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In 1957, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev created the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile R-7, which was used to launch the same year the world's first artificial Earth satellite.

Artificial Earth satellite (satellite) is a spacecraft revolving around the Earth in a geocentric orbit. - the trajectory of a celestial body along an elliptical path around the Earth. One of the two foci of the ellipse along which the celestial body moves coincides with the Earth. In order for the spacecraft to be in this orbit, it must be given a speed that is less than the second escape velocity, but not less than the first escape velocity. AES flights are carried out at altitudes of up to several hundred thousand kilometers. The lower limit of the satellite's flight altitude is determined by the need to avoid the process of rapid braking in the atmosphere. The orbital period of a satellite, depending on the average flight altitude, can range from one and a half hours to several days.

Of particular importance are satellites in geostationary orbit, whose orbital period is strictly equal to a day and therefore for a ground observer they “hang” motionless in the sky, which makes it possible to get rid of rotating devices in antennas. Geostationary orbit(GSO) - a circular orbit located above the Earth’s equator (0° latitude), while in which an artificial satellite orbits the planet with an angular velocity equal to the angular velocity of the Earth’s rotation around its axis. Movement of an artificial Earth satellite in geostationary orbit.

Sputnik-1- the first artificial Earth satellite, the first spacecraft, launched into orbit in the USSR on October 4, 1957.

Satellite code designation - PS-1(The simplest Sputnik-1). The launch was carried out from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (later this place was named the Baikonur Cosmodrome) on a Sputnik (R-7) launch vehicle.

Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, V.I. Lapko, B.S. Chekunov, A. worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.

The date of the launch of the first artificial Earth satellite is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of the Space Forces.

The satellite's body consisted of two hemispheres with a diameter of 58 cm made of aluminum alloy with docking frames connected to each other by 36 bolts. The tightness of the joint was ensured by a rubber gasket. In the upper half-shell there were two antennas, each of two rods 2.4 m and 2.9 m long. Since the satellite was unoriented, the four-antenna system gave uniform radiation in all directions.

A block of electrochemical sources was placed inside the sealed housing; radio transmitting device; fan; thermal relay and air duct of the thermal control system; switching device for on-board electrical automation; temperature and pressure sensors; onboard cable network. Mass of the first satellite: 83.6 kg.

The history of the creation of the first satellite

On May 13, 1946, Stalin signed a decree on the creation of a rocket science and industry in the USSR. In August S. P. Korolev was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles.

But back in 1931, the Jet Propulsion Study Group was created in the USSR, which was engaged in the design of rockets. This group worked Tsander, Tikhonravov, Pobedonostsev, Korolev. In 1933, on the basis of this group, the Jet Institute was organized, which continued work on creating and improving rockets.

In 1947, the V-2 rocket was assembled and flight tested in Germany, which marked the beginning of Soviet work on the development of rocket technology. However, the V-2 embodied in its design the ideas of single geniuses Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Oberth, Robert Goddard.

In 1948, tests of the R-1 rocket, which was a copy of the V-2, manufactured entirely in the USSR, were already carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site. Then the R-2 appeared with a flight range of up to 600 km; these missiles were put into service in 1951. And the creation of the R-5 missile with a range of up to 1200 km was the first break away from the V-2 technology. These missiles were tested in 1953, and research immediately began on their use as a carrier of nuclear weapons. On May 20, 1954, the government issued a decree on the development of a two-stage R-7 intercontinental missile. And already on May 27, Korolev sent a report to the Minister of Defense Industry D.F. Ustinov about the development of an artificial satellite and the possibility of launching it using the future R-7 rocket.

Launch!

On Friday, October 4, at 22 hours 28 minutes 34 seconds Moscow time, the successful launch. 295 seconds after launch, PS-1 and the central block of the rocket, weighing 7.5 tons, were launched into an elliptical orbit with an altitude of 947 km at apogee and 288 km at perigee. At 314.5 seconds after launch, Sputnik separated and it cast its vote. “Beep! Beep! - that was his call sign. They were caught at the training ground for 2 minutes, then the Sputnik went beyond the horizon. People at the cosmodrome ran out into the street, shouted “Hurray!”, shook the designers and military personnel. And even on the first orbit, a TASS message was heard: “... As a result of a lot of hard work by research institutes and design bureaus, the world’s first artificial Earth satellite was created...”

Only after receiving the first signals from Sputnik did the results of processing telemetry data arrive and it turned out that only a fraction of a second separated it from failure. One of the engines was “delayed”, and the time to enter the mode is strictly controlled and if it is exceeded, the start is automatically canceled. The unit entered mode less than a second before the control time. At the 16th second of flight, the fuel supply control system failed, and due to increased kerosene consumption, the central engine turned off 1 second earlier than the estimated time. But the winners are not judged! The satellite flew for 92 days, until January 4, 1958, completing 1,440 revolutions around the Earth (about 60 million km), and its radio transmitters operated for two weeks after launch. Due to friction with the upper layers of the atmosphere, the satellite lost speed, entered the dense layers of the atmosphere and burned up due to friction with the air.

