is in Slovakia (12% to 31%), the Czech Republic (10% to 37%), and Hungary (9% to 37%). In a number of developing countries this ratio is much higher - in South Africa (3% to 63%), Chile (3% to 61%), Mexico (4% to 51%).

STATISTICS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION

Indicators characterizing the standard of living of the population; balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population; indicators of per capita monetary income and analysis of their dynamics; population consumption structure; calculation of the cost of living; assessment of the degree of differentiation and concentration of the population by income level; the problem of creating general indicators of quality of life

Standards of living- these are his income-property opportunities, ensuring the satisfaction of his material and spiritual needs under the restrictions set by the cost of living. To characterize the standard of living of the population, statistical authorities use a number of indicators:

integral indicators of social development and living standards of the population;

indicators of personal income of the population;

indicators of population expenditure and consumption;

indicators of differentiation of the population by standard of living.

Integralindicatorssocialdevelopment andlevellifepopulation

Integral indicators include:

macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living of the population;

demographic indicators;

indicators of economic activity of the population.

Currently, national statistical practice is introducing macroeconomic indicators of the standard of living of the population (the system of national accounts is used to calculate them):

household disposable income;

adjusted household disposable income;

real household disposable income;

actual final consumption of households;

consumer price index.

Under, household disposable income refers to the amount of current income that can be used by households to finance the final consumption of goods and services or for savings. This amount includes income from production activities, from property and current income received by households as a result of redistribution operations (current transfers). This indicator shows how much economic resources are available to the population and can be used by them to meet their needs.

Adjusted household disposable income exceeds disposable income by the amount of social transfers in kind. Social transfers include free or discounted yen services in the field of education, culture, healthcare, social security, housing and communal services.

Real household disposable income is equal to current period disposable income adjusted to the consumer price index (CPI), and reflects the maximum value of goods and services that households could purchase with their current income at base period prices, without resorting to the use of their accumulated financial or non-financial assets and without increasing financial obligations.

Actual final household consumption- this is the cost of goods and services actually purchased by resident households at the expense of current income for individual consumption or received by them from government agencies or non-profit organizations free of charge or at preferential prices in the form of social transfers.

Consumer price index is intended to characterize changes over time in the general level of prices for goods and services purchased by the population for non-productive consumption. Changes in the general level of consumer prices are assessed based on a comparison of the cost of the consumer basket (a fixed set of goods and services most frequently consumed by the population). Consumer price indices are calculated both for the entire population and for individual groups, taking into account the specifics of their consumer spending (for the groups “pensioners”, “households with incomes below the subsistence level”, etc.).

(Methods for calculating the CPI, as well as sources of information for its calculation, are discussed in topic 4.1.)

TOindicators of the demographic situation in the country include indicators such as the level and dynamics of the resident population, crude birth and death rates, infant mortality rates, life expectancy, and population migration rates. (The content and methods of calculating these indicators are discussed in section 3.)

Indicators of economic activity of the population characterize the number and composition of the economically active and employed population, the ratio of the number of people employed in the economy and the total population, the number and composition of the unemployed, and the unemployment rate.

Indicatorspersonalincomepopulation

There are two approaches to the study of personal income of the population: the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population; sample survey of household budgets.

Sources of information for compiling balance of monetary income and expenses of the population are statistical and financial statements of economic entities, which are units of statistical observation, as well as the results of specially organized surveys, data from tax services and expert assessments.

The income side of the balance sheet reflects the following: types of cash income of the population:

remuneration of employees in cash and in kind with all allowances related to the wage fund;

income of employees not related to the wage fund;

dividends;

proceeds from the sale of agricultural products by enterprises and organizations;

pensions, benefits, scholarships and other income from the financial system;

income of the population from the sale of foreign currency;

business income from unincorporated enterprises owned by households;

other receipts.

In table Table 5.1 provides data reflecting changes in the structure of cash incomes of the population of Russia for the period 2003-2005.

Table 5.1

StructuremonetaryincomepopulationRussianFederation, % Tototal

Salary
Social payments
Income from business activities
Property income
Other income
Total

Source: Russia in numbers - 2006.

