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Upon returning to Kronstadt, Zinoviy Petrovich managed to spend a few days with his family: on May 14, 1896, he was appointed commander of the 16th naval crew, the coastal defense battleship "Pervenets" and head of the Artillery Training Team, and four days later he began a campaign in the new positions. The “Firstborn” itself, our first iron battleship (English-built), at one time served as a prototype for the creation of the “Kremlin” and was yesterday’s word of technology even in comparison with the “Vladimir Monomakh”.

A different matter was the 16th naval crew and the Artillery Training Team, which formed important links in the coastal (administrative) organization of the fleet. The assignment to lead them meant for Z. P. Rozhdestvensky a serious promotion: the 16th crew united the crews of several ships on the shore (including the Firstborn), and the Artillery Training Team, which received 320 recruits annually, was the only training team from 1884 a unit for training gunners, galvaners and artillery quartermasters, and partly (together with the Artillery officer class) and artillery officers for the entire fleet.

Every summer, students of the team and students of the class went sailing for four months on the ships of the Artillery Training Detachment (formed annually since 1869), which was under the command of one of the junior flagships (rear admirals) of the Baltic Fleet. In three campaigns - 1896, 1897 and 1898. Zinovy ​​Petrovich invariably commanded his veteran “Firstborn” as part of the Artillery Training Detachment and supervised the training of gunners of the entire Artillery Training Detachment. The nature of the detachment’s activities was well known to Rozhdestvensky from the “Kremlin” and has not changed much since then: parking in Revel, various exercises at anchor and almost daily shooting trips.

The composition of the Artillery Training Detachment was quite impressive. For example, during the 1897 campaign it consisted of the battleships “Pervenets”, “Kremlin”, “Admiral Lazarev”, the 1st rank cruiser “Admiral General”, the gunboat “Groza” and the mine cruiser “Voevoda” with a permanent staff of 65 officers and 730 lower ranks with 17 officers and 934 lower ranks - listeners and students. The ships conducted 456 firing exercises, expending 15,813 shells with a caliber of up to 280 mm, and 23,524 37 mm. cartridge and 1350 shells for 64 mm. Baranovsky landing guns. Each senior student at the commander's school fired an average of 36 3/4 shots from a 47 mm gun. caliber and higher.

It must be said that Rozhdestvensky was rooting for the task assigned to him and considered it necessary to eliminate the shortcomings he saw in the training of officers and commanders. In a report dated September 25, 1897, addressed to the commander of the detachment, Zinovy ​​Petrovich rightly pointed out the “antiqueness” of the artillery of the ships, which had only five (!) rapid-fire guns of new systems that fired smokeless gunpowder: one 152 mm. and two 120 mm. and 75 mm. Kane's guns. The low elevation angle of outdated guns made it possible to conduct shooting training at distances from 7.5 to 12 kbt.

The regulations on the Artillery Training Detachment, published in 1883, according to Rozhdestvensky, did not take into account the elements of its vessels and types of guns, made low demands on commanders and battery officers, and said nothing about the artillery fire controller. Zinovy ​​Petrovich saw a way out of the situation by including “modern types of vessels” in the detachment with the exclusion of all “this junk.”

But the Naval Ministry of the emperor’s august uncle could not simply sacrifice “junk items.” Therefore, the only result of Rozhdestvensky’s report during the 1898 campaign was the temporary inclusion of relatively new coastal defense battleships of the Admiral Senyavin type into the detachment, and somewhat later - the battleship Admiral General Apraksin. As for Z.P. Rozhdestvensky himself, he firmly understood the need for every possible increase in the detachment’s naval strength with an increase in the number of firings of each gunner from all (!) types of guns available on the detachment. Whether it was right or not, time has shown, and we will touch on this important issue later.

The merits of Z. P. Rozhdestvensky during this period of time were noted with three medals - in memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III, for his work on the first general census (1897) and in memory of the “Holy Coronation of Emperor Nicholas II”, and, most importantly, the highest award for staff officers - the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree (1896). Starting from October 21, 1897, they began to pay him an annual monetary reward (540 rubles per year) for long-term command of ships of the first rank, and finally, on December 6, 1898, at the age of 49, he was promoted to rear admiral.

During the 1899 campaign, Rear Admiral Z. P. Rozhestvensky himself already commanded the Training Artillery Detachment, taking Lieutenant N. P. Kurosh as his flagship artillery officer. His flagship ship - “Firstborn” - was commanded by Captain 1st Rank Nikolai Ivanovich Nebogatoe, the same officer who in 1891 took over the clipper “Cruiser” from him and who was destined on May 14, 1905 to take command of the remnants of 2– th squadron of the Pacific Fleet.

In the summer of 1899, the cousin of Nicholas II, Lieutenant Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, who, like his other relatives, alternated naval service with social entertainment and trips abroad, underwent practical training on the Admiral General.

This is what he later recalled about the Artillery Training Detachment: “I contemplated this quixotic flotilla with a mixed feeling of pity, awe and horror. These were the remains of our fleet, real museum exhibits that were of only archaeological interest... Despite the fact that I had to deal with a collection of outdated and heterogeneous vessels, I was able to learn a lot of useful things in the field of practical artillery and get to know the admiral, a stern man, better and straightforward, passionately devoted to his duty and possessed by an unyielding desire to overcome any obstacles ... "

Despite the subsequent events known to him - the Tsushima disaster, Kirill Vladimirovich retained the best opinion about Z. P. Rozhdestvensky and called him a “brilliant military man,” “a disgraced hero of one of the greatest battles in the history of the fleet,” called up in 1904–1905. command a “floating pile of scrap metal.”

In the same campaign, Z.P. Rozhdestvensky again temporarily received two relatively new ships into the detachment - the coastal defense battleships Admiral Senyavin and Admiral Ushakov (with hydraulic towers) and, finally, their brother - the battleship Admiral General Apraksin”, which had just passed tests and had 254 mm. electrically driven towers. Since this latter occupies a special place in the biography of our hero, it is necessary to say more about him. “Admiral General Apraksin” was built in 1894–1899. at the New Admiralty shipyard with the main mechanisms of the Franco-Russian plant, which manufactured them according to the drawings of the Models known to us, which built the mechanisms for the Admiral Ushakov.

"General-Admiral Apraksin" with a small displacement (4438 tons normal) was a relatively strong ship with 178 mm. side armor and three 254 mm. guns (two - in the bow turret and one - in the stern). The cost of the ship with weapons and supplies was about 4.5 million rubles.

In the summer of 1899, the battleship completed testing. On August 4, with about 320 tons of coal on board and supplies for the summer campaign, Admiral General Apraksin left Kronstadt. At noon the next day, the commander of the battleship, Captain 1st Rank V.V. Lindestrom, safely brought him into the Artillery Training Detachment. During his service in the Apraksin detachment, he went out shooting five times with officer class students and gunner students, using up 628 rounds of training 37-mm ammunition. trunks, as well as 9 - 254 mm. and 40 -120 mm. shells. The firing turned out to be quite troublesome for the senior artillery officer, Lieutenant F.V. Rimsky-Korsakov: on the fifth day, a cartridge case and a device for installing a training barrel in the aft turret burst, and on the sixth, the horizontal guidance of the bow turret failed. This malfunction was resolved within 24 hours at the private Wiegandt plant, which restored the broken teeth of the coupling for converting from manual to electric control.

On August 14, 1899, “Admiral General Apraksin” went to sea to sail to Copenhagen. A fresh wind foreshadowed a stormy voyage. The new ship, according to the review of V.V. Lindeström, showed “excellent seaworthiness” - in head seas only splashes flew onto the forecastle, and in head seas the pitching range did not exceed 10° on board. The machine worked properly, providing the environment! I sing speed 11.12 knots. when two boilers were put into operation. On the morning of May 16, the low-lying green shores of Denmark appeared on the horizon, and at 2 p.m. the Apraksin had already stood on its barrel in the harbor of Copenhagen, finding there the yacht Tsarevna, the boat Threatening, and the host ships Syuland and Dannebrog.

On August 22, Nicholas II and his family arrived in the Danish capital on the high-speed “Standart”. The Apraksin's anchorage in the capital of a friendly power was marked by numerous receptions and visits; non-commissioned officers and sailors were regularly sent ashore. According to tradition, the King of Denmark awarded the officers of Apraksin Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog.

On September 14, leaving the imperial yachts to cruise through European ports, the battleship left the hospitable kingdom and arrived in Kronstadt two days later. On September 21, he ended the campaign without disarming, in order to head to Libau after completion of the outfitting work. “Poltava” and “Sevastopol” were also going there, completing tests in a separate detachment of Rear Admiral F.I. Amosov.

Tuesday, November 12, 1899, scheduled for the Apraksin's departure to sea, began with fog and a gradual increase in northeast wind. Dissipated around 3 p.m. the fog allowed the navigator of the Apraksin, Lieutenant P.P. Durnovo, to determine the deviation along the alignment of the Kronstadt lights, and the commander V.V. Lindestrem to decide to follow the plan. Observing the fall of the barometer, Vladimir Vladimirovich hoped to take refuge in Revel, but he still had to get there.

By 20 o'clock the wind had increased to force 6, and soon reached the force of a storm, aggravated by negative air temperatures and blizzards. The battleship, covered with a layer of ice, walked blindly - out of sight of the islands and lighthouses. Mechanical and manual lags were not used due to the freezing of water and the danger of sending people to the poop; the speed was determined by the revolutions of the cars. At 20 o'clock. 45 min. the commander reduced the speed from 9 to 5.5 knots, intending to clarify the location by measuring the depth of the sea. Having not received definite results in this way, V.V. Lindeström and P.P. Durnovo considered themselves to be carried to the south and decided to decide on the lighthouse on the island. Gogland is the largest island in the center of the Gulf of Finland. In fact, “Apraksin” turned out to be much further north and at 3 o’clock. 30 min. November 13 at a speed of about 3 knots. jumped onto the sandbank off the high snow-covered southeastern coast of Gotland.

The blow seemed soft to the commander, and the ship’s position was not at first hopeless. However, an attempt to refloat in full reverse failed, and an hour later water appeared in the bow stoker, which was quickly rising. The ship tilted 10° to the left side and, in the excitement, hit the bottom hard against the ground. B.V. Lindeström, thinking about saving people, decided to take the team ashore. Communication with the island on which local residents had gathered was established with the help of two lifelines supplied from the fortress. By 15 o'clock the crossing of people was successfully completed, having previously stopped the steam raised after the accident in two aft and auxiliary boilers.

We learned about the accident of a new coastal defense battleship in St. Petersburg from a telegram from the commander of the cruiser Admiral Nakhimov, who, during the transition from Kronstadt to Revel, noticed distress signals sent by Apraksin. The head of the Naval Ministry, Vice Admiral P. P. Tyrtov, immediately ordered the battleship Poltava to be sent to Gogland from Kronstadt, and the Admiral Ushakov from Libau, providing them with plasters and materials for rescue work. Rear Admiral F.I. Amosov, who held the flag on Poltava, was appointed to lead the latter. In addition to warships, the icebreaker Ermak, the steamer Moguchiy, 2 rescue steamers of the private Revel rescue society and divers from the Kronstadt school of the Maritime Department “Admiral Ushakov” did not reach Gogland - returned to Libau due to a breakdown of the steering gear. .

On the morning of November 15, F.I. Amosov arrived at Apraksin, who, not sharing the initial optimism of V.V. Lindeström (“with immediate help, the battleship will be removed”), found the situation extremely “dangerous” and dependent on the weather. Fortunately, the Ermak could provide the fight against ice, but the telegraph to maintain communication with St. Petersburg was available only in Kotka, which made it difficult to quickly manage the work.

The problem of organizing communication was solved with the help of an outstanding invention of the late 19th century. - radio. With the report of the MTK dated December 10, 1899, Vice Admiral I.M. Dikov and acting. O. The chief mine inspector, Rear Admiral K. S. Osteletsky, was offered to contact Fr. Gogland with the mainland using the “wireless telegraph” invented by A. S. Popov. During experiments in the 1899 campaign on the Black Sea, by extending the antenna using a kite, it was possible to achieve a 16-mile communication range. On the same day, the manager of the ministry imposed a resolution: “We can try, I agree..” A. S. Popov himself, his assistant P. N. Rybkin, captain 2nd rank G. I. Zalevsky and Lieutenant A. A. Remmert. On Gogland and on the island. Kutsalo to Kotka began the construction of masts for installing antennas.

By that time, it became clear that “Apraksin,” in the apt expression of F.I. Amosov, literally “climbed into a pile of stones.” The top of a huge stone and an 8-ton granite boulder got stuck in the hull of the battleship, forming a hole with an area of ​​about 27 m2 to the left of the vertical keel in the area of ​​frames 12–23. Through it, the bow cartridge magazine of Baranovsky’s guns, the mine magazine, the turret compartment, the cruise chamber and the 254 mm bomb magazine were filled with water. turrets, the entire bow compartment to the armored deck. Three other stones caused smaller destruction of the bottom. In total, the ship took in more than 700 tons of water, which could not be pumped out without sealing the holes. Stones stuck in the bottom made it difficult to move the Apraksin from its place. The accident received a wide public response and caused a flood of proposals to save the battleship, which poured into the Navy Ministry.