Officially, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2 were launched by the Soviet Union in accordance with its obligations under the International Geophysical Year. The satellite emitted radio waves at two frequencies of 20.005 and 40.002 MHz in the form of telegraphic messages lasting 0.3 s, this made it possible to study the upper layers of the ionosphere - before the launch of the first satellite it was possible to observe only the reflection of radio waves from regions of the ionosphere lying below the zone of maximum ionization of the ionospheric layers.

Launch goals

• verification of calculations and basic technical decisions taken for the launch;
• ionospheric studies of the passage of radio waves emitted by satellite transmitters;
• experimental determination of the density of the upper layers of the atmosphere by satellite deceleration;
• study of equipment operating conditions.

Despite the fact that the satellite was completely devoid of any scientific equipment, studying the nature of the radio signal and optical observations of the orbit made it possible to obtain important scientific data.

Other satellites

The second country to launch satellites was the United States: on February 1, 1958, an artificial earth satellite was launched Explorer-1. It was in orbit until March 1970, but stopped radio transmissions on February 28, 1958. The first American artificial Earth satellite was launched by Brown's team.

Werner Magnus Maximilian von Braun- German, and since the late 1940s, American designer of rocket and space technology, one of the founders of modern rocketry, creator of the first ballistic missiles. In the United States, he is considered the “father” of the American space program. Von Braun, for political reasons, was not given permission to launch the first American satellite for a long time (the US leadership wanted the satellite to be launched by the military), so preparations for the launch of the Explorer began in earnest only after the Avangard accident. For the launch, a souped-up version of the Redstone ballistic missile, called Jupiter-S, was created. The mass of the satellite was exactly 10 times less than the mass of the first Soviet satellite - 8.3 kg. It was equipped with a Geiger counter and a meteor particle sensor. The Explorer's orbit was noticeably higher than the orbit of the first satellite.

The following countries that launched satellites - Great Britain, Canada, Italy - launched their first satellites in 1962, 1962, 1964 . on American launch vehicles. And the third country to launch the first satellite on its launch vehicle was France November 26, 1965

Satellites are now being launched more than 40 countries (as well as individual companies) using both their own launch vehicles (LVs) and those provided as launch services by other countries and interstate and private organizations.

The road to space is not easy, and different countries followed it in their own ways. Some managed to achieve their goal on the first try, some heroically overcame setbacks and failures, some went to space for years and decades, and some completely curtailed their national space program. Today, during World Space Week, it’s time to remember how countries went into space.

Required Note

Nowadays there is sometimes a disdainful attitude towards launch vehicles. But in vain - no satellite will fly anywhere without a rocket. Making (or ordering) your own satellite for the country is now much easier than building a full-fledged space program. That is why we will talk here about countries that have built a full space cycle and launched a satellite on their own launch vehicle.

USSR

The Soviet Union had been developing an intercontinental missile (R-7) since 1954. On May 15, 1957, the first test launch took place. Failure - even on the launch pad, a fire started in one of the side blocks, which, within two minutes of the rocket’s flight, damaged the block so much that it fell off on its own just a few seconds before the normal separation. During the second launch attempt, the rocket did not even want to leave the ground. The third launch also turned out to be an emergency - in the first minute of the flight, the rocket spun around its longitudinal axis and fell apart. Only on August 21, from the fourth time, the rocket worked completely normally. But here's the problem - the warhead, which would contain the nuclear bomb, collapsed upon entry into the atmosphere. In September they made another launch, and the warhead collapsed again. It was impossible to continue the military testing program - it was necessary to redo the thermal protection of the warhead. And then a wonderful opportunity arose - since July 1957, the world was celebrating the International Geophysical Year. The US has talked a lot about its intention to launch the first satellite. And here there is a free start, people and a rocket. The fact that the R-7 could launch a satellite into orbit was known at the design stage, and a scientific satellite, also known as object “D,” was already being developed. But the timing of its production was delayed, and already in February 1957 it was decided to replace the complex satellite with a simple one.

The first launch turned out to be successful - on the night of October 5 (in Moscow it was half past ten on October 4, and in Baikonur it was already half past twelve on October 5), the first artificial Earth satellite in the history of mankind entered orbit.