Guided by the data from the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population, the total amount of monetary income of the entire population is determined, and then, on its basis, the average per capita monetary income.

Average per capita cash income are calculated as the ratio of the total monetary income of the population for the current period to the average annual population for the same period.

Based on the total monetary income of the population, a calculation is made disposable cash income by subtracting mandatory payments and contributions.

Indices of real cash income and real disposable income are determined by dividing the corresponding indices of cash income of the population in nominal terms by the consumer price index:

I real.d = I nom.d : I p.ts

Where I real d - real income index;

I nom d - nominal income index;

I p c - consumer price index.

Household Budget Survey(the second method of determining population income) is a specially organized sample observation. The unit of observation is the household. The survey is conducted by directly interviewing members of households included in the sample population.

One of the shortcomings of this survey is the almost complete absence of households with the highest incomes in the sample population, which leads to systematic errors in the indicators.

When studying the standard of living, not only the size of monetary income is of great importance, but also the potential possibility of using it to purchase goods and services, i.e. purchasing power of money income. Purchasing power level of cash income can be measured either by the quantity of a certain type of good (service), or by the quantity of a fixed set of goods and services that can be purchased for the amount of average per capita monetary income:

PS = D: R,

where PS is the purchasing power of the average per capita monetary income of the population as a whole or a separate group, calculated in the form of a commodity equivalent for a specific product, service or a certain set of goods and services (for example, for a minimum food basket *);

D - average per capita cash income of the population as a whole

or a separate group of it;

R - the average price of a good, service, or the cost of a specific set of goods and services.

IndicatorsexpensesAndconsumptionpopulation

The volume of consumption of material goods and services by the population, determined by the balance of monetary income and expenditure of the population, is the most general indicator of consumption, since the structure of population consumption can be analyzed using the balance.

Cash expenditures of the population grouped as follows:

purchase of goods and payment for services;

mandatory payments and voluntary contributions;

* Minimum food basket- a set of food products compiled taking into account the norms of physiological needs for nutrients and energy and providing the minimum required amount of calories.

increase in savings in deposits and securities;
buying a property;

expenses of the population for the purchase of foreign currency;

money sent via transfers.

Consumer expenses of the population only that part of cash expenditures is called that is directed by households directly to the purchase of consumer goods and personal services for current consumption.

This includes the following costs:

To purchase food for home nutrition;

for eating out;

for the purchase of non-food products (clothing, shoes, television and radio equipment, recreational items, vehicles, fuel, furniture, etc.);

for the purchase of alcoholic beverages;

to pay for services (housing, utilities, household and medical services, education, services of cultural institutions, etc.).

When studying consumption volumes, actual consumption is compared with existing standards. One of the main standards is living wage (minimum consumer budget), calculated for various socio-demographic groups of the population (working-age population by sex and age; pensioners; children of two age groups: 0-6 and 7-15 years), as well as by regions of Russia.

The subsistence minimum is defined as the sum of the valuation of a set set of food products, expenses for non-food goods and services, taxes and mandatory payments:

A = B + C+ D + E,

Where A- the cost of living;

IN- cost of the minimum food basket

( Where q i - consumption standard i-th food product, a p i - its average price);

C - valuation of consumption of non-food products;

D - valuation of expenses for paid services;

E- expenses for taxes and mandatory payments.

When calculating the last three components, the actual structure of expenditures in the budgets of the poorest 10% of the population is taken into account.

Based on information about the income and expenses of the population, it is calculated consumer expenditure elasticity coefficient population by income, characterizing by what percentage the population's expenses change when their income changes by 1%:

Where ∆ Y- absolute increase in population expenditures

compared to the base period;

∆X- absolute increase in income of the population compared

with a base period;

Y o - the amount of expenses in the base period;

X O - the amount of income in the base period.

Indicators of differentiation of the population by standard of living

The basis for measuring economic differentiation of the population is the analysis of inequality in the distribution of income between individual groups of the population. For assessment of population differentiation by standard of living The following indicators are used:

distribution of the population by level of average per capita income;

income differentiation coefficients;

distribution of the total amount of cash income among various population groups;

income concentration ratio (Gini index);
number of people with incomes below the poverty line, poverty rate.