All rescue work was carried out under the general leadership and control of the head of the ministry, Admiral P. P. Tyrtov, who involved the famous admirals I. M. Dikov, V. P. Verkhovsky and S. O. Makarov, chief inspectors from MTK N, in this most important matter E. Kuteinikova, A. S. Krotkova, N. G. Nozikova. Direct participation in the rescue work under the leadership of F. I. Amosov was taken by the commander of the battleship V. V. Lindestrem, the junior assistants of the shipbuilder P. P. Belyankin and E. S. Politovsky, the representative of the Revel Rescue Society von Franken and the index of the New Admiralty of Olympiev, who knew well ship. The divers working in the icy water were led by Lieutenants M.F. Shultz and A.K. Nebolsin. It was decided to remove the upper part of the large stone using explosions, unload the battleship, which at the time of the accident had a displacement of 4515 tons, if possible, seal the hole, pump out the water and, using pontoons, pull the battleship off the shoal.

Attempts to refloat the Apraksin by order of Rear Admiral Amosov were made twice: on November 26 (the icebreaker Ermak plus the full reverse of the Apraksin) and December 9 (the same plus the steamships Meteor and Helios). After a thorough examination of the hull and the large rock, it became clear to the divers that these attempts were doomed to failure.

The struggle with rocks that lasted until the freeze-up and the failure of attempts to move the Apraksin from its place with tugboats led P. P. Tyrtov to the decision to postpone its refloating until the spring of next year. F.I. Amosov with the Poltava and the majority of the crew of the emergency ship was recalled to Kronstadt. To ensure the work, 36 sailors were left with the boatswain Ivan Safonov. The danger of destruction of the Apraksin by a pile of ice was avoided with the help of the Ermak and the strengthening of the ice fields around the battleship. On January 25, 1900, the chairman of the MTK, Vice Admiral I.M. Dikov, read an urgent telegram from Kotka: “Gotland telegram received without wires by telephone, the front stone was removed.” Having reported it to P.P. Tyrtov, Ivan Mikhailovich received instructions to report the contents to the editorial offices of Novoye Vremya and Government Gazette: this was the first radiogram in history transmitted over a distance of more than 40 miles.

By this time, under the spire of the Admiralty, the idea had matured to entrust further work to save the battleship to a specially appointed energetic flagship. The choice fell on Z.P. Rozhdestvensky. On January 22, 1900, the head of the General Music School F.K. Lvelan addressed the latter with a letter:

“Dear sir, Zinovy ​​Petrovich.

Following the order of His Imperial Highness the Admiral General, the head of the Naval Ministry entrusts Your Excellency with monitoring and directing the progress of work to remove the battleship "General Admiral Apraksin" from the rocks, why should you go to Gogland Island on the "Ermak", departing there in a few days from Revel..."

Let us recall that in the winter months the officers and admirals of the Baltic Fleet, bound (except for Libau) by ice, felt relatively free: the greatest “troubles” were caused by the drill exercises of the naval crews, but at the same time there was enough time left for visits to the Officers’ Naval Assembly in Kronstadt and balls in St. Petersburg And suddenly an emergency order fell upon Z. P. Rozhdestvensky...

And Zinovy ​​Petrovich did not make a mistake. In his characteristic manner, on January 31, 1900, without even visiting the emergency “Apraksin,” he reported to the head of the Main General Staff (from Revel) about “complete disorder” in all, without exception, measures to save the battleship. In his opinion, explosions of stones posed a threat to the strength of the bulkheads, drainage equipment could not cope with pumping out water, the bow section was not lightened, and supplies were supplied to the work site without proper accounting. “The team on Gogland is demoralized, and I (appointed as the manager of the Naval Ministry to correct the matter) am sitting idle in Revel,” he concluded his report.

Obviously, this style of work allowed Z.P. Rozhesgvensky to create a reputation as a principled boss and clearly highlight his merits in achieving the ultimate success of any enterprise. But, we must give him his due, Zinovy ​​Petrovich himself developed vigorous activity in advance. After reviewing the documents, he demanded that steel cables, diving jackets, air hoses and other materials be sent to Gogland as soon as possible, began searching for high-performance drainage pumps, and consulted with leading experts about the best way to save the battleship.

The latter's opinion was far from clear. Many of them considered the ship's position hopeless. It was assumed that with the onset of spring, the hull of the Apraksin would be broken by the movement of ice that had thawed from the shore, and then completely destroyed by stormy weather.

Rozhdestvensky himself, apparently, did not share such views, “... the only means are pontoons,” he wrote a few days after his appointment to the head of the GMSH, “because by the calculations of the committee (MTK. - V.G.) it is impossible to determine which bulkheads will be squeezed out, when, when pulled off, the nose comes into the water.”

It was not easy with the pontoons: at first one Swedish company was ready to supply them, but the Kronstadt port was also ready, from where S. O. Makarov reported on the need for preliminary drawings using the Apraksin model, which had previously been manufactured (on Makarov’s instructions) in the Experimental Pool of the Maritime Department. Makarov, being the senior boss for Rozhdestvensky, directly indicated the transportation of the model to the island. Gogland for a detailed development of a method for removing the armadillo.

Zinovy ​​Petrovich did not neglect the advice of his boss and “rival” and implemented all of them (or almost all) with the enormous help of “Ermak”, on which he arrived on the island in early February 1900. Gotland. Here he found a battleship stuck in the ice, abandoned, as mentioned above, by most of the crew.

“The ship was in unimaginable disorder in all parts without exception,” Zinovy ​​Petrovich later recalled. - One ship’s boiler was working to power the rescue society’s mechanisms, pumping water from the sea overboard. All the other boilers, all the mechanisms, all the small engines were abandoned, covered with rust and... debris, and in some places flooded. Clinkets, doors, necks with skewed seals were covered with dirt and did not fulfill their purpose. Every day brought new destruction and new losses for the treasury: those who wanted to cut down the shields, tore off the lining without any need and without any results. Various small things were removed, boiler fittings, pressure gauges, machine rubricators, small motors... all this was dumped in heaps on the shore, covered with snow and little by little stolen. Apart from the divers and a few stokers, none of the lower ranks were assigned to useful work. The mass of port workers languished in idleness...”

Naturally, the admiral who arrived on Gotland had to start with the most important thing - with the organization of service. Already on the first day of his stay at Apraksin, he demanded that “statements of all things and materials, as well as those seconded, indicating the work assigned to each of them be drawn up,” appointed those responsible for maintaining working documentation. At the same time, he established control over the strength and direction of the wind, the height of the water and the draft of the battleship. He demanded that a schedule of work for which the team was supposed to be assigned be presented to him daily for approval.

At the same time, people remained his main concern. So, in an order dated February 10, Zinovy ​​Petrovich wrote: “In view of the extremely difficult living and working conditions on the island of Gogland and due to the extreme insufficiency of the required portion of greens, in order to preserve the strength and health of people, I propose to henceforth add one pound of potatoes per day per person to the daily portion. I ask the commander to order stricter supervision over food preparation...

Failure to comply with these rules until now was the reason for the very poor quality of the food that ended up in people’s tanks.”

It should be noted here that Z.P. Rozhdestvensky proved himself to be a strong supporter and example of an orderly style of leadership in Gogland. Despite the relatively small number of participants in the rescue of Apraksin, he, like many admirals of that time, considered it necessary to issue orders with appropriate conclusions and instructions on every occasion. Neither the radio station on Gogland nor the smallest issues of organizing service on the damaged battleship escaped his attention.

“The Hogland wireless telegraph station serves goals, the seriousness of which requires the appropriate attitude of all involved in the matter,” wrote Z. P. Rozhdestvensky in one of his orders. - It has come to my attention that telegraph operators are leaving the station before a certain time... I strictly prohibit negotiations between telegraph operators that are not related to the service... Lieutenant Yakovlev should have constant monitoring of the fulfillment of these requirements, but at the same time take every possible care that telegraph operators do not suffer deprivation if possible . Report their needs to me directly.”

Leaving for Kronstadt for two weeks at the end of February, Zinoviy Petrovich drew up the most detailed order for the commander of Apraksin, which can be called an order for all occasions. It determined the amount of coal in each pit, the order of its consumption, and even the minimum distance from the side of the battleship at which garbage was allowed to be dumped.

Drawing attention to the fact that divers were overtired during daily work, Rozhdestvensky, regardless of the lack of time, ordered diving descents to be carried out every other day. Instructing his subordinates before installing the dead anchor, he wrote: “... we must hurry to complete the work, as long as haste does not come at the expense of accuracy: if time does not allow us to complete all the work before the first movement of the ice, then we can only be reproached for lack of management.

If the chain is broken because its immersion was not sufficiently controlled, then we will rightly be accused of dishonesty.”

Rozhdestvensky’s daily orders attract attention with their sharpness and expressiveness. They clearly show Zinovy ​​Petrovich’s intolerance towards the slightest manifestations of indiscipline and lack of performance. “March 17, 1900. Today, from 5 3/4 in the morning, I did not find an officer with the party working at the rope on the ice... The same... officer was supposed to be present at 4 1/4 in the morning at the breakfast of the lower ranks... but was not present. This time I limit myself to reminding you that my orders were not followed, and I suggest that the commander of the battleship take measures to ensure that this does not happen again in the future.”

“March 17, 1900. Today, overnight, the ice broke near the place where the work was being carried out... At 6 o’clock in the morning, the officer on duty, whom I called to the work site, told me that someone had already reported to him about the ice drift, and nothing more. I ask the commander of the battleship... to strictly establish that the movement of the ice should be observed not by a random “someone”, but by an indispensable watch... On my orders, an ice boat was to be sent to the people working near the ropes. It took half an hour to dig it out from under the snow and... pick out the snow and ice that filled the boat itself. Someone should see to it that the boat is stored at least with the keel up.”

“March 29, 1900 Today the team’s lunch consisted of stinking, greasy slop. This means that the officer on duty did not ensure that the boiler was properly cleaned and that the provisions themselves were thoroughly washed from decomposition products and the dirt covering them. I ask the commander of the battleship to establish supervision over the performance of this officer’s official duties.”

It must be said that initially Rozhdestvensky doubted the independence of his closest technical assistants - engineers Belyankin, Goladmiev and Politovsky. However, he soon changed his mind, and in 1904 he even elected Politovsky as the flagship naval engineer of his headquarters. The undoubted merit of Zinovy ​​Petrovich was also the fact that he attracted the Bureau for Soil Research, which belonged to the mining engineer Voislav, to participate in the rescue of the battleship. The Bureau sent technicians to Apraksin with two machines equipped with diamond drills for drilling holes in granite stones. The explosion of dynamite in the pits turned out to be harmless to the ship. Upon completion of the work, Vojislav even refused the reward. The Naval Ministry, expressing gratitude to him for his selflessness, paid 1,197 rubles. in the form of compensation for equipment breakdowns and maintenance of technicians.

To save the Apraksin, in the end, the only possible solution was taken: removing the stones on which the ship was sitting, sealing the holes and, with the help of the Ermak, pulling the battleship into clean water. This work required both stable communication with Kronstadt and St. Petersburg, and regular delivery of food and logistics supplies to the island. The icebreaker Ermak provided invaluable assistance to Apraksin. Repeatedly breaking through the continuous hummocky ice, he delivered to the island everything necessary to continue work and maintain the life of the battleship’s crew. In the icebreaker's workshop, drills and drills were made for destroying stone.

The icebreaker was subordinate to the Ministry of Finance, and each of its access to Gotland was achieved by Rozhdestvensky with considerable difficulty.

In addition, almost every day I had to deal with various misunderstandings with the rescue society, with GUKiS and other authorities, not to mention the commander of the ship V.V. Lindestrem, who was aware of his involuntary guilt in the disaster and, to a certain extent, suffered from moral the oppression of Z.P. Rozhdestvensky with his energy and numerous orders.

By the beginning of April 1900, in conditions of a relatively harsh winter, it was possible to deal with the stones, temporarily seal some of the holes and unload the battleship with approximately 500 tons. On April 8, “Ermak” made an unsuccessful attempt to pull the ship 2 fathoms - the length of the lane created in solid ice. Three days later, the attempt was repeated, flooding the aft compartments of the Apraksin and helping the Ermak with steam and coastal manual spiers. The battleship finally got underway and by evening, with its own engines put into operation, moved 12 meters back from the stone ridge.

On April 13, along the canal laid by Ermak, he crossed into the harbor near Gogland, and on April 22, he safely moored in Aspa near Kotka. Up to 300 tons of water remained in the battleship’s hull, which was continuously pumped out by turbines. With only 120 tons of coal and no artillery (except for turret guns), ammunition, provisions and most supplies, the draft at the bow and stern was 5.9 m each.