The launch was not without technical failures. The R-7 family of missiles still gain power in three stages (remember “Preliminary - Intermediate - Main - Ascent”?). One of the engines was late and reached operating mode less than a second before the emergency cancellation of the launch. At the sixteenth second, the tank emptying system, which monitors the maximum use of fuel, failed, fuel consumption began to be suboptimal, and the second stage engine turned off a second earlier than planned. Fortunately, the speed gained was enough to enter orbit, and people all over the Earth were able to see the moving man-made star. Despite its simplicity, the satellite turned out to be useful for science - its signals made it possible to study the ionosphere, and the data, which was encoded in the frequency of “beeps” and the duration of the pause between them, made it possible to verify the accuracy of calculations on the temperature regime of the satellite in orbit. Tracking the satellite also made it possible to estimate the density of the atmosphere in the vicinity of the Earth and calculate the lifespan of devices in different orbits. And I’m not even talking about the political significance - the first satellite showed that the USSR was at the forefront of science and technology. Hundreds and thousands of people all over the world have become “sick” of space.

USA

The start of the “space race” for the United States was unpleasant. After so much talk about the intention to launch a satellite, it is very disappointing to see a “red moon” in orbit. The military was worried that the USSR had captured a “strategic height” from where it would soon be able to drop atomic bombs on the United States with impunity. Politicians were upset that the “advanced capitalist system” turned out to be not so advanced after all. A separate small joke was that on October 10, 1957, Ayn Rand’s novel “Atlas Shrugged” was published, in which socialist ideas led to the technical degradation of humanity.
From a technical point of view, the situation was not very good - the United States relied on a huge fleet of bombers and was in no hurry to create powerful missiles. Therefore, the first American launch vehicles were assembled “out of the woods” from available rockets, and the mass of satellites was an order of magnitude inferior to the Soviet one.
Wernher von Braun, who in the second half of the 50s actively tried to lobby for the idea of ​​launching a satellite, declared his readiness to launch the first American satellite, but he was initially refused for political reasons - the American military declared the same readiness, and von Braun, who was taken from Nazi Germany They didn’t want to give priority. On December 6, 1957, the United States loudly announced the launch of its first satellite, Vanguard. The launch looked like this:

The satellite, weighing 1.3 kg, flew into the bushes, and, deciding that it was already in orbit, began sending out its “beeps”. The press went into mockery, coming up with names like “Flopnik”, “Oopsnik” and “Kaputnik”. After such an epic failure, the government gave von Braun a chance. It wasn’t easy for him either - the Redstone rocket, reliable and proven, could not launch anything into orbit. We had to add three more stages with solid propellant engines from combat missiles. These three stages did not have any control system, and in order for the satellite to enter orbit, the combination of the upper stages with the satellite was spun on the ground in order to maintain the correct acceleration vector after separation from the first stage. The video of the launch clearly shows this rotation:

The first American satellite was launched on January 31, 1958. It weighed only 8.3 kg, not counting the non-separable fourth stage, exactly 10 times less than the first Soviet satellite. But despite this, transistors were used in it for the first time, and a Geiger counter was squeezed in from scientific equipment. Thanks to him, the Van Allen radiation belts were discovered. And the United States had a long and difficult space race ahead, in which they would suffer defeat after defeat until the mid-1960s, but without losing their resolve, they would be able to respond to Soviet successes with a manned lunar program.

First small triumph

France

They know less about the first satellites of other countries, but in vain. Suddenly, France became the third country to launch a satellite on its own. On the basis of the “precious stones” military program, the Diamant (“Almaz”) launch vehicle was created:

Which on November 26, 1965, on the first attempt, launched the Asterix satellite (yes, named after the cartoon character) weighing 40 kg with a radar transponder, accelerometers and angular velocity sensors into orbit. There was no scientific equipment on the satellite. "Asterix" was launched into a fairly high orbit, is still flying and will not burn up in the atmosphere for several centuries.

It would probably be more correct to call the satellite Obelix...

France's subsequent space program was quite interesting, for example, it was the only country to launch cats into space. The cats did not appreciate the honor and ran away, some before the start, some after landing...

Developments on Diamant formed the basis of the Ariane launch vehicle, and France still maintains the space technology stack, as part of the European Space Agency and the Arianespace consortium.

Japan

Japan occupies fourth place. Since space rocket technology is very closely related to military rocket technology, the development of which would necessarily cause serious political problems, the Japanese had to come up with a way to make a space rocket so that it would be completely unusable for military purposes. They succeeded. The four-stage Lambda 4S rocket did not have any control system for the first three stages - the rocket was guided before launch along with the launch device and used passive aerodynamic stabilizers to stabilize during acceleration. After leaving the atmosphere, the control system with a single gyroscope deployed the fourth and spent third stages according to the vector that was stored in the gyroscope, spun the fourth stage and started its engine.

The first four launches were unsuccessful, but on the fifth attempt, on February 11, 1970, the Osumi satellite (Ōsumi, named after a Japanese province) was launched into orbit.