To study the characteristics of differentiation of the population by income level, the structural characteristics of distribution series (mode, median, quartiles, deciles, etc.), as well as indicators of variation (standard deviation, mean quartile deviation, coefficient of variation, etc.) are used.

Modal income Mo- This is the income level that is most common among the population. To calculate the mode in distribution series with equal intervals, use the formula

,

Where x 0 – lower limit of the modal interval;

i– interval size;

f Mo– frequency of the modal interval;

f Mo -1 – frequency of the interval preceding the modal one;

f Mo +1 – frequency of the interval following the modal one.

In the case of uneven distribution of a characteristic within intervals (in particular, with a gradual increase in intervals), frequencies cannot be used to calculate the mode. To compare groups with each other, instead of frequency, it is used distribution density (t= f i / i), characterizing the number of population units per unit length of the interval. In this case, the modal interval is determined by the maximum density, and the mode is calculated as follows:

Median income Me - this is the income level that divides the income distribution series into two equal parts: half of the population has a per capita income not exceeding the median income, and the other half has an income not less than the median. To calculate the median, the formula is used:

Where x 0 - lower limit of the median interval;

P- population size;

F M e-1 - accumulated frequency of the interval preceding the median;

f Me - frequency of the median interval.

Similarly defined quartiles(income levels dividing the population into four equal parts) and deciles(income levels dividing the population into ten equal parts). Methods for calculating these indicators were discussed in the first part of the course “Statistics” (“General Theory of Statistics”).

The degree of differentiation of the population by per capita income is assessed using differentiation coefficients income. There are two indicators of differentiation:

coefficient of stock differentiation (K f ) - the ratio between the average incomes of the compared population groups (usually the average income received by 10% of the population With highest and 10% of the population with the lowest income):

;

decile coefficient of income differentiation (K D ), which shows how many times the minimum income among the top 10% of the population exceeds the maximum income among the bottom 10% of the population. It is calculated by comparing the ninth and first deciles:

.

Tool analysis of population income concentration is the Lorenz curve and the income concentration index (Gini coefficient) and the stock differentiation coefficient calculated on its basis. Lorenz curve establishes a correspondence between the population size and the amount of total income received. To construct it, the population is divided into groups that are equal in size and differ in the level of average per capita income. Groups are ranked by average per capita income. For each group there are determined frequencies- shares in the total population (
, Where f i – Population i- th group  f i– total population ) and shares in total income (
, Where - average income in i-group), and on their basis – accumulated frequencies. . With an even distribution of income, the tenth of the population with the lowest incomes will have 10% of the total income, the twentieth - 20% of the total income, etc. In Fig. 5.1, the uniform distribution of income is represented by a straight line that connects the origin and point C.

The line corresponding to the actual distribution of income deviates from the line of uniform distribution the more, the greater the inequality in income distribution.

Income concentration ratio G (Gini coefficient)

allows you to analyze the degree of concentration of income among different groups of the population and quantify the unevenness of their distribution. The Gini coefficient is calculated using data on the accumulated frequencies of population size and monetary income and varies from 0 to 1:

Where k - number of grouping intervals;

R i - share of the population with average per capita income,

not exceeding the upper limit i-th interval;

q i - share of income i- population group in total

income, calculated on an accrual basis.

Poverty rate is called a relative indicator, calculated as a percentage of the population with an income level below the subsistence level to the total population of the country (region).

Socialindicatorsqualitylifepopulation

To qualitatively characterize the living conditions of the population, it is necessary to use social statistics indicators.

Currently, the UN has developed a concept of living standards, which includes the following main components:

1 . Health:

quality of the health care system;

ensuring a healthy human life.

2 . Ensuring knowledge acquisition:

teaching children;

personal training opportunity;

ability to maintain knowledge;

a person's satisfaction with his or her level of development.

Preservation and enrichment of the cultural level.

Employment and quality of working life.

Possibility of purchasing goods and using services:

level of personal income and property ownership;

degree of equality in the distribution of income and property;

quality, variety and availability of services for personal and public consumption.

State of the environment.

Personal safety and justice.

Participation in public life.