On May 6, the Admiral General Apraksin, accompanied by the cruiser Asia and two rescue ships of the Revel Society, arrived in Kronstadt, where it was soon placed for repairs at the Konstantinovsky dock, and on May 15 ended the protracted campaign. P. P. Tyrtov congratulated V. V. Lindeström on the completion of a arduous epic and thanked all participants in the work, especially Z. P. Rozhdestvensky.

Repair of damage to the battleship using the funds of the Kronstadt port, completed in 1901, cost the treasury more than 175 thousand rubles, not counting the cost of rescue work.

The Apraksin accident showed the weakness of the Maritime Department’s rescue equipment, which was forced to resort to improvisation and the involvement of other public and private organizations. Assessing their contribution to the rescue of the ship, Z. P. Rozhdestvensky pointed out that without the Ermak the battleship would have been in disastrous condition, and without the help of the Revel Rescue Society it would have sank back in November 1899. In difficult winter conditions, much, as always, was decided dedication to work and enterprise, characteristic of Russians in extreme situations.

The commission to investigate the circumstances of the accident did not find any crime in the actions of the commander and navigational officer of the battleship. The former navigator of the Apraksin, P.P. Durnovo, brilliantly rehabilitated himself in the Battle of Tsushima, leading his crippled destroyer Bravy to Vladivostok, adhering to the coast of Japan.

Two important circumstances should be noted here. First: the rescue of the battleship caused a great public outcry and contributed to the growth of the authority and fame of Z. P. Rozhdestvensky not only in naval circles, but also among people far from the fleet, and also, which was especially important, at court. A telegram about the refloating of the ship (April 11) was received in Kronstadt just before a theatrical performance, which was staged by a local charitable society at the Maritime Assembly. “The telegram was read publicly before the performance,” wrote S. O. Makarov (chief commander of the Kronstadt port) about this event, “and the whole hall resounded with a friendly “Hurray” on the occasion of receiving the good news. It was, indeed, a red egg for a bright holiday.”

In connection with the successful completion of the rescue work, Zinovy ​​Petrovich received a whole heap of congratulatory telegrams. In particular, from the naval authorities:

“I congratulate you and all your employees... on a brilliant success, completing five months of work. This success brought joy to the fleet and all sympathizers. I sincerely thank you, and your Excellency in particular, for your stewardship and energy. Tyrtov (ministry manager - V.G.).”

“On behalf of the Kronstadt sailors, I congratulate you on the skillful execution of a risky task. Makarov."

From civil, military and fellow sailors:

“Today I read about the successful removal of Apraksin. Please convey enthusiastic greetings and congratulations to the hero admiral. Prince Lvov” (future head of the provisional government in 1917 - V.G.).

"Hooray! Baron Kaulbars” (Lieutenant General of the Russian Army - V.G.).

“Congratulations on your success, Birilev always believed in you” (junior flagship of the Baltic Fleet - V.G.).

“Please accept my sincere congratulations on the successful removal of Apraksin. With all our hearts we wish you brilliant success in the future. Kochkin" (? - V. G.).

And finally: “We cordially congratulate you on your successfully completed assignment... Alexander” (Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, son-in-law and personal friend of Nicholas II, captain of the 2nd rank, who, by the way, was a senior officer of “Apraksin” in the 1899 campaign until his return to Kronstadt from Denmark).

The second circumstance is connected with the icebreaker "Ermak", the personal life and relationship of Z. P. Rozhestvensky and S. O. Makarov "Ermak", this is a real miracle of technology and a kind of symbol of man's breakthrough with the future, which appeared on the eve of the 20th century, had many opponents and in the process of its creation was influenced by many skeptics. Among them were the envious and ill-wisher of S. O. Makarov, Rear Admiral A. A. Birilev (senior in age, but, alas, not in rank), known to us A. E. Konkevich, a number of other persons, and... P. Rozhdestvensky.

Of these, Zinovy ​​Petrovich occupied a special position - he was closely acquainted and even friendly with S. O. Makarov’s wife, Kapitolina Nikolaevna, who, for obvious reasons, experienced some inconvenience from living together with her “restless husband.” Without touching on personal relationships, which require special delicacy and are not the topic of our story, it should be noted that during the rescue work on Gogland, Rozhdestvensky changed his attitude towards the icebreaker. The first evidence of this is a letter from S. O. Makarov dated February 1, 1900 to the commander of the Ermak, his special confidant, friend and, in the real meaning of the word, student - captain 2nd rank M. P. Vasiliev: “ ...When Rozhdestvensky came to Witte to ask for “Ermak,” he said with pride: “Who would now save the people swept out to sea?” (rescue of 50 fishermen in January 1900 - V.G.). Avelan told me all this. Rozhdestvensky was against this when the construction of the icebreaker began. I kept telling my wife to advise me against this matter. I don’t know how he will feel about the icebreaker. He is a generally unfaithful and extremely changeable person. I did not enter into any conversations about “Ermak” with him...”

Upon completion of the rescue work, Z. P. Rozhdestvensky did not fail to note the merits of the icebreaker in a telegram to S. O. Makarov from Aspe: “Apraksin” owes its salvation to “Ermak” and its valiant commander, captain 2nd rank Vasiliev. In an impenetrable snowstorm, an armadillo, wrapped in chains stretched out into a string, steel and hemp cables attaching one thousand five hundred square feet of plasters, walked for seven hours in the Ermak stream of ice fields between individual blocks of hummock formation and a channel punched in solid ice, and not one the chain, not a single cable was cut by the ice..."

Was Zinovy ​​Petrovich aware of some ambiguity in his position regarding “Ermak” and its creator S. O. Makarov? This question can probably be answered in the affirmative. But, as happened and happens with many people making a career, the consciousness of being wrong did not cause Rozhestvensky any special remorse. To his credit, it should be noted that he turned out to be very scrupulous about rewards for saving the battleship. The fact is that the State Musical School considered it possible in its own way to revise the lists of persons presented by Rozhdestvensky for promotion. Thus, the Order of St. Stanislav was refused to be awarded to two mechanical engineers of the icebreaker “Ermak”, the amount of monetary reward to Rozhdestvensky’s closest assistant, Captain 2nd Rank Bergstresser was significantly reduced, and the commander of the battleship “Poltava” was completely bypassed with the award.

After several unsuccessful attempts to restore justice, the indignant Zinovy ​​Petrovich turned to S. O. Makarov: “Since I have already had the good fortune to receive the highest gratitude, declared both in the order and personally to me by the Emperor, I have the honor to humbly ask for Your Excellency’s petition, so that out of the 1,500 rubles assigned to me as a reward... 500 rubles were added to the reward of captain 2nd rank Bergstresser, and a thousand were given as a reward to the commander of the battleship "Poltava" who was omitted from the reward list ... "

Justice was then restored, and Z.P. Rozhdestvensky, with a calm soul, returned to his immediate responsibilities as command of the Artillery Training Detachment, which in May 1900 was preparing to begin its next campaign.

On November 13, 1899, the battleship of the Russian fleet, Admiral General Apraksin, crashed in the Baltic Sea. The news of this immediately filled the pages of the capital's newspapers, and letters from readers with projects for a rescue operation poured into the Admiralty. Meanwhile, December came, the rescuers had to work in the most difficult conditions: to pull a huge ship out of the freezing sea, and winter underwater work, as we know, is a dangerous business.

IT'S STORMING AT SEA
Captain 1st Rank Vladimir Vladimirovich Lindestrom pulled his jacket tighter and left the wheelhouse of his battleship Admiral General Apraksin. The weather was not a gift - a thick fog fell on the sea, in addition it was noticeably stormy - but for the Baltic in mid-November this was nothing surprising.

By evening it got worse. The storm got serious, reaching force six, and a blizzard arose. Crew members sought refuge in the ship's premises, reluctantly following orders and instructions related to going on deck. The cabin was covered with snow, and the navigator, Lieutenant Durnovo, was steering the ship blindly.
Lindeström decided to go to Revel - there was no point in returning to the base, in Kronstadt. By evening, having measured the depth of the sea, Durnovo realized that they had been carried south. We decided to navigate by the lighthouse of one of the largest islands in the Gulf of Finland, Gogland, which was located somewhere nearby.

Suddenly, a red light flashed straight ahead - Lindeström and Durnovo decided that it was an oncoming ship and performed an evasive maneuver. As a result, at 3.30 am the crew felt a soft push on the bottom of the battleship. The red light turned out to be not a ship, but just the lighthouse the captain was looking for.
A huge ship ran aground off the southeastern coast of Gogland. There was no panic - firstly, Lindeström's team was disciplined, and secondly, it was not so easy to break through the powerful side plates, and the blow was not strong. And, after all, Gogland is not in the center of the Pacific Ocean, but in the Baltic Sea, where dozens of ships pass every day.
An attempt to get out on our own only worsened the situation: the ship, without budging, began to fall onto the left side, and water poured into the hold. The ship's pumps could not cope with the load, and the crew was tired. At 15 o'clock Lindeström realized that the situation was much more serious than he had expected, and it was impossible to save the ship. All that remained was to save the crew: the full crew was transported to the shore, where the sailors were already met by local residents who had gathered to watch the accident.
However, the “Admiral General Apraksin” did not completely drown - it was simply too large to sink to the bottom in such a shallow place - and rose quite noticeably above the surface of the water.

Captain Lindeström proposed freezing the water around the ship with carbon dioxide, cutting a trench to the bow and freeing it, and then cutting a dock in the ice floe, where repairs could be made immediately.

RESCUE OPERATION PROJECTS
In the evening of the same day, the ship was discovered from the cruiser Admiral Nakhimov, which conveyed the news of what had happened to St. Petersburg.
The next day, the battleships Poltava and Sevastopol arrived at the scene of the accident, bringing divers, engineers and the materials necessary to seal the holes. Another day later, the icebreaker "Ermak" arrived - the weather was deteriorating every day, the sea was freezing.
Engineers determined that the battleship had pierced the bottom in several places, the largest hole was 27 square meters in size, through this gap more than 700 tons of water penetrated inside, flooding the entire bow compartment.

News of the accident immediately filled the front pages of all the capital's newspapers, and letters from readers with rescue projects poured into the Admiralty. Among the trivial proposals to “pull” the battleship off the ground, having previously equipped it with powerful pumps that would immediately pump out the water and keep the ship afloat, there were also very extraordinary ones.
For example, lift a ship above a stone using a lever welded from rails.

FOR THE FIRST TIME ON RADIO
The headquarters rejected all these ideas, deciding that it was best to destroy the rock with underwater explosions. However, the situation was aggravated by the fact that the nearest telegraph was only in the city of Kotka (Finland), and the rescuers had no operational communication with the headquarters.

It was then that we remembered one enthusiast from the Russian Physicochemical Society - now every schoolchild knows his name - this is Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
Back in the spring of 1897, he established radio communication between the transport "Europe" and the cruiser "Africa", but the radiotelegraph he developed did not interest the naval authorities. Now the attitude of the Admiralty had changed radically, and Popov happily agreed to help in the operation.
It was decided to build stations on Gogland itself, a kilometer from the battleship, and on the island of Kutsalo, not far from Kotka. No one could give guarantees of success - until now, radio transmissions had been carried out at a distance not exceeding 30 km, but here, in bad weather conditions, it was necessary to transmit a signal over as much as 47 km! But neither at headquarters nor in the rescue camp itself had any desire to retreat.

Experienced officers A.I. were given to help Popov. Zalevsky and A.A. Remmert. In the most difficult conditions, on the same steamer "Ermak" the necessary equipment was delivered to the deployment sites.

Icebreaker "Ermak" rescues the battleship "Admiral General Apraksin" from ice captivity, 1899, Gulf of Finland

They wanted to address the first radiogram to the imperial family, but a tragic incident prevented this.
On January 24 at 9 a.m., rescuers received a telegram from the Chief of the Main Naval Staff, Vice Admiral F.K. Avelana: “9 hours. Gogland. From St. Petersburg to the commander of the icebreaker "Ermak". Near Lavensari, an ice floe with fifty fishermen broke off. Provide immediate assistance in rescuing these people. One hundred and eighty-six, Avelan.” "Ermak" went on a search, which was crowned with success the very next day. So, thanks to radio, 27 people were saved from certain death.

RESCUE OF THE BATTLESHIP
Because of the winter, rescue work was suspended, but then they had to make up for it by leaps and bounds; the spring ice drift threatened to simply crush the unlucky battleship. Already at the very beginning of the spring of 1900, the head of rescue operations, Rear Admiral Z.P. Rozhdestvensky asked the headquarters on the radio to order powerful electric drills to fight the rock. The huge 8-ton granite monolith was split in less than a month. People worked day and night, and on April 24, 1900, they began the final stage of the operation - pulling the battleship with tugs, which was not at all difficult - the rescuers, seasoned by difficulties, coped with this on the same day.
The operation to rescue the Admiral General Apraksin was an impressive victory for Russian sailors and engineers. A.S. Popov received the highest gratitude and a huge amount of 33 thousand rubles in remuneration. The special commission completely acquitted Captain Lindeström and navigator Durnovo, without finding any corpus delicti in their actions.
Many participants in the operation later glorified their names with exploits in the name of the Motherland.