The satellite had a mass of 24 kg, carried scientific instruments for measuring the ionosphere, solar wind and cosmic rays, and burned up in the atmosphere as recently as 2003.

China

China is only two months behind Japan. On the first attempt (the 1969 tests are sometimes considered a failure), on April 24, 1970, the Long March 1 rocket launched the Red Vostok 1 satellite into orbit.

With a mass of 173 kg, more than the total mass of the first satellites of other countries, the Chinese satellite had a curious feature - instead of “beeps”, it sang the song “Aleet Vostok”, glorifying Mao Zedong, for 26 days.
And the Long March 1 rocket became the ancestor of a large family of Chinese launch vehicles:

Great Britain

The sixth country to launch a satellite independently is Great Britain. On October 28, 1971, a Black Arrow rocket launched the Prospero satellite:

Two stages with nose fairing, third stage and satellite

The British were lucky on the second try. Prospero was a technological satellite for testing telecommunications technologies, and the only scientific instruments it carried were a micrometeorite detector. The tape recorder on the satellite broke down two years later, but the satellite did not completely lose its functionality, and communication sessions were carried out with it annually until 1996. Theoretically, he may still be “alive”; in 2011 there were plans to contact him again, but judging by the available information, these plans were not implemented.
The Black Arrow rocket is very interesting because it used a unique fuel pair - kerosene and concentrated hydrogen peroxide. Unfortunately, after one successful launch, the program of its own launch vehicles was closed, and now the UK has the dubious distinction of being the first country to lose independent access to space.

India

The next country joined the “space club” after a full 9 years. On July 18, 1980, India launched the RS-1 satellite (named after Rohini, Krishna's nanny) on its second attempt. The thirty-five-kilogram satellite was technological, and, like the French Asterix, transmitted data on the operation of the last stage of the rocket.

And the SLV rocket became the first of an already quite significant family of Indian launch vehicles:

Israel

Eight years later, Israel was able to independently launch a satellite. A Shavit (Comet) rocket, based on ballistic missiles, launched the Ofeq-1 (Horizon-1) satellite on September 19, 1988. The first satellite was a test satellite, the subsequent ones were reconnaissance satellites. The missile, being modernized, is still in use today.

It is curious that Israel is the only country that launches satellites not to the east, but to the west. With an inclination of 141°, satellites lose “free” meters per second from the Earth’s rotation, but at this inclination, the spent stages fall into the sea, and not into neighboring countries with which it would be difficult to negotiate. This unusual inclination has another advantage - reconnaissance satellites pass over Israel and neighboring countries approximately six times a day. US or Russian reconnaissance satellites, usually flying in polar orbits with an inclination of about 90°, pass over the Middle East once or twice a day.

Iran

Twenty long years have passed. And finally, on February 2, 2009, Iran independently launched its first satellite. The Safir-1 (“Messenger”) rocket launched the Omid (“Hope”) satellite into orbit.

The era of cubism has arrived...

North Korea

According to official North Korean history, North Korea launched its first satellite in 1998. The Gwangmyeongsong-1 (Bright Star) satellite was launched on a Paektusan rocket (Korea's highest mountain) on August 31 and flew over the Earth for weeks, broadcasting songs about the Great Leader Comrade Kim Jong Il and the Great Leader Comrade Kim Il Sung. But the American imperialists did not confirm the launch - according to their data, the solid fuel third stage collapsed in its area of ​​operation, and the satellite did not enter orbit. The second satellite was officially launched on April 5, 2009. In official statements, the North Korean satellite again sang songs about great leaders, but the imperialist means of controlling outer space claimed that the satellite did not enter orbit. The launch attempt on April 13, 2012 ended in an officially recognized accident, but on December 22, 2012, the Gwangmyongsong-3 satellite was successfully launched into polar orbit by the Unha-3 (“Galaxy”) rocket, and everyone agreed with this, including the imperialists. What is curious is that the world did not receive songs about great leaders this time either - the satellite either quickly failed or did not broadcast widely.

Who's unlucky

Of those countries that were going to go into space, but were never able to, the most sorry is Brazil. In 2003, during preparations for the third attempt to independently launch a satellite, an explosion occurred at the Alcantara cosmodrome, killing 21 people. More than ten years were wasted on attempts to cooperate with Ukraine and the deployment of the Cyclone-4 rocket, which had never flown before, at the Alcantara cosmodrome - cooperation was terminated in April 2015. But the Brazilians are not giving up - they are now considering the issue of cooperation with Russia and the deployment of Angara rockets in Alcantara, and, according to available data, work has resumed on creating their own VLS launch vehicle, the launch of which with a satellite is planned for 2018.
It was a little sad to watch the South Korean space program - attempts to launch the KSLV-1 rocket ended in failure in 2009 and 2010, and the launch attempt in 2012 was postponed to January 2013 due to discovered problems with the launch vehicle, and North Korea made it earlier. And even a successful launch on the third attempt still does not allow South Korea to be classified as a full-fledged space power, because the first stage was Russian-made. Well, let's wait for 2020, when it is planned to launch an entirely South Korean rocket.