To study such a component of living standards as population health, it is necessary to have information on life expectancy, mortality rates, prevalence and incidence of diseases for the population as a whole and its demographic groups, and the level of development of treatment and preventive care for the population. In turn, the level of development of medical and preventive care to the population is characterized by such indicators as the number of medical institutions and the number of hospital beds, as well as the number of medical personnel per 10 thousand people, etc.

For characteristics state of education the country uses such indicators as the number and composition of educational institutions, the number of students, the number and quality of teaching staff, the provision of technical means of education, library funds, etc. The level of education is determined for the entire population, men and women, for various age groups and measured by the following indicators:

number of literate people per 100 people aged 9 to 49 years;

the number of persons with a certain level of education (higher, incomplete higher, specialized secondary, general secondary, incomplete secondary, primary) per 1000 people aged 15 years and older.

Important characteristics when studying level of well-being of the population are the provision of information, the degree of development of the network of sports facilities, cultural and art institutions, recreation and tourism.

Has a huge impact on the quality of life state of the environment. In this regard, information is needed on the quality of the habitat (water, soil, air), on the compliance of actual pollution levels with standard indicators.

In the last years of the 20th century, it was widely discussed human development concept. The authors of the concept emphasized the need to create conditions under which people's lives would be long, healthy and filled with creativity.

Since the concept of human development is extremely diverse, it is very important to build the most comprehensive system

indicators.

It is used as a general characteristic human development index(HDI), however, it cannot reflect all aspects of human life. Unlike GNP per capita, which serves as a measure of only welfare and economic well-being, HDI is calculated on the basis of basic indicators (determined for all countries using comparable methods), each of which characterizes one direction of human development - longevity, achieved level of education , standard of living. The Human Development Index allows not only to compare countries and regions, but also to justify their development priorities.

Tasks.

Task 5.1.1. There are data for 2005 on the distribution of the population of the Russian Federation by average per capita monetary income:

	Million people
Whole population
Including with average per capita monetary
income, rub. per month:
8000,1-12 000,0
over 12,000.0

Calculate modal, median and average incomes, decile coefficient of differentiation of income of the population and income concentration index (Gini coefficient).

Solution

1. To solve the problem, let's create an additional table.

DistributionpopulationRussianFederationByaverage per capitamonetaryincomeV 2005 G.

Average per capita monetary income, rub. per month	Interval central value	Population share% to the end	Distribution density	Cumulative population frequency
8000,1 12 000,0
Over 12,000.0
Total

2. Let’s calculate the indicators of the distribution center:

a) arithmetic mean

/0.0613=5079.29 rub.

c) median

Where

3. calculate the first and tenth deciles:

those. 10% of the population had an income of no more than 2264.14 rubles.

those. 10% of the population had an average per capita income of more than 13,649.7 rubles.

Using the calculated deciles, we calculate the decile differentiation coefficient:

Consequently, in 2005, the minimum income of the richest 10% of the population exceeded the maximum income of the poorest 10% of the population by more than 6 times.2000.0

8000,1-12 000,0

Over 12,000.0

Total

We find the total income using the formula

For example, for the first group this value is equal to
, for the second group - respectively
etc.

Since the accumulated frequencies in the last table are presented as a percentage of the total, to determine the Gini coefficient, the total sums of the last two columns must be divided by 10,000:

Level level and quality life populationCoursework >> Economics

... level And quality life population". The object of the study is statistical methods of study level And quality life population... 1.3 Statistical methods of study level life population Statistics explores the quantitative characteristics of the formation...

To qualitatively characterize the living conditions of the population, it is necessary to use social statistics indicators.

Currently the UN has developed standard of living concept , which includes the following main components:

1. Health :

Quality of the healthcare system;

Ensuring a healthy human life.

2. Ensuring knowledge acquisition :

Children's education;

Personal training opportunity;

Ability to maintain knowledge;

A person's satisfaction with his or her level of development.

3. Preservation and enrichment of the cultural level .

4. Employment and quality of working life .

5. Possibility of purchasing goods and using services :

Personal income level and property ownership;

The degree of equality in the distribution of income and property;

Quality, variety and availability of services for personal and public consumption.