Unfortunately, its “main participant”, the armadillo himself, is not one of them. After repairs, he carried out quiet service in the Baltic in the Training Artillery Detachment, where he did not show himself in the best way: his new commander, Captain 1st Rank N.G. Lishin complained that the battleship's hull was "loose" in an accident in 1899 and was leaking water.
In 1904, the ship went to reinforce the Pacific squadron in the Russo-Japanese War, but even there it failed to distinguish itself - during the Battle of Tsushima, the same Lishin surrendered the battleship without a fight. And then for another 10 years under the name "Okinoshima" she was a Japanese training ship.

But few people remember or do not want to remember this. After all, it was with the battleship “Admiral General Apraksin” that one of the most complex and brilliant rescue operations of the Russian Empire was associated.

Kolchak Alexander Vasilievich

A person who combines the body of knowledge of a natural scientist, a scientist and a great strategist.

Grand Duke of Russia Mikhail Nikolaevich

Feldzeichmeister-General (commander-in-chief of the artillery of the Russian Army), youngest son of Emperor Nicholas I, Viceroy in the Caucasus since 1864. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Caucasus in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878. Under his command the fortresses of Kars, Ardahan, and Bayazet were taken.

Yulaev Salavat

Commander of the Pugachev era (1773-1775). Together with Pugachev, he organized an uprising and tried to change the position of the peasants in society. He won several victories over the troops of Catherine II.

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilievich

The greatest commander, master strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia who did not suffer a single defeat.

Antonov Alexey Innokentievich

He became famous as a talented staff officer. He participated in the development of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Great Patriotic War since December 1942.
The only one of all Soviet military leaders awarded the Order of Victory with the rank of army general, and the only Soviet holder of the order who was not awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

Petrov Ivan Efimovich

Defense of Odessa, Defense of Sevastopol, Liberation of Slovakia

Paskevich Ivan Fedorovich

Hero of Borodin, Leipzig, Paris (division commander)
As commander-in-chief, he won 4 companies (Russian-Persian 1826-1828, Russian-Turkish 1828-1829, Polish 1830-1831, Hungarian 1849).
Knight of the Order of St. George, 1st degree - for the capture of Warsaw (the order, according to the statute, was awarded either for the salvation of the fatherland, or for the capture of the enemy capital).
Field Marshal.

Shein Mikhail Borisovich

Voivode Shein is a hero and leader of the unprecedented defense of Smolensk in 1609-16011. This fortress decided a lot in the fate of Russia!

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

Great commander of the Old Russian period. The first Kiev prince known to us with a Slavic name. The last pagan ruler of the Old Russian state. He glorified Rus' as a great military power in the campaigns of 965-971. Karamzin called him “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.” The prince freed the Slavic tribes from vassal dependence on the Khazars, defeating the Khazar Khaganate in 965. According to the Tale of Bygone Years, in 970, during the Russian-Byzantine War, Svyatoslav managed to win the battle of Arcadiopolis, having 10,000 soldiers under his command, against 100,000 Greeks. But at the same time, Svyatoslav led the life of a simple warrior: “On campaigns he did not carry carts or cauldrons with him, did not cook meat, but, thinly slicing horse meat, or animal meat, or beef and roasting it on coals, he ate it like that; he did not have a tent , but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in their heads - the same were all the rest of his warriors. And he sent envoys to other lands [envoys, as a rule, before declaring war] with the words: “I’m coming to you!” (According to PVL)

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

A man whose faith, courage, and patriotism defended our state

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR, Generalissimo of the Soviet Union, Supreme Commander-in-Chief. The brilliant military leadership of the USSR in the Second World War.

Gavrilov Pyotr Mikhailovich

From the first days of the Great Patriotic War - in the active army. Major Gavrilov P.M. from June 22 to July 23, 1941 he led the defense of the Eastern Fort of the Brest Fortress. He managed to rally around himself all the surviving soldiers and commanders of various units and divisions, closing the most vulnerable places for the enemy to break through. On July 23, he was seriously wounded by a shell explosion in the casemate and was captured in an unconscious state. He spent the war years in the Nazi concentration camps of Hammelburg and Revensburg, experiencing all the horrors of captivity. Liberated by Soviet troops in May 1945. http://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=484

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

The great Russian commander, who did not suffer a single defeat in his military career (more than 60 battles), one of the founders of Russian military art.
Prince of Italy (1799), Count of Rymnik (1789), Count of the Holy Roman Empire, Generalissimo of the Russian land and naval forces, Field Marshal of the Austrian and Sardinian troops, Grandee of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Prince of the Royal Blood (with the title "King's cousin"), Knight of all Russian orders of their time, awarded to men, as well as many foreign military orders.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Finnish War.
Strategic retreat in the first half of 1812
European expedition of 1812

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Prophetic Oleg

Your shield is on the gates of Constantinople.
A.S. Pushkin.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief during the Great Patriotic War, in which our country won, and made all strategic decisions.

Rumyantsev Pyotr Alexandrovich

Russian military leader and statesman, who ruled Little Russia throughout the reign of Catherine II (1761-96). During the Seven Years' War he commanded the capture of Kolberg. For victories over the Turks at Larga, Kagul and others, which led to the conclusion of the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace, he was awarded the title “Transdanubian”. In 1770 he received the rank of Field Marshal. Knight of the Russian orders of St. Andrew the Apostle, St. Alexander Nevsky, St. George 1st class and St. Vladimir 1st class, Prussian Black Eagle and St. Anna 1st class

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He was the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War! Under his leadership, the USSR won the Great Victory during the Great Patriotic War!

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Rurikovich Yaroslav the Wise Vladimirovich

He dedicated his life to protecting the Fatherland. Defeated the Pechenegs. He established the Russian state as one of the greatest states of his time.

Gurko Joseph Vladimirovich

Field Marshal General (1828-1901) Hero of Shipka and Plevna, Liberator of Bulgaria (a street in Sofia is named after him, a monument was erected). In 1877 he commanded the 2nd Guards Cavalry Division. To quickly capture some passes through the Balkans, Gurko led an advance detachment consisting of four cavalry regiments, a rifle brigade and the newly formed Bulgarian militia, with two batteries of horse artillery. Gurko completed his task quickly and boldly and won a series of victories over the Turks, ending with the capture of Kazanlak and Shipka. During the struggle for Plevna, Gurko, at the head of the guard and cavalry troops of the western detachment, defeated the Turks near Gorny Dubnyak and Telish, then again went to the Balkans, occupied Entropol and Orhanye, and after the fall of Plevna, reinforced by the IX Corps and the 3rd Guards Infantry Division , despite the terrible cold, crossed the Balkan ridge, took Philippopolis and occupied Adrianople, opening the way to Constantinople. At the end of the war, he commanded military districts, was governor-general, and a member of the state council. Buried in Tver (Sakharovo village)

Margelov Vasily Filippovich

Author and initiator of the creation of technical means of the Airborne Forces and methods of using units and formations of the Airborne Forces, many of which personify the image of the Airborne Forces of the USSR Armed Forces and the Russian Armed Forces that currently exists.

General Pavel Fedoseevich Pavlenko:
In the history of the Airborne Forces, and in the Armed Forces of Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union, his name will remain forever. He personified an entire era in the development and formation of the Airborne Forces; their authority and popularity are associated with his name not only in our country, but also abroad...

Colonel Nikolai Fedorovich Ivanov:
Under the leadership of Margelov for more than twenty years, the airborne troops became one of the most mobile in the combat structure of the Armed Forces, prestigious for service in them, especially revered by the people... A photograph of Vasily Filippovich in demobilization albums was sold to soldiers at the highest price - for a set of badges. The competition for admission to the Ryazan Airborne School exceeded the numbers of VGIK and GITIS, and applicants who missed out on exams lived for two or three months, before the snow and frost, in the forests near Ryazan in the hope that someone would not withstand the load and it would be possible to take his place .

Kolovrat Evpatiy Lvovich

Ryazan boyar and governor. During Batu's invasion of Ryazan he was in Chernigov. Having learned about the Mongol invasion, he hastily moved to the city. Finding Ryazan completely incinerated, Evpatiy Kolovrat with a detachment of 1,700 people began to catch up with Batya’s army. Having overtaken them, the rearguard destroyed them. He also killed the strong warriors of the Batyevs. Died on January 11, 1238.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

A commander who has not lost a single battle in his career. He took the impregnable fortress of Ishmael the first time.

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilievich

Outstanding employee of the Russian Academy of the General Staff. Developer and implementer of the Galician operation - the first brilliant victory of the Russian army in the Great War.
Saved the troops of the North-Western Front from encirclement during the “Great Retreat” of 1915.
Chief of Staff of the Russian Armed Forces in 1916-1917.
Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in 1917
Developed and implemented strategic plans for offensive operations in 1916 - 1917.
He continued to defend the need to preserve the Eastern Front after 1917 (the Volunteer Army is the basis of the new Eastern Front in the ongoing Great War).
Slandered and slandered in relation to various so-called. “Masonic military lodges”, “conspiracy of generals against the Sovereign”, etc., etc. - in terms of emigrant and modern historical journalism.

Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich

Comrade Stalin, in addition to the atomic and missile projects, together with Army General Alexei Innokentievich Antonov, participated in the development and implementation of almost all significant operations of the Soviet troops in the Second World War, and brilliantly organized the work of the rear, even in the first difficult years of the war.

Uborevich Ieronim Petrovich

Soviet military leader, commander of the 1st rank (1935). Member of the Communist Party since March 1917. Born in the village of Aptandrius (now Utena region of the Lithuanian SSR) in the family of a Lithuanian peasant. Graduated from the Konstantinovsky Artillery School (1916). Participant of the 1st World War 1914-18, second lieutenant. After the October Revolution of 1917, he was one of the organizers of the Red Guard in Bessarabia. In January - February 1918 he commanded a revolutionary detachment in battles against Romanian and Austro-German interventionists, was wounded and captured, from where he escaped in August 1918. He was an artillery instructor, commander of the Dvina brigade on the Northern Front, and from December 1918 head of the 18th Infantry divisions of the 6th Army. From October 1919 to February 1920, he was the commander of the 14th Army during the defeat of the troops of General Denikin, in March - April 1920 he commanded the 9th Army in the North Caucasus. In May - July and November - December 1920, commander of the 14th Army in battles against the troops of bourgeois Poland and the Petliurites, in July - November 1920 - 13th Army in battles against the Wrangelites. In 1921, assistant commander of the troops of Ukraine and Crimea, deputy commander of the troops of the Tambov province, commander of the troops of the Minsk province, led the military operations during the defeat of the gangs of Makhno, Antonov and Bulak-Balakhovich. From August 1921 commander of the 5th Army and the East Siberian Military District. In August - December 1922, Minister of War of the Far Eastern Republic and Commander-in-Chief of the People's Revolutionary Army during the liberation of the Far East. He was commander of the troops of the North Caucasus (since 1925), Moscow (since 1928) and Belarusian (since 1931) military districts. Since 1926, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR, in 1930-31, deputy chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR and chief of armaments of the Red Army. Since 1934 member of the Military Council of NGOs. He made a great contribution to strengthening the defense capability of the USSR, educating and training command staff and troops. Candidate member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1930-37. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee since December 1922. Awarded 3 Orders of the Red Banner and Honorary Revolutionary Weapon.

Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich

The largest successes of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763 are associated with his name. Winner in the battles of Palzig,
In the Battle of Kunersdorf, defeating the Prussian king Frederick II the Great, Berlin was taken by the troops of Totleben and Chernyshev.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

I would like to propose the “candidacies” of Svyatoslav and his father, Igor, as the greatest commanders and political leaders of their time, I think that there is no point in listing to historians their services to the fatherland, I was unpleasantly surprised not to see their names on this list. Sincerely.

Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich

Adjutant General, Cavalry General, Adjutant General... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: “For bravery”... In 1849, Ridiger took part in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of Russian troops near Vilyagosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the Arad fortress. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops located in Hungary and Transylvania... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all troops located in the area of ​​​​the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as Warsaw military governor.

Shein Mikhail

Hero of the Smolensk Defense of 1609-11.
He led the Smolensk fortress under siege for almost 2 years, it was one of the longest siege campaigns in Russian history, which predetermined the defeat of the Poles during the Time of Troubles

Suvorov Mikhail Vasilievich

The only one who can be called GENERALLISIMO... Bagration, Kutuzov are his students...