In 58 years, only 10 countries were able to independently enter space. Let's wait and see how the places in the second ten are distributed - the prestige of belonging to the “space club” does not fall with increasing numbers.

Small announcement: Samarians! I will be in your city on October 8 and 9, I will see space museums and

Sputnik (Sputnik-1) is the first artificial satellite of the Earth, a Soviet spacecraft launched into orbit on October 4, 1957. The code designation of the satellite is PS-1 (Simple Sputnik-1). The launch took place from the 5th research site of the USSR Ministry of Defense "Tyura-Tam" (which later received the open name "Baikonur" cosmodrome) on a "Sputnik" launch vehicle, created on the basis of the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile.

Scientists M.V. Keldysh, M.K. Tikhonravov, N.S. Lidorenko, G.Yu. Maksimov, V.I. Lapko, led by the founder of practical cosmonautics S.P. Korolev, worked on the creation of an artificial Earth satellite, B. S. Chekunov, A. V. Bukhtiyarov and many others.

The launch date is considered the beginning of the space age of mankind, and in Russia it is celebrated as a memorable day of the Space Forces.

The history of the creation of the first Earth satellite

Back in 1939, one of the founders of practical cosmonautics in the USSR, the closest associate of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, wrote: “All work in the field of rocketry, without exception, ultimately leads to space flight.” Subsequent events confirmed his words: in 1946, almost simultaneously with the development of the first Soviet and American ballistic missiles, development of the idea of ​​launching an artificial Earth satellite began. Times were hard. The Second World War had barely ended, and the world was already teetering on the brink of a new one, this time nuclear. The atomic bomb appeared, and delivery systems were quickly developed - primarily combat missile systems. On May 13, 1946, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a detailed Resolution on jet weapons, the creation of which was declared the most important state task. They were ordered to create a special committee on jet technology and dozens of new enterprises - research institutes, design bureaus; factories were repurposed to produce new equipment, testing grounds were created. On the basis of artillery plant No. 88, the State Union Scientific Research Institute (NII-88) was created, which became the lead organization for the entire range of work in this area. On August 9 of the same year, by order of the Minister of Defense, Korolev was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles, and on August 30 he became head of the department of ballistic missile design tests of “product No. 1” - the R-1 missile.

It was in this context that the creation of an artificial Earth satellite began, for which it was necessary to attract enormous financial, material and human resources. In other words, government support was required. At the first stage (until 1954), the development of the idea of ​​launching a satellite was carried out in conditions of misunderstanding and opposition from senior leaders and those who determined the technical policy of states. In our country, the main ideologist and leader of practical work on entering outer space was Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, in the USA - Wernher von Braun.

On May 12, 1946, von Braun's group submitted a report to the US Department of Defense, "Preliminary Design of an Experimental Spacecraft Orbiting the Earth," which stated that a rocket capable of launching a 227 kg satellite into a circular orbit at an altitude of about 480 km could be created in five years, that is, by 1951. The military department responded to von Braun's proposal by refusing to allocate the necessary funds.

In the USSR, Mikhail Klavdievich Tikhonravov, who worked at NII-1 MAP, proposed a project for a high-altitude rocket VR-190 with a pressurized cabin with two pilots on board for flight along a ballistic trajectory with an ascent to an altitude of 200 km. The project was reported to the USSR Academy of Sciences and to the board of the Ministry of Aviation Industry and received a positive assessment. On May 21, 1946, Tikhonravov addressed a letter to Stalin, and this is where the matter arose. After moving to NII-4 of the Ministry of Defense, Tikhonravov and his group of seven people continued to work on issues of scientific substantiation of the possibility of launching an artificial Earth satellite. On March 15, 1950, he reported the results of the research work “Long-Range Compound Liquid Fuel Rockets, Artificial Earth Satellites” at a plenary session of the scientific and technical conference of the Department of Applied Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. His report was approved, nevertheless, Tikhonravov continually received “bruises and bumps” from his superiors, and ridicule in the form of cartoons and epigrams from his fellow scientists. In accordance with the “spirit of the times” (the very beginning of the 1950s), a “signal to the top” was even sent - they say, public funds are being wasted, and we need to see if this is sabotage? The Ministry of Defense inspection, which inspected NII-4, recognized the work of Tikhonravov’s group as unnecessary, and the idea as fantastic and harmful. The group was disbanded, and Tikhonravov was demoted.