6. State of the environment .

7. Personal Security and Justice .

8. Participation in public life .

To study such a component of living standards as population health, it is necessary to have information on life expectancy, mortality rates, prevalence and incidence of diseases for the population as a whole and its demographic groups, and the level of development of treatment and preventive care for the population. In turn, the level of development of medical and preventive care to the population is characterized by such indicators as the number of medical institutions and the number of hospital beds, as well as the number of medical personnel per 10 thousand people, etc.

For characteristics state of education the country uses such indicators as the number and composition of educational institutions, the number of students, the number and quality of teaching staff, the provision of technical means of education, library funds, etc. The level of education is determined for the entire population, men and women, for various age groups and measured by the following indicators:

Number of literate people per 100 people aged 9 to 49 years;

The number of people with a certain level of education (higher, incomplete higher, specialized secondary, general secondary, incomplete secondary, primary) per 1000 people aged 15 years and older.

Important characteristics when studying level of well-being of the population are the provision of information, the degree of development of the network of sports facilities, cultural and art institutions, recreation and tourism.

Has a huge impact on the quality of life state of the environment. In this regard, information is needed on the quality of the habitat (water, soil, air), on the compliance of actual pollution levels with standard indicators.

In the last years of the 20th century, it was widely discussed human development concept. The authors of the concept emphasized the need to create conditions under which people's lives would be long, healthy and filled with creativity.

Since the concept of human development is extremely diverse, it is very important to build the most comprehensive system of indicators.

It is used as a general characteristic index human development (HDI), however, it cannot reflect all aspects of human life. Unlike GNP per capita, which serves as a measure of only welfare and economic well-being, HDI is calculated on the basis of basic indicators (determined for all countries using comparable methods), each of which characterizes one direction of human development - longevity, achieved level of education, standard of living. The Human Development Index allows not only to compare countries and regions, but also to justify their development priorities.

An integral characteristic of the well-being of a country's citizens is the level and quality of life of the population. This characteristic is a historical category that reflects the provision of citizens with material and spiritual benefits at each period of time.

If the standard of living is traditionally understood as a set of living standards of a predominantly material nature, then the quality of life is characterized by the degree of achievement of the highest values ​​of human existence in both personal and social aspects. They include moral and psychological qualities, the level of education and culture, health, working and living conditions, recreation, the degree of comfort of economic conditions, the level of needs and the degree of their satisfaction, etc. Quantitatively measured material components are also subject to qualitative assessments according to the criteria of compliance with world standards.

The United Nations, summarizing the characteristic features of national concepts of living standards in different countries of the world, points out the common essential components of these concepts: health, food consumption, education, employment and labor organization, living amenities, social security, clothing, recreation and free time, human rights.

In the broadest sense, the concept of quality of life of the population includes four blocks of characteristics: quality of the population, standard of living of the population, social security, environmental quality.

Block I includes demographic and reproductive indicators, the ability to form families, levels of education and professional qualifications.

Unit II covers both qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The first group includes indicators of health status, quality of nutrition, state of education and culture, quality of housing, conditions and nature of work, quality of free time and recreational conditions, well-being of family life. The second group includes characteristics of real incomes and expenses of the population; economic activity, provision of the population with health services, education, culture and art, recreation, infrastructure; provision of population with housing and other property; social security.

Block III includes characteristics of the level of physical and property security, the quality of moral and political health of society and the state.

Block IV covers indicators of anthropogenic impact on air and water basins, the condition of soils and forests.

This set of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population is mainly included in the system of national statistics of Belarus (with the exception of qualitative characteristics). Thus, the Ministry of Statistics and Analysis of the Republic of Belarus includes the following in the group of main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living of the population: cash income of the population, real disposable cash income of the population, cash income per capita, average monthly accrued wages per employee, real accrued wages, average the amount of the assigned monthly pension, the real amount of the assigned monthly pension.

In addition to the above, statistics also monitor indicators of the structure and dynamics of population consumption of basic food products.

An important component of the statistical study of living standards are sample household surveys, the results of which are used to assess the well-being of the population and the degree of its economic differentiation, as well as to develop state social policy and priority areas of social support for the most vulnerable groups of the population.