Participated in the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-91 and the Russian-Swedish War of 1788-90. He distinguished himself during the war with France in 1806-07 at Preussisch-Eylau, and from 1807 he commanded a division. During the Russian-Swedish war of 1808-09 he commanded a corps; led the successful crossing of the Kvarken Strait in the winter of 1809. In 1809-10, Governor-General of Finland. From January 1810 to September 1812, the Minister of War did a lot of work to strengthen the Russian army, and separated the intelligence and counterintelligence service into a separate production. In the Patriotic War of 1812 he commanded the 1st Western Army, and, as Minister of War, the 2nd Western Army was subordinate to him. In conditions of significant superiority of the enemy, he showed his talent as a commander and successfully carried out the withdrawal and unification of the two armies, which earned M.I. Kutuzov such words as THANK YOU DEAR FATHER!!! SAVED THE ARMY!!! SAVED RUSSIA!!!. However, the retreat caused discontent in noble circles and the army, and on August 17 Barclay surrendered command of the armies to M.I. Kutuzov. In the Battle of Borodino he commanded the right wing of the Russian army, showing steadfastness and skill in defense. He recognized the position chosen by L. L. Bennigsen near Moscow as unsuccessful and supported M. I. Kutuzov’s proposal to leave Moscow at the military council in Fili. In September 1812, due to illness, he left the army. In February 1813 he was appointed commander of the 3rd and then the Russian-Prussian army, which he successfully commanded during the foreign campaigns of the Russian army of 1813-14 (Kulm, Leipzig, Paris). Buried in the Beklor estate in Livonia (now Jõgeveste Estonia)

Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich

Participant of the First World War (served in the 186th Aslanduz Infantry Regiment) and the Civil War. During the First World War, he fought on the Southwestern Front and took part in the Brusilov breakthrough. In April 1915, as part of the guard of honor, he was personally awarded the St. George Cross by Nicholas II. In total, he was awarded the St. George Crosses of III and IV degrees and medals “For Bravery” (“St. George” medals) of III and IV degrees.

During the Civil War, he led a local partisan detachment that fought in Ukraine against the German occupiers together with the detachments of A. Ya. Parkhomenko, then he was a fighter in the 25th Chapaev Division on the Eastern Front, where he was engaged in the disarmament of the Cossacks, and participated in battles with the armies of generals A. I. Denikin and Wrangel on the Southern Front.

In 1941-1942, Kovpak's unit carried out raids behind enemy lines in the Sumy, Kursk, Oryol and Bryansk regions, in 1942-1943 - a raid from the Bryansk forests to Right Bank Ukraine in the Gomel, Pinsk, Volyn, Rivne, Zhitomir and Kiev regions; in 1943 - Carpathian raid. The Sumy partisan unit under the command of Kovpak fought through the rear of the Nazi troops for more than 10 thousand kilometers, defeating enemy garrisons in 39 settlements. Kovpak's raids played a big role in the development of the partisan movement against the German occupiers.

Twice Hero of the Soviet Union:
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated May 18, 1942, for the exemplary performance of combat missions behind enemy lines, the courage and heroism shown during their implementation, Kovpak Sidor Artemyevich was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union with the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star medal (No. 708)
The second Gold Star medal (No.) was awarded to Major General Sidor Artemyevich Kovpak by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated January 4, 1944 for the successful conduct of the Carpathian raid
four Orders of Lenin (18.5.1942, 4.1.1944, 23.1.1948, 25.5.1967)
Order of the Red Banner (12/24/1942)
Order of Bohdan Khmelnitsky, 1st degree. (7.8.1944)
Order of Suvorov, 1st degree (2.5.1945)
medals
foreign orders and medals (Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia)

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

The great Russian naval commander who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ianian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the abandonment of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of a “scattered formation” with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792.

Rurikovich Svyatoslav Igorevich

He defeated the Khazar Khaganate, expanded the borders of Russian lands, and successfully fought with the Byzantine Empire.

Dokhturov Dmitry Sergeevich

Defense of Smolensk.
Command of the left flank on the Borodino field after Bagration was wounded.
Battle of Tarutino.

Romanov Mikhail Timofeevich

The heroic defense of Mogilev, the first all-round anti-tank defense of the city.

Gorbaty-Shuisky Alexander Borisovich

Hero of the Kazan War, first governor of Kazan

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

The greatest Commander and Diplomat!!! Who utterly defeated the troops of the “first European Union”!!!

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

The commander, under whose command the white army, with smaller forces, won victories over the red army for 1.5 years and captured the North Caucasus, Crimea, Novorossia, Donbass, Ukraine, Don, part of the Volga region and the central black earth provinces of Russia. He retained the dignity of his Russian name during the Second World War, refusing to cooperate with the Nazis, despite his irreconcilably anti-Soviet position

Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

Surprisingly, a Russian general who did not speak Russian, became the glory of Russian weapons of the early 19th century.

He made a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.

Commander-in-Chief in the Battle of Tarutino.

He made a significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig).

Nevsky Alexander Yaroslavich

He defeated the Swedish detachment on July 15, 1240 on the Neva and the Teutonic Order, the Danes in the Battle of the Ice on April 5, 1242. All his life he “won, but was invincible.” He played an exceptional role in Russian history during that dramatic period when Rus' was attacked by three sides - the Catholic West, Lithuania and the Golden Horde. Defended Orthodoxy from Catholic expansion. Revered as a pious saint. http://www.pravoslavie.ru/put/39091.htm

Ivan III Vasilievich

He united the Russian lands around Moscow and threw off the hated Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Katukov Mikhail Efimovich

Perhaps the only bright spot against the background of Soviet armored force commanders. A tank driver who went through the entire war, starting from the border. A commander whose tanks always showed their superiority to the enemy. His tank brigades were the only ones(!) in the first period of the war that were not defeated by the Germans and even caused them significant damage.
His First Guards Tank Army remained combat-ready, although it defended itself from the very first days of the fighting on the southern front of the Kursk Bulge, while exactly the same 5th Guards Tank Army of Rotmistrov was practically destroyed on the very first day it entered the battle (June 12)
This is one of the few of our commanders who took care of his troops and fought not with numbers, but with skill.

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

It's simple - It was he, as a commander, who made the greatest contribution to the defeat of Napoleon. He saved the army under the most difficult conditions, despite misunderstandings and grave accusations of treason. It was to him that our great poet Pushkin, practically a contemporary of those events, dedicated the poem “Commander”.
Pushkin, recognizing Kutuzov's merits, did not oppose him to Barclay. In place of the common alternative “Barclay or Kutuzov,” with the traditional resolution in favor of Kutuzov, Pushkin came to a new position: both Barclay and Kutuzov are both worthy of the grateful memory of posterity, but Kutuzov is revered by everyone, but Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly is undeservedly forgotten.
Pushkin mentioned Barclay de Tolly even earlier, in one of the chapters of “Eugene Onegin” -

Thunderstorm of the twelfth year
It has arrived - who helped us here?
The frenzy of the people
Barclay, winter or Russian god?...

In the conditions of the disintegration of the Russian state during the Time of Troubles, with minimal material and personnel resources, he created an army that defeated the Polish-Lithuanian interventionists and liberated most of the Russian state.

Suvorov Alexander Vasilievich

according to the only criterion - invincibility.

Denikin Anton Ivanovich

Russian military leader, political and public figure, writer, memoirist, publicist and military documentarian.
Participant in the Russo-Japanese War. One of the most effective generals of the Russian Imperial Army during the First World War. Commander of the 4th Infantry "Iron" Brigade (1914-1916, from 1915 - deployed under his command to a division), 8th Army Corps (1916-1917). Lieutenant General of the General Staff (1916), commander of the Western and Southwestern Fronts (1917). An active participant in the military congresses of 1917, an opponent of the democratization of the army. He expressed support for the Kornilov speech, for which he was arrested by the Provisional Government, a participant in the Berdichev and Bykhov sittings of generals (1917).
One of the main leaders of the White movement during the Civil War, its leader in the South of Russia (1918-1920). He achieved the greatest military and political results among all the leaders of the White movement. Pioneer, one of the main organizers, and then commander of the Volunteer Army (1918-1919). Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (1919-1920), Deputy Supreme Ruler and Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army Admiral Kolchak (1919-1920).
Since April 1920 - an emigrant, one of the main political figures of the Russian emigration. Author of the memoirs “Essays on the Russian Time of Troubles” (1921-1926) - a fundamental historical and biographical work about the Civil War in Russia, the memoirs “The Old Army” (1929-1931), the autobiographical story “The Path of the Russian Officer” (published in 1953) and a number of other works.

Saltykov Pyotr Semyonovich

The commander-in-chief of the Russian army in the Seven Years' War, was the main architect of the key victories of the Russian troops.

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

General Kotlyarevsky, son of a priest in the village of Olkhovatki, Kharkov province. He worked his way up from a private to a general in the tsarist army. He can be called the great-grandfather of Russian special forces. He carried out truly unique operations... His name is worthy of being included in the list of the greatest commanders of Russia

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

During his short military career, he knew practically no failures, both in battles with the troops of I. Boltnikov, and with the Polish-Liovian and “Tushino” troops. The ability to build a combat-ready army practically from scratch, train, use Swedish mercenaries in place and at the time, select successful Russian command cadres for the liberation and defense of the vast territory of the Russian northwestern region and the liberation of central Russia, persistent and systematic offensive, skillful tactics in fight against the magnificent Polish-Lithuanian cavalry, undoubted personal courage - these are the qualities that, despite the little-known nature of his deeds, give him the right to be called the Great Commander of Russia.

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich

Commander of the First Cavalry Army of the Red Army during the Civil War. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and Crimea.

Chichagov Vasily Yakovlevich

Superbly commanded the Baltic Fleet in the campaigns of 1789 and 1790. He won victories in the battle of Öland (7/15/1789), in the Revel (5/2/1790) and Vyborg (06/22/1790) battles. After the last two defeats, which were of strategic importance, the dominance of the Baltic Fleet became unconditional, and this forced the Swedes to make peace. There are few such examples in the history of Russia when victories at sea led to victory in the war. And by the way, the Battle of Vyborg was one of the largest in world history in terms of the number of ships and people.

Vatutin Nikolay Fedorovich

Operations "Uranus", "Little Saturn", "Leap", etc. and so on.
A true war worker

Paskevich Ivan Fedorovich

The armies under his command defeated Persia in the war of 1826-1828 and completely defeated Turkish troops in Transcaucasia in the war of 1828-1829.

Awarded all 4 degrees of the Order of St. George and the Order of St. Apostle Andrew the First-Called with diamonds.

Drozdovsky Mikhail Gordeevich

Dzhugashvili Joseph Vissarionovich

Assembled and coordinated the actions of a team of talented military leaders

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

He led the armed struggle of the Soviet people in the war against Germany and its allies and satellites, as well as in the war against Japan.
Led the Red Army to Berlin and Port Arthur.

Linevich Nikolai Petrovich

Nikolai Petrovich Linevich (December 24, 1838 - April 10, 1908) - a prominent Russian military figure, infantry general (1903), adjutant general (1905); general who took Beijing by storm.

Baklanov Yakov Petrovich

An outstanding strategist and a mighty warrior, he achieved respect and fear of his name among the uncovered mountaineers, who had forgotten the iron grip of the “Thunderstorm of the Caucasus”. At the moment - Yakov Petrovich, an example of the spiritual strength of a Russian soldier in front of the proud Caucasus. His talent crushed the enemy and minimized the time frame of the Caucasian War, for which he received the nickname “Boklu”, akin to the devil for his fearlessness.

Field Marshal General Gudovich Ivan Vasilievich

The assault on the Turkish fortress of Anapa on June 22, 1791. In terms of complexity and importance, it is only inferior to the assault on Izmail by A.V. Suvorov.
A 7,000-strong Russian detachment stormed Anapa, which was defended by a 25,000-strong Turkish garrison. At the same time, soon after the start of the assault, the Russian detachment was attacked from the mountains by 8,000 mounted highlanders and Turks, who attacked the Russian camp, but were unable to break into it, were repulsed in a fierce battle and pursued by the Russian cavalry.
The fierce battle for the fortress lasted over 5 hours. About 8,000 people from the Anapa garrison died, 13,532 defenders led by the commandant and Sheikh Mansur were taken prisoner. A small part (about 150 people) escaped on ships. Almost all the artillery was captured or destroyed (83 cannons and 12 mortars), 130 banners were taken. Gudovich sent a separate detachment from Anapa to the nearby Sudzhuk-Kale fortress (on the site of modern Novorossiysk), but upon his approach the garrison burned the fortress and fled to the mountains, abandoning 25 guns.
The losses of the Russian detachment were very high - 23 officers and 1,215 privates were killed, 71 officers and 2,401 privates were wounded (Sytin's Military Encyclopedia gives slightly lower data - 940 killed and 1,995 wounded). Gudovich was awarded the Order of St. George, 2nd degree, all the officers of his detachment were awarded, and a special medal was established for the lower ranks.

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

I beg the military historical society to correct the extreme historical injustice and include in the list of the 100 best commanders, the leader of the northern militia who did not lose a single battle, who played an outstanding role in the liberation of Russia from the Polish yoke and unrest. And apparently poisoned for his talent and skill.

Blucher, Tukhachevsky

Blucher, Tukhachevsky and the whole galaxy of heroes of the Civil War. Don't forget Budyonny!