Meanwhile, the work continued: in 1950–1953, research was carried out behind the scenes, almost secretly, and in 1954 the results were made public. And after that the idea was able to “come out of hiding.” This, however, was facilitated by some additional circumstances. Both Korolev and Brown, each in their own country, did not abandon their efforts to gain the understanding of decision makers, putting forward accessible arguments for the military and political importance of the development and launch of artificial satellites. The President of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Mstislav Keldysh, most actively supported the idea of ​​launching satellites. Since 1949, academic institutes have conducted research into the upper atmosphere and near-Earth space, as well as the reactions of living organisms during rocket flights. Rockets for scientific research were developed on the basis of combat missiles; they were called “academic”. The first geophysical rocket was the R1-A rocket, developed on the basis of the R-1 combat rocket. In October 1954, the organizing committee of the International Geophysical Year asked the leading world powers to consider the possibility of launching satellites to conduct scientific research. On June 29, US President Dwight Eisenhower announced that the United States would launch such a satellite. Soon the Soviet Union made the same statement. This meant that work on creating an artificial Earth satellite was legalized, and there was no room left for ridicule and denial of the idea.

On June 26, 1954, Korolev presented to the Minister of Defense Industry Dmitry Ustinov a memorandum “On the artificial Earth satellite,” prepared by Tikhonravov, with an attached review of work on artificial satellites abroad. The note said: “Currently, there are real technical capabilities to achieve, with the help of rockets, speeds sufficient to create an artificial Earth satellite. The most realistic and feasible in the shortest possible time is the creation of an artificial Earth satellite in the form of an automatic instrument, which would be equipped with scientific equipment, have radio communication with the Earth and orbit the Earth at a distance of about 170–1100 km from its surface. We will call such a device the simplest satellite.”

In the United States, on May 26, 1955, at a meeting of the National Security Council, a scientific satellite launch program was approved, provided that it did not interfere with the development of military missiles. The fact that the launch will take place within the framework of the International Geophysical Year will emphasize its peaceful nature, the military believed. Unlike our country, where everything was “in one hand” - Korolev and Tikhonravov - this work was carried out by all types of armed forces, and it was necessary to decide which project to give preference to. A special commission was created for this purpose. The final choice was between the Naval Research Laboratory project (Vanguard satellite) and the Rand Corporation project (Explorer satellite, developed under the direction of Wernher von Braun). Brown stated that with sufficient funding, the satellite could be launched into orbit in January 1956. Perhaps, if they had believed him, the United States would have launched its satellite earlier than the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the choice was made in favor of “Vanguard”. Apparently, von Braun’s personality played a role here: the Americans did not want a German with a recent Nazi past to become the “father” of the first American satellite. But, as subsequent developments showed, their choice was not very successful.

In 1955, the USSR was working on problems associated with the creation of satellites. On January 30, 1956, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the development of object D (satellite weighing 1000–1400 kg and with scientific equipment weighing 200–300 kg). Launch date: 1957. The preliminary design is ready by June. The development of a ground-based command and measurement complex (CMC) to support the flight of the satellite is underway. By a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated September 3, 1956, seven ground measuring points (GMP) were established on the territory of our country along the flight route. The task was assigned to the Ministry of Defense, with NII-4 designated as the lead organization.

By the end of 1956, it became clear that it would not be possible to prepare object D by the appointed date, and a decision was made to urgently develop a small, simple satellite. It was a spherical container with a diameter of 580 mm and a mass of 83.6 kg with four antennas. On February 7, 1957, a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR was issued on the launch of the First AES, and on October 4 the launch was successfully carried out.

On October 4, 1957, the world's first artificial Earth satellite was launched into low-Earth orbit, ushering in the space age in human history.

The satellite, which became the first artificial celestial body, was launched into orbit by the R-7 launch vehicle from the 5th Research Test Site of the USSR Ministry of Defense, which later received the open name Baikonur Cosmodrome.

“...On October 4, 1957, the first satellite was successfully launched in the USSR. According to preliminary data, the launch vehicle gave the satellite the required orbital speed of about 8,000 meters per second. Currently, the satellite describes elliptical trajectories around the Earth and its flight can be observed in the rays of the rising and setting Sun using simple optical instruments (binoculars, telescopes, etc.).

According to calculations, which are now being refined by direct observations, the satellite will move at altitudes of up to 900 kilometers above the Earth’s surface; the time of one complete revolution of the satellite will be 1 hour 35 minutes, the angle of inclination of the orbit to the equatorial plane is 65°. On October 5, 1957, the satellite will pass over the Moscow area twice - at 1 hour 46 minutes. at night and at 6 o'clock. 42 min. morning Moscow time. Messages about the subsequent movement of the first artificial satellite, launched in the USSR on October 4, will be transmitted regularly by broadcast radio stations.