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Personally took part in the planning and implementation of ALL offensive and defensive operations of the Red Army in the period 1941 - 1945.

Platov Matvey Ivanovich

Ataman of the Great Don Army (from 1801), cavalry general (1809), who took part in all the wars of the Russian Empire at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries.
In 1771 he distinguished himself during the attack and capture of the Perekop line and Kinburn. From 1772 he began to command a Cossack regiment. During the 2nd Turkish War he distinguished himself during the assault on Ochakov and Izmail. Participated in the battle of Preussisch-Eylau.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, he first commanded all the Cossack regiments on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, won victories over the enemy near the towns of Mir and Romanovo. In the battle near the village of Semlevo, Platov’s army defeated the French and captured a colonel from the army of Marshal Murat. During the retreat of the French army, Platov, pursuing it, inflicted defeats on it at Gorodnya, Kolotsky Monastery, Gzhatsk, Tsarevo-Zaimishch, near Dukhovshchina and when crossing the Vop River. For his merits he was elevated to the rank of count. In November, Platov captured Smolensk from battle and defeated the troops of Marshal Ney near Dubrovna. At the beginning of January 1813, he entered Prussia and besieged Danzig; in September he received command of a special corps, with which he participated in the battle of Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814, he fought at the head of his regiments during the capture of Nemur, Arcy-sur-Aube, Cezanne, Villeneuve. Awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The largest figure in world history, whose life and government activities left a deep imprint not only on the fate of the Soviet people, but also on all humanity, will be the subject of careful study by historians for many more centuries. The historical and biographical feature of this personality is that she will never be consigned to oblivion.
During Stalin's tenure as Supreme Commander-in-Chief and Chairman of the State Defense Committee, our country was marked by victory in the Great Patriotic War, massive labor and front-line heroism, the transformation of the USSR into a superpower with significant scientific, military and industrial potential, and the strengthening of our country's geopolitical influence in the world.
Ten Stalinist strikes is the general name for a number of the largest offensive strategic operations in the Great Patriotic War, carried out in 1944 by the armed forces of the USSR. Along with other offensive operations, they made a decisive contribution to the victory of the countries of the Anti-Hitler Coalition over Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II.

Because he inspires many by personal example.

Yudenich Nikolai Nikolaevich

The best Russian commander during the First World War. An ardent patriot of his Motherland.

Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Grand Duke of Novgorod, from 945 of Kiev. Son of Grand Duke Igor Rurikovich and Princess Olga. Svyatoslav became famous as a great commander, whom N.M. Karamzin called “Alexander (Macedonian) of our ancient history.”

After the military campaigns of Svyatoslav Igorevich (965-972), the territory of the Russian land increased from the Volga region to the Caspian Sea, from the North Caucasus to the Black Sea region, from the Balkan Mountains to Byzantium. Defeated Khazaria and Volga Bulgaria, weakened and frightened the Byzantine Empire, opened routes for trade between Rus' and eastern countries

Maksimov Evgeniy Yakovlevich

Russian hero of the Transvaal War. He was a volunteer in fraternal Serbia, participating in the Russian-Turkish war. At the beginning of the 20th century, the British began to wage war against the small people - the Boers. Eugene successfully fought against the invaders and in 1900 was appointed military general. Died in Russian Japanese war. In addition to his military career, he distinguished himself in the literary field.

Ivan groznyj

He conquered the Astrakhan kingdom, to which Russia paid tribute. Defeated the Livonian Order. Expanded the borders of Russia far beyond the Urals.

Stalin (Dzhugashvilli) Joseph

Tsarevich and Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich

Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, the second son of Emperor Paul I, received the title of Tsarevich in 1799 for his participation in the Swiss campaign of A.V. Suvorov, and retained it until 1831. In the Battle of Austrlitz he commanded the guards reserve of the Russian Army, took part in the Patriotic War of 1812, and distinguished himself in the foreign campaigns of the Russian Army. For the “Battle of the Nations” at Leipzig in 1813 he received the “golden weapon” “For bravery!” Inspector General of the Russian Cavalry, since 1826 Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland.

Peter I the Great

Emperor of All Russia (1721-1725), before that the Tsar of All Rus'. He won the Northern War (1700-1721). This victory finally opened up free access to the Baltic Sea. Under his rule, Russia (Russian Empire) became a Great Power.

Osterman-Tolstoy Alexander Ivanovich

One of the brightest "field" generals of the early 19th century. Hero of the battles of Preussisch-Eylau, Ostrovno and Kulm.

Alekseev Mikhail Vasilievich

One of the most talented Russian generals of the First World War. Hero of the Battle of Galicia in 1914, savior of the Northwestern Front from encirclement in 1915, chief of staff under Emperor Nicholas I.

General of Infantry (1914), Adjutant General (1916). Active participant in the White movement in the Civil War. One of the organizers of the Volunteer Army.

Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

Vorotynsky Mikhail Ivanovich

“Drafter of the statutes of the watchdog and border service” is, of course, good. For some reason, we have forgotten the Battle of YOUTH from July 29 to August 2, 1572. But it was precisely with this victory that Moscow’s right to many things was recognized. They recaptured a lot of things for the Ottomans, the thousands of destroyed Janissaries sobered them up, and unfortunately they also helped Europe. The Battle of YOUTH is very difficult to overestimate

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

Hero of the Russian-Persian War of 1804-1813.
"Meteor General" and "Caucasian Suvorov".
He fought not with numbers, but with skill - first, 450 Russian soldiers attacked 1,200 Persian Sardars in the Migri fortress and took it, then 500 of our soldiers and Cossacks attacked 5,000 askers at the crossing of the Araks. They destroyed more than 700 enemies; only 2,500 Persian soldiers managed to escape from ours.
In both cases, our losses were less than 50 killed and up to 100 wounded.
Further, in the war against the Turks, with a swift attack, 1,000 Russian soldiers defeated the 2,000-strong garrison of the Akhalkalaki fortress.
Then again, in the Persian direction, he cleared Karabakh of the enemy, and then, with 2,200 soldiers, he defeated Abbas Mirza with a 30,000-strong army at Aslanduz, a village near the Araks River. In two battles, he destroyed more than 10,000 enemies, including English advisers and artillerymen.
As usual, Russian losses amounted to 30 killed and 100 wounded.
Kotlyarevsky won most of his victories in night assaults on fortresses and enemy camps, not allowing the enemies to come to their senses.
The last campaign - 2000 Russians against 7000 Persians to the Lenkoran fortress, where Kotlyarevsky almost died during the assault, lost consciousness at times from loss of blood and pain from wounds, but still commanded the troops until the final victory, as soon as he regained consciousness, and then was forced take a long time to heal and retire from military affairs.
His exploits for the glory of Russia are much greater than the “300 Spartans” - for our commanders and warriors more than once defeated an enemy 10 times superior, and suffered minimal losses, saving Russian lives.

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the minor characters in the story “Hadji Murad” by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the mid-19th century.

Having shown himself excellently during the Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led reconnaissance, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, winning a number of important victories over the united Turkish forces and in the third once he captured Kars, which by that time was considered impregnable.

Ermak Timofeevich

Russian. Cossack. Ataman. Defeated Kuchum and his satellites. Approved Siberia as part of the Russian state. He dedicated his entire life to military work.

Vasilevsky Alexander Mikhailovich

Alexander Mikhailovich Vasilevsky (September 18 (30), 1895 - December 5, 1977) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union (1943), Chief of the General Staff, member of the Headquarters of the Supreme High Command. During the Great Patriotic War, as Chief of the General Staff (1942-1945), he took an active part in the development and implementation of almost all major operations on the Soviet-German front. From February 1945, he commanded the 3rd Belorussian Front and led the assault on Königsberg. In 1945, commander-in-chief of Soviet troops in the Far East in the war with Japan. One of the greatest commanders of World War II.
In 1949-1953 - Minister of the Armed Forces and Minister of War of the USSR. Twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), holder of two Orders of Victory (1944, 1945).

Dragomirov Mikhail Ivanovich

Brilliant crossing of the Danube in 1877
- Creation of a tactics textbook
- Creation of an original concept of military education
- Leadership of the NASH in 1878-1889
- Enormous influence in military matters for a full 25 years

Voronov Nikolay Nikolaevich

N.N. Voronov is the commander of artillery of the USSR Armed Forces. For outstanding services to the Motherland, N.N. Voronov. the first in the Soviet Union to be awarded the military ranks of “Marshal of Artillery” (1943) and “Chief Marshal of Artillery” (1944).
...carried out general management of the liquidation of the Nazi group surrounded at Stalingrad.

Prince Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

The most remarkable of the Russian princes of the pre-Tatar period of our history, who left behind great fame and good memory.

Kazarsky Alexander Ivanovich

Captain-lieutenant. Participant in the Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29. He distinguished himself during the capture of Anapa, then Varna, commanding the transport "Rival". After this, he was promoted to lieutenant commander and appointed captain of the brig Mercury. On May 14, 1829, the 18-gun brig Mercury was overtaken by two Turkish battleships Selimiye and Real Bey. Having accepted an unequal battle, the brig was able to immobilize both Turkish flagships, one of which contained the commander of the Ottoman fleet. Subsequently, an officer from the Real Bay wrote: “During the continuation of the battle, the commander of the Russian frigate (the notorious Raphael, which surrendered without a fight a few days earlier) told me that the captain of this brig would not surrender, and if he lost hope, then he would blow up the brig If in the great deeds of ancient and modern times there are feats of courage, then this act should overshadow all of them, and the name of this hero is worthy of being inscribed in gold letters on the Temple of Glory: he is called captain-lieutenant Kazarsky, and the brig is “Mercury”

Vladimir Svyatoslavich

981 - conquest of Cherven and Przemysl. 983 - conquest of the Yatvags. 984 - conquest of the Rodimichs. 985 - successful campaigns against the Bulgars, tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. 988 - conquest of the Taman Peninsula. 991 - subjugation of the White Croats. 992 - successfully defended Cherven Rus in the war against Poland. In addition, the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Karyagin Pavel Mikhailovich

Colonel, chief of the 17th Jaeger Regiment. He showed himself most clearly in the Persian Company of 1805; when, with a detachment of 500 people, surrounded by a 20,000-strong Persian army, he resisted it for three weeks, not only repelling the attacks of the Persians with honor, but taking fortresses himself, and finally, with a detachment of 100 people, he made his way to Tsitsianov, who was coming to his aid.

Nevsky, Suvorov

Of course, the holy blessed prince Alexander Nevsky and Generalissimo A.V. Suvorov

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Prince Svyatoslav

Kappel Vladimir Oskarovich

Without exaggeration, he is the best commander of Admiral Kolchak’s army. Under his command, Russia's gold reserves were captured in Kazan in 1918. At 36 years old, he was a lieutenant general, commander of the Eastern Front. The Siberian Ice Campaign is associated with this name. In January 1920, he led 30,000 Kappelites to Irkutsk to capture Irkutsk and free the Supreme Ruler of Russia, Admiral Kolchak, from captivity. The general's death from pneumonia largely determined the tragic outcome of this campaign and the death of the Admiral...

Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich

Successfully commanded Soviet troops during the Great Patriotic War. Among other things, he stopped the Germans near Moscow and took Berlin.

Pozharsky Dmitry Mikhailovich

In 1612, during the most difficult time for Russia, he led the Russian militia and liberated the capital from the hands of the conquerors.
Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky (November 1, 1578 - April 30, 1642) - Russian national hero, military and political figure, head of the Second People's Militia, which liberated Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers. His name and the name of Kuzma Minin are closely associated with the country’s exit from the Time of Troubles, which is currently celebrated in Russia on November 4th.
After the election of Mikhail Fedorovich to the Russian throne, D. M. Pozharsky plays a leading role at the royal court as a talented military leader and statesman. Despite the victory of the people's militia and the election of the Tsar, the war in Russia still continued. In 1615-1616. Pozharsky, on the instructions of the tsar, was sent at the head of a large army to fight the detachments of the Polish colonel Lisovsky, who besieged the city of Bryansk and took Karachev. After the fight with Lisovsky, the tsar instructs Pozharsky in the spring of 1616 to collect the fifth money from merchants into the treasury, since the wars did not stop and the treasury was depleted. In 1617, the tsar instructed Pozharsky to conduct diplomatic negotiations with the English ambassador John Merik, appointing Pozharsky as governor of Kolomensky. In the same year, the Polish prince Vladislav came to the Moscow state. Residents of Kaluga and its neighboring cities turned to the tsar with a request to send them D. M. Pozharsky to protect them from the Poles. The Tsar fulfilled the request of the Kaluga residents and gave an order to Pozharsky on October 18, 1617 to protect Kaluga and surrounding cities by all available measures. Prince Pozharsky fulfilled the tsar's order with honor. Having successfully defended Kaluga, Pozharsky received an order from the tsar to go to the aid of Mozhaisk, namely to the city of Borovsk, and began to harass the troops of Prince Vladislav with flying detachments, causing them significant damage. However, at the same time, Pozharsky became very ill and, at the behest of the tsar, returned to Moscow. Pozharsky, having barely recovered from his illness, took an active part in defending the capital from Vladislav’s troops, for which Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich awarded him new fiefs and estates.

General Ermolov

In Russian history, this man, who was part of the inner circle of Peter the Great himself, is remembered both as a talented naval commander and as a competent manager. Fyodor Apraksin absolutely deservedly received the title of Admiral General and the position of President of the Admiralty Board. It is impossible to overestimate his services to the fatherland: he, along with the Tsar, took part in the creation of the Russian fleet. It was Fedor Apraksin who won a number of battles at sea and land that were of strategic importance. What was remarkable in the biography of the famous admiral general? Let's consider this issue in more detail.

Origin

The Apraksins have long occupied a privileged position in society. Sources first reliably mention them in the first half of the 17th century. Back in 1617, the ancestor and namesake of the naval commander Fyodor Apraksin was the clerk of the order of the Kazan Palace. In 1634, he served as clerk for Boris Lykov, who was the son-in-law of Tsar Mikhail Romanov. Fyodor Apraksin, being childless, died in 1636. But his brother Peter had offspring. We are talking about the son of Vasily Apraksin, who served the tsar himself. It was in the family of Vasily Petrovich that the son Matvey appeared - the father of the eminent naval commander. Matvey Vasilyevich himself “served as governor” in Astrakhan. His family had three sons and a daughter. Pyotr Matveevich was in the service of the sovereign as a privy councilor, and then as a senator. Fyodor Matveyevich was an associate of Tsar Peter I, Andrei Matveyevich was a senior minister under the royalty. But the daughter Marfa Matveevna Apraksina became the legal wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. This marriage, to a certain extent, predetermined the careers of all the sons of Matvey Vasilyevich.

But, having become the second wife of the monarch, Marfa Matveevna Apraksina soon became a widow and lost her status as queen. But this did not stop her brothers from building a career in the government system.

The king's steward

He was born on November 27, 1661. From a young age Apraksin F.M. served as steward for Peter I. And it should be noted that he had worthy competitors. In particular, we are talking about Prince Fyodor Yuryevich Romadanovsky. He was also a nearby steward. And if Apraksin created amusing troops, then Romodanovsky was their generalissimo. After some time, the tsar became interested in “games of battle,” so the number of soldiers in the regiments formed specifically for the amusement of Peter I increased significantly. One way or another, the amusing troops became a serious step in reforming the Russian army, and Apraksin’s merit in this matter is obvious.

Voivode

However, Fyodor Matveyevich will receive even greater favor from the Tsar when he builds his first ship.

In 1692 he was appointed governor of Arkhangelsk. After some time, Apraksin would come up with the idea of ​​​​building a ship that could successfully carry out commercial affairs at sea. The Russian emperor was absolutely delighted with this idea and personally took part in the laying of the cannon frigate “St. Apostle Paul”. Apraksin F.M. devoted time to the improvement of the city. In particular, he strengthened the defense capability of Arkhangelsk and increased the territory of the Solombala shipyard. In just a few years of governorship in the “land of the European North,” he was able to raise the military and commercial shipbuilding industries to a new level of development. Moreover, he introduced the practice of sending Arkhangelsk ships abroad for commercial purposes.

New ranks

IN At the beginning of the 18th century, Fyodor Matveevich was assigned to manage affairs in the Admiralty Prikaz. In addition, he becomes the governor of Azov. Apraksin spends a lot of time in Voronezh, where he is working hard to create a fleet that would cruise the waters of the Sea of ​​​​Azov. He intended to build another shipyard at the mouth of the Voronezh River.

In Taganrog, Fyodor Matveevich planned to develop a harbor and build fortifications; in the village of Lipitsa, located on the right bank of the Oka, Apraksin planned to build a cannon casting plant. In Tavrov (Voronezh region), a state dignitary wanted to create an admiralty and develop docks. In the Sea of ​​Azov, he planned to begin hydrographic work. And all of his above endeavors were crowned with success.

President of the Admiralty Board

Naturally, the colossal work done by Apraksin does not go unnoticed by the main ruler of the Russian state. Peter I highly appreciates the merits of his steward. In 1707, Fyodor Matveevich was awarded the rank of admiral general and appointed to the post of president of the Admiralty Board. He is entrusted with personal command of the Baltic Sea flotilla and several military units on land.

Successes in military affairs

In 1708, Admiral General Apraksin led the Russian corps in Ingria, which prevented the Swedish army from capturing the “city on the Neva”, Kotlin and Kronshlot. Fyodor Matveevich was able to destroy Stromberg’s corps near the village of Rakobor (formerly Wesenberg).

Almost three weeks later, the President of the Admiralty College in the Gulf of Kapor defeated the Swedish troops led by Baron Liebecker. Naturally, such triumphant victories were celebrated at the highest level. Fyodor Apraksin was awarded the title of count and received the position of actual privy councilor. In addition, Peter I ordered the masters of the Mint to produce a silver medal depicting a bust-length portrait of the famous military leader and naval commander.

Triumphant victories continue

And then Fyodor Matveevich again distinguished himself on the battlefield. The commander, having 10 thousand soldiers in his arsenal, besieged Vyborg and took the fortress. For this operation he received an order as well as an award sword made of pure gold and decorated with diamonds. Then Apraksin was transferred to the Azov lands, where he destroyed previously erected fortifications and sold merchant ships. The fact is that Azov came under the jurisdiction of Turkey in 1711. Afterwards he spent some time in St. Petersburg, but already in 1712 he was appointed to command the infantry, which went on a campaign to return part of the Finnish lands. The commander conquered the territory, starting from Vyborg, where the monument to Fyodor Apraksin was inaugurated in 2010, and ending with Yarvi-Koski. And soon after this, the steward of Peter the Great, commanding galleys at sea and infantry on land, was able to besiege Helsingfors (the capital of Finland). In the fall of 1713, Apraksin won a battle with the Swedes in the vicinity of the Pyalkan River. Of course, for this brilliant victory, the Admiral General could well have received another Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Gangut

But the winner's laurels were ahead. In 1714, the commander and head of the Admiralty Board was able to once again demonstrate to the enemy the strength and power of the Russian army.

We are talking about the famous naval battle with the Swedes, which unfolded at Cape Gangut. Apraksin had at his disposal 99 galleys and scampaways, which could accommodate a total of 15 thousand Russian soldiers. Fyodor Matveevich and his soldiers were supposed to provide access to the Aland Islands and the Abo area. However, the Swedish fleet under the command of Vice Admiral Vatrang tried to interfere with these plans, who ordered his soldiers to gain a foothold near the Gangut Peninsula. To minimize the chance of redeployment of Russian galleys through the previously created wooden flooring, located in a narrow part of the peninsula, the Swedes had to divide the flotilla into several parts. This was a strategic mistake, because by being separated, the enemy ships became more vulnerable to attack. Russian galleys were able to cross the peninsula from the sea and partially attack the ships of the enemy squadron. Some time later, a decisive confrontation between forces took place in the Rilaksfjord Strait. The Russian fleet turned out to be stronger and won. Entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia was free, and access to the Åland Islands was open. A few months later, the eastern lands located along the Gulf of Bothnia ceded to Russia. Almost all of Finland ended up in the hands of Emperor Peter I.

Return to the capital

However, soon Fyodor Matveevich was suddenly recalled to the capital. The whole point is that the king learned that officials from the Admiral General’s inner circle were abusing their powers and stealing money from the treasury. During the reign of Peter I, embezzlement was a fairly common phenomenon, which was brutally suppressed by “special authorities.” But Apraksin himself, unlike other dignitaries, was not a greedy and selfish person; the state salary was quite enough for him to meet the needs of his family.

And investigators, indeed, did not find evidence that would indicate that the famous military leader was stealing government money. But Apraksin’s subordinates were caught in this. However, the tsar, who always remembered Fyodor Matveyevich’s services to the fatherland, did not strictly punish his steward and only ordered him to pay a fine.

"The Tsarevich's Case"

And at the same time, the Apraksins repeatedly proved their devotion to the sovereign. For example, we are talking about the story when the son of Tsar Alexei in 1716, without warning anyone, went to live in Austria. The emperor's son thus decided to demonstrate his rejection of the reforms and transformations of Peter I. Only diplomats Tolstoy and Rumyantsev managed to persuade Alexei to return to his homeland and apologize for his action. Naturally, the sovereign wanted to teach the careless son a lesson and ordered him to be kept in the Peter and Paul Fortress until he came to his senses. However, Alexei neglected the interests of his fatherland and went to seek Austrian citizenship not alone, but in the company of like-minded people. By coincidence, Pyotr Matveevich Apraksin found himself in their circle. But investigators ultimately found no evidence of his guilt. However, this unpleasant incident with his brother was taken seriously by Fyodor Matveevich, who was a direct eyewitness to the Tsarevich’s interrogations. As a member of the investigative commission, the Admiral General, along with other dignitaries, signed the guilty verdict concerning the heir Alexei. The prince was sentenced to death.

Campaigns against Sweden and military operations in Persia

After the victorious battle at Gangut, the head of the Admiralty Board, managing the skerries of Stockholm, periodically cruised along the coastal territory of Sweden, destroying foreign ships and collecting tribute from the territory. King Frederick I was forced to compromise with Russia by signing the Nystad Peace Treaty, which was unfavorable for Sweden. And Fyodor Matveyevich received a high naval award (Kaiser flag).

In 1722, the military leader set out on a campaign against Persia. He personally led the Russian ships, plowing the expanses of the Caspian Sea. In 1723, Apraksin returned to his homeland and received command of the Baltic Fleet.

After the death of the great reformer

When Emperor Peter I died in 1725, his former steward continued to occupy a high position at court. In 1725, she herself awarded Apraksin the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. Soon, the wife of Peter the Great transferred most of the state affairs to the jurisdiction of which Fyodor Matveyevich later entered. But the first violin in this governing body was played by Prince Alexander Menshikov. Meanwhile, Russian ships were gradually breaking down, and their modernization and maintenance required financial allocations, which, unfortunately, were allocated in insufficient quantities. Under such conditions, Apraksin began to go to sea less often, although the great victories of the Russian fleet were still fresh in his memory. Only in 1726 did the Admiral General agree to lead Russian ships to Revel in order to demonstrate the military power of Russia to the confronting England.

Decline of a career

When the emperor ascended the Russian throne, the Dolgorukovs began to manage state affairs in the country, who were somewhat aloof towards the Apraksins. Fyodor Matveevich decided to leave public service and settled in Moscow. Over the many years of being in power, Apraksin has amassed quite a large fortune. The steward of Peter I owned palaces and estates, owned huge lands, and possessed unique valuable things. Who got all this according to the will of the Admiral General? Since he had no children, Fyodor Apraksin divided everything he had acquired among his relatives, and he donated a luxurious home in St. Petersburg to Emperor Peter II. Apraksin died on November 10, 1728. The body of the state dignitary was buried on the territory of the Chrysostom Monastery in Moscow. The father of the President of the Admiralty Collegium is also buried there. Having left a major mark on Russian history and possessing such rare qualities as kindness, diligence, and truthfulness, he turned out to be one of the main assistants of Peter the Great in reforming the Russian state.

Fedor Matveevich Apraksin

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (27.11.(7.12).1661-10(21).11.1728, Moscow), naval leader, admiral general (1708) of the Russian fleet, one of the closest associates of Peter I. In 1693, he held the rank of stolnik with Tsar in Arkhangelsk and at the same time appointed governor of Dvina and governor of Arkhangelsk, supervised the construction of the first state-owned merchant ship at the Solombala shipyard. Participant of the second Azov campaign (1696) and the Kerch campaign (1699). In 1700-1706 he headed the Admiralty Prikaz, was the governor of Azov, founded Taganrog, supervised the construction of the fleet in Voronezh, the restructuring of Azov, the construction of a shipyard in Tavrov, which he founded, and a cannon factory in Liptsy. From 1706 he managed the Armory, Yamsky orders and the Mint. In 1708 he commanded the naval fleet in the Baltic and Russian troops in Ingria, defeated the Swedes in Izhora land near Rakobor and in Koporye Bay. In 1709 he again supervised the construction of ships in Voronezh. In 1710 he commanded a corps that, in early spring, crossed the ice of the Gulf of Finland from Kronstadt and captured the heavily fortified Swedish fortress of Vyborg. Since 1711, Apraksin commanded the Azov Fleet, ruled Estland, Ingermanland and Karelia, and headed the naval and land forces located there (1712). In 1713-1714, commanding a corps, he captured the territory of Finland, and the galley fleet under his leadership captured coastal points, which deprived the Swedes of their last bases in the Gulf of Finland. In the Battle of Gangut in 1714, a galley fleet led by Apraksin defeated the Swedish fleet. In 1715 he led the cruising operations of the Russian fleet in the Gulf of Finland. Since 1717, President of the Admiralty Collegiums, Senator. At the head of the naval fleet, he again carried out cruising operations in the Gulf of Finland, commanding a galley fleet, and landed troops on both banks of the Stockound Strait, which defeated the Swedish troops. In 1720 he led the fortification of Kronstadt. In 1722, commander of the Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea, participant in the Persian Campaign of 1722-1723. In 1723-1726 member of the Supreme Privy Council. In 1727 (37) he retired from government affairs. Awarded the orders of St. Andrew the First-Called, St. Alexander Nevsky, and a gold sword with diamonds.