The satellite has the shape of a ball with a diameter of 58 cm and a weight of 83.6 kg. It has two radio transmitters that continuously emit radio signals with a frequency of 20.005 and 40.002 megahertz (wavelength about 15 and 7.5 meters, respectively). Transmitter powers ensure reliable reception of radio signals by a wide range of radio amateurs. The signals take the form of telegraphic messages lasting about 0.3 seconds. with a pause of the same duration. A signal of one frequency is sent during a pause of a signal of another frequency...”

The device was launched into orbit with a perigee of 228 and an apogee of 947 km. The time for one revolution was 96.2 minutes. The satellite was in orbit for 92 days (until January 4, 1958), completing 1,440 revolutions. According to factory documentation, the satellite was called PS-1, that is, the simplest satellite. However, the design, scientific and technical problems that faced the developers were by no means simple. In fact, this was a test of the possibility of launching a satellite, which ended, as Academician Boris Evseevich Chertok, one of Korolev’s closest associates, put it, with the triumph of the launch vehicle. A thermal control system, power supplies, and two radio transmitters operating at different frequencies and sending signals in the form of telegraph messages (the famous “beep-beep-beep”) were installed on board the satellite. During the orbital flight, studies were carried out on the density of high layers of the atmosphere, the nature of the propagation of radio waves in the ionosphere, and the issues of observing a space object from Earth were worked out.

The world community's reaction to this event was very stormy. There were no indifferent people. Millions and millions of “ordinary people” on the planet perceived this event as the greatest achievement of human thought and spirit. The time of the satellite's passage over various populated areas was announced in advance in the press, and people on different continents left their houses at night, looked at the sky and saw: among the usual fixed stars, one was moving! In the United States, the launch of the first satellite created a real shock. It suddenly turned out that the USSR, a country that had not yet had time to properly recover from the war, had powerful scientific, industrial and military potential, and that it had to be taken into account. The prestige of the United States as a world leader in the scientific, technical and military fields has been shaken.

Ray Bradberry:
“That night, when Sputnik first traced the sky, I (...) looked up and thought about the predetermination of the future. After all, that little light, rapidly moving from one end to the other of the sky, was the future of all humanity. I knew that although Russians are beautiful in our endeavors, we will soon follow them and take our proper place in the sky (...). That light in the sky made humanity immortal. The Earth still could not remain our refuge forever, because one day it may face death from cold or overheating. Humanity was destined to become immortal, and that light in the sky above me was the first glimpse of immortality.

I blessed the Russians for their daring and anticipated the creation of NASA by President Eisenhower shortly after these events."

At this stage, the “space race” began, from a letter from American scientists to Eisenhower: “We must work feverishly to solve those technical problems that Russia has undoubtedly solved... In this race (and this is undoubtedly a race) the prize will be given only to the winner, this prize is the leadership of the world...”.

On November 3 of the same 1957, the Soviet Union launched the second satellite weighing 508.3 kg. This was already a real scientific laboratory. For the first time, a highly organized living creature - the dog Laika - went into outer space. The Americans had to hurry: a week after the launch of the second Soviet satellite, on November 11, the White House announced the upcoming launch of the first US satellite. The launch took place on December 6 and ended in complete failure: two seconds after taking off from the launch pad, the rocket fell and exploded, destroying the launch pad. Subsequently, the Avangard program went very hard; out of eleven launches, only three were successful. The first American satellite was von Braun's Explorer. It was launched on January 31, 1958. Although the satellite carried 4.5 kg of scientific equipment, and the 4th stage was part of its structure and could not be undocked, its mass was 6 times less than PS-1 - 13.37 kg. This was made possible thanks to the use

Many countries dreamed of opening their own path to space. Some succeeded, some failed. We will talk about successful states whose experiments are known all over the world.

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What space countries are there in the world?

Getting to space is not at all easy, so each country has chosen its own path. For some, the first attempt brought success, some spent years trying to achieve something, and some gave up on this idea altogether. Be that as it may, space has been explored a lot and many experiments continue to this day. From October 4 to October 10, World Space Week is celebrated every year. Over these few days, people are invited to remember all the successful experiments and discoveries that have contributed to the fact that life on planet Earth has noticeably improved.

Of course, we cannot fail to mention which country opened the space age. This significant event happened on the territory of the USSR on October 4, 1957. In the evening of that day, scientists launched a rocket that was supposed to throw a homemade satellite into Earth orbit. The rocket fulfilled its purpose, the satellite safely separated from it and spent several weeks in space, flying around the Earth and transmitting important signals. Thus, Russia is ahead of the United States, because for many years the space race between them has not stopped.

The Americans have also achieved considerable success; along with Russian scientists, they have conquered space and can safely be proud of their achievements. But they launched their first satellite several months later, and only on the second attempt.

Today, space exploration is viewed differently. Someone wants to achieve prestige, so someone is trying to guarantee security for their country. Don't be surprised that even third world countries are developing rocket science well. We are talking about Africa, Asia and so on.

The list of the most popular space powers consists of three countries: Russia, the USA and China. It was on the territory of these states that the maximum number of successful and useful flights were carried out, it was here that real launch vehicles were built, it was here that everything began, as they say, from scratch.

Please note that today there are about 50 artificial satellites from different countries around the Earth. But an interesting fact is that only 13 of these states were able to independently create their own launch vehicle that will deliver the satellite into orbit. And only 9 countries today continue to produce these missiles. It is these countries that are called space powers, since they also have their own huge spaceports.

If you are interested in space, then you can visit a popular travel company in Russia, which is called the Land of Space Tourism. Representatives of this company organize various space adventures for the curious. You can see the historical Baikonur Cosmodrome with your own eyes, experience the full power of demonstration flights, as well as zero-gravity travel on special space devices. As a result, you will receive a real certificate that you have completed an unusual and extreme flight. In general, the pleasure, of course, is not cheap, but it is worth it. More and more domestic and foreign tourists want to plunge at least a little into the mysterious world of space.

Space programs of the countries of the world

Each country that launches rockets into space has a special space program. Some countries may, for various reasons, refuse such a program. Iran did just that in 2016.

Countries with their own program are India, South Korea, China, USA, France, Russia and so on. By the way, few people know that, unexpectedly for everyone, it was France that became the third country to independently launch an artificial satellite into Earth orbit. The French managed to design a high-quality launch vehicle.

A few words about the grandiose space plans of certain countries. In the near future, India is going to send a man into space; they already have a special launch vehicle, which was mainly designed according to the designs of foreign scientists.

India is also going to independently develop a personal launch vehicle design and send its satellite into geostationary orbit. So far, several attempts have been unsuccessful, but Indian scientists and developers do not lose heart, do not give up, and stubbornly continue to move towards their goal.

China has been known as the world's leading space country for many years. It is from China that cargo is safely delivered to certain space objects; the Chinese have already sent their astronauts into orbit, and they are also going to explore the Moon and Mars. The Chinese are quite successful in the space business, they are planning to build another huge spaceport on the island, and are also working on creating a new heavy apparatus that will open up enormous opportunities for them.

South Korea has also tried to pursue its own space program. The ongoing military activities in this country have caused investors to try to get the space business off the ground. But several attempts were unsuccessful, so astronaut training was practically closed. Then the Koreans changed their minds and decided to develop a new space program with more ambitious goals. They decided to be included in the list of the best space countries in the world by 2015. Construction of the cosmodrome began, the Koreans ordered serious rockets from the Russians. In the near future, they plan to launch multi-purpose satellites and dream of creating a special base for various rocket technologies.

Japan, Israel, Indonesia, Brazil, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan are not lagging behind in the development of various space programs. In various Internet sources you can familiarize yourself in more detail with the space programs of different countries.

Number of space launches by country

Every year there are many launches of various bodies into space. They are made for different purposes, and rockets can be created to order in different countries. Since not every state can afford to produce various missile launchers.

We invite you to familiarize yourself with a short list of space launches in 2017 by various countries. We can say that this year has been very prolific regarding orbital launches. Of course, not all attempts were successful, but this did not stop anyone. This year the following countries were active: China, USA, Japan, Russia, India. All of them have made a huge number of launches, most of which were truly successful.

Which country has its own multi-module space station?

Many countries today have their own space stations. Therefore, it is very easy to answer the question of which countries have space stations. First of all, this is, of course, America, China, then Japan and Europe. The development of such stations is incredibly expensive, so not every country can afford such a luxury.

Space stations differ from artificial satellites in that they include a crew. People can stay on the territory of the station in Earth orbit for a certain amount of time and conduct their scientific research. If necessary, with the help of special ships, the crew can be changed from time to time so that research does not stop.

It is China that will be able to boast a huge multi-module space station in the future. A huge cosmic body was assembled in orbit from special modules. When finished, this station will be the third in the world after Mir and the ISS. But the first module is planned to be sent into orbit only in 2019. This station, of course, will be significantly smaller in size than the Soviet one (Mir), but will perform the same functions. The Chinese really hope for the colossal success of their own project.

Many countries are planning to create their own orbital stations, for example Russia and Iran.

Today, the space industry continues to actively develop, because man has explored almost everything on earth, and space still holds many mysteries, mysteries and secrets. There is no doubt that people will be able to achieve unprecedented results and will soon significantly expand their knowledge.

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