Materials used from the book: Military Encyclopedic Dictionary. M., 1986.

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (1661-11/10/1728), military leader, admiral general (1708), count (1710). From the Apraksin family. Brother of A. M. and P. M. Apraksin and Queen Martha - the wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. From 1682 he was the steward of Peter I, a participant in the creation of “amusing” detachments, and in 1693-96 he was the Dvina governor and governor of Arkhangelsk. In 1696 he took part in the 2nd Azov campaign. From 1700 he headed the Admiralty Order with the rank of Admiralty and Azov Governor, and supervised the construction of the Azov Fleet. From 1708 he commanded a corps in Ingria and Finland. In 1712-23 he ruled Estland, Ingria, Karelia, Finland, and commanded a galley fleet in the Gangut naval battle (1714). In 1715-19 he led naval and landing operations in the Baltic. In 1717-28 he was president of the Admiralty College. During the Persian campaign of 1722-23 he commanded the Caspian flotilla, in 1723-26 - the Baltic fleet.

Materials used from the site Great Encyclopedia of the Russian People - http://www.rusinst.ru

Apraksin Fyodor Matveevich (1661 - 10.XI.1728) - admiral general of the Russian fleet (from 1708), brother of Queen Martha - wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, count. Since 1682 - steward of Peter I, participant in the creation of the "amusing" army. In 1693-1696 - Dvina governor and governor of Arkhangelsk. Participated in the 2nd Azov campaign (1696). Since 1700 - the chief head of the admiralty order and the Azov governor. He supervised the creation of military and commercial harbors in Taganrog and new shipyards in Tavrov and Novopavlovsk. In 1709, he successfully led the repulse of the Swedes' attack on Kronshlot and St. Petersburg. In 1710 he commanded the corps that took Vyborg. In 1712-1723 he commanded the Baltic states and Karelia, and was at the head of a galley squadron in the Battle of Gangut in 1714. In 1715-1719 he led a number of naval and landing operations in the Baltic. The first president of the Admiralty College (since 1718). In the Persian campaign of 1722-1723 he commanded the Caspian flotilla. In 1723-1726 - at the head of the Baltic Fleet. He enjoyed the trust of Peter I (Apraksin was the 2nd member of the commission on the case of Tsarevich Alexei), but abused this. Lacking independence and decisiveness, Apraksin was only a capable executor of the orders of Peter I. In 1726 - a member of the Supreme Privy Council, a supporter of A. D. Menshikov. Died in Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 1. AALTONEN – AYANY. 1961.

Literature: Letters and papers from imp. Peter the Great, vol. 1-10, St. Petersburg - M.-L., 1887-1956; Veselago R. P., Essay in Russian. maritime history, part 1, (St. Petersburg), 1875; RBS, vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1900.

Apraksin Fyodor Matveevich - steward and governor, then admiral general, count, the middle of the 3 sons of steward M.V. Apraksin, brother of Queen Martha, wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. Genus. in 1661. From 1682 - steward of Peter I, participant in the creation of the “amusing” army. In 1693-1696 - Dvina governor and governor of Arkhangelsk - the only pestilence at that time. a port in Russia through which all overseas trade was carried out; At the Solombala shipyard, A. supervised the construction of the 1st state merchant ship. ship and equipped it for trade abroad. In 1696 he took part in the 1st Azov campaign, and then was appointed by Peter Ch. supervisor of ship construction in Voronezh. After the king's return from a foreign voyage (1698), he participated in the first pestilence. Russian maneuvers fleet to Azov. sea ​​near the future Taganrog. 18 Feb 1700 appointed ch. beginning Admiralty order, with the title “Admiralty”, and the basics. governor. Until 1706 he managed to build many military and trade buildings. ships that then made up Azov. fleet, rebuild Azov itself, found Taganrog with an extensive harbor for warships and organize a pestilence. Trinity fortress. At the mouth of the river Mius, he built the Pavlovsk fortress, and the Voronezh shipyard was equipped with new locks and docks, and new shipyards were founded in Tavrov and Novopavlovsk. In 1708 he was awarded the rank of admiral general, and in the fall of the same year he successfully commanded a corps operating in Ingria and Finland. In 1709 he received the title of count. In 1712-1723 he ruled Estland, Ingria and Karelia, and from 1714 he commanded a galley flotilla that distinguished itself at sea. battle near Cape Gangut. From 1718 - President of the Admiralty College. During the Persians. campaign 1722-1723 commanded the Caspian flotilla, in 1723-1726 - Balt. fleet. He enjoyed the great confidence of Peter I and was a capable executor of his orders, holder of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. Since 1726 - member of the Verkhovna Rada. Privy Council, supporter of A.D. Menshikov. Died November 10 1728 in Moscow. He was married to Khrushchova (+1702), but left no offspring from her.

APRAKSIN Fedor Matveevich (1661 or 1671 - 1728, Moscow) - associate Peter I, naval commander. Genus. in an old noble family. He became a steward for Tsar Peter I and participated in the creation of the “amusing” army. In 1692, Apraksin was appointed governor of Dvina and governor of Arkhangelsk, where he built a merchant ship, laying the foundation for the Russian Empire. merchant fleet. In 1696 he took part in the Azov campaign. In 1700, Peter I awarded Apraksin the title of admiralty and appointed him governor of Azov, entrusting him with the responsibility of building a fleet for the Sea of ​​​​Azov. B was promoted to admiral and became president of the Admiralty. In 1708, Apraksin repelled the attack of the Swedes who tried to ruin St. Petersburg, for which he received the title of count. In his honor, a medal was knocked out, depicting, on the one hand, Apraksin, and on the other, a fleet lined up, with the inscription: “Keeping this does not sleep; death is better than infidelity. 1708.” He took the Vyborg fortress, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and a golden sword decorated with diamonds. Being among the closest assistants of Peter I, he was a diligent and precise executor of his will, serving “according to the strength of his mind with a joyful heart and a clear conscience,” which did not prevent Apraksin from throwing his hand into the state. treasury For this he was convicted three times and paid huge fines. Peter forgave Apraksin's sins for his undoubted merits. In 1712 - 1713 Apraksin made two trips to Finland, took Helsingfors and defeated the Swedes. In 1714 he successfully commanded a galley fleet in the Battle of Gangut. Apraksin’s successful actions in the Baltic Sea contributed to the conclusion of favorable terms for Russia at the Nystadt Peace. During the Persian campaign of 1722, Apraksin commanded the Caspian flotilla. A major military leader, he was also appointed to administrative positions: from 1707 to 1711 he was in charge of the Mint, and from 1717 he was president of the Admiralty Boards. He participated as a member of the trial of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, and in Apraksin he was appointed a member of the Supreme Privy Council, who was entrusted with managing all state affairs. affairs. He died childless. Apraksin bequeathed his palace in St. Petersburg to Peter II. He was buried in the Moscow Zlatoust Monastery.

Book materials used: Shikman A.P. Figures of Russian history. Biographical reference book. Moscow, 1997

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (1661-11/10/1728), military leader, admiral general (1708), count (1710). From the Apraksin family Brother of Andrei Matveevich and Pyotr Matveevich Apraksin and Queen Martha - the wife of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich. In 1682 he was promoted to steward under Pyotr Alekseevich and enlisted in the “amusing” troops. He accompanied Peter on his military adventures, his trip to Arkhangelsk and his voyage across the White Sea. In 1693-1696 Dvina voivode and governor of Arkhangelsk. In 1696 he took part in the 2nd Azov campaign. From 1700, the chief head of the Admiralty Prikaz with the rank of admiralty and Azov governor. For almost 6 years, Apraksin’s activities took place in Voronezh, where the Azov Fleet was hastily built. Apraksin was responsible not only for supplying the fleet with everything necessary, but also for taking care of its passage to Azov, for the organization a shipyard at the mouth of Voronezh, a cannon factory in the village of Liptsy, an establishment of the Admiralty and docks in Tavrov, about the construction of a harbor and fortifications in Taganrog, about deepening the shallow mouths of the Don and about carrying out hydrographic work. In 1707, Apraksin was promoted to admiral and president of the Admiralty Collegiums, took personal command of the fleet and transferred his activities to the Baltic Sea. From 1708 he commanded a corps in Ingria and Finland; repelled the attack of the Swedes, who set themselves the goal of capturing Kronshlot and Kotlin and ruining St. Petersburg. Apraksin was granted full privy councilor status and elevated to the rank of count. In memory of the victory, a medal was stamped with the image of Apraksin on one side, and the fleet, built in a line, on the other. In 1708, by order of the highest order, Apraksin was given a salary equal to that of a field marshal general. In 1710, at the head of an army of 10,000, Apraksin undertook a campaign to Vyborg and, with the help of reinforcements delivered by Peter I himself, forced the fortress to capitulate. For the capture of Vyborg he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and a golden sword. 1711-1712 spent in Azov, where he was forced to fulfill the conditions Prut Peace. In 1712-1723 he ruled Estland, Ingermanland, Karelia, and Finland. In 1714, the galley fleet under the command of Apraksin won the first naval victory over the Swedes in Gangut naval battle. In 1715-1719, Apraksin led naval and landing operations in the Baltic; while commanding a galley fleet, he inflicted significant defeats on the Swedes, incl. in the vicinity of Stockholm. Upon conclusion Peace of Nystadt Peter I generously rewarded the sailors; Count Apraksin received the highest naval award - the Kaiser Flag. In 1717-1728, President of the Admiralty Colleges. During the Persian campaign of 1722-1723 he commanded the Caspian flotilla, in 1723-1726 - the Baltic fleet. In addition, in 1707-1711 Apraksin was in charge of the Mint, and in 1710 the entire Azov region was subordinated to his jurisdiction. In 1717-1718 he was a member of the commission on the case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. Several times he was accused of various abuses that “harmed state interests and increased the misfortunes of the people,” but because of Peter I’s disposition towards him, he only got off with large fines. In 1726 he was appointed a member of the Supreme Privy Council, a supporter of A.D. Menshikov. In 1728 he moved to Moscow, where he died. According to contemporaries, Apraksin was not distinguished by outstanding abilities, but was a kind person, a cheerful, hospitable host. Apraksin died childless. He bequeathed to use part of his funds to build the Church of St. Andrew the Apostle in St. Petersburg.

Book materials used: Sukhareva O.V. Who was who in Russia from Peter I to Paul I, Moscow, 2005

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (1661 - 1728) Admiral General. Fyodor Apraksin came from a noble boyar family, was the brother of Queen Marfa (Marfa Matveevna Apraksina - ed.) - the wife of the Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Since then he was a steward under Fyodor Alekseevich, after whose death he entered the same rank to the young Tsar Peter. Together with him, he participated in amusing war games in the village of Preobrazhenskoye, sailed on the lake on a boat, later called the “grandfather of the Russian fleet” (to this day it is kept in the Naval Museum of St. Petersburg). Youthful amusements predetermined the future fate of Fyodor Matveevich: becoming an associate Peter I, he most of all proved himself as a fleet builder and naval commander, as the first president of the Admiralty Collegiums - the highest governing body of the Russian maritime department.

Back in 1693, Apraksin was entrusted with the governorship of Arkhangelsk - the only Russian port at that time through which trade with other countries took place. In letters to Fyodor Matveyevich, Peter called him “Mein Herr Governor Archangel.” Apraksin supervised the construction of the first commercial government ship at the Solombala shipyard and its equipment for sending Russian goods abroad. His joy at the launch of this ship was genuine. In 1696, Apraksin took part in the second Azov campaign against the Turks, which ended successfully.

After the capture of Azov, the question arose about the construction of ships for the Azov flotilla. On October 20, the Boyar Duma, based on the report of Peter I, decided: “There will be sea vessels.” This day is considered to be the birthday of the regular Russian Navy. The closest shipbuilding center to Azov was the Voronezh shipyard, the management of which was entrusted to Apraksin. With Mr. Fyodor Matveevich headed the order of admiralty affairs, which was in charge of all issues of shipbuilding and armament of Russian ships. During these same years, he was the governor of Azov, the immediate head of the Azov Fleet, and the founder of Taganrog, a harbor for military ships and a fortress.

Under the supervision of Apraksin, the mouths of Taganrog were strengthened, new shipyards were established in Tavrov and Novopavlovsk, and work was carried out to defend Voronezh and the ships stationed in it from Tatar raids. Soon after the death of the head of the Military Naval Order F. Golovin, Fedor Matveevich was appointed President of the Admiralty with the unification of the leadership of all naval affairs in his person; from 1708 - admiral general. In fact, he became Russia's first naval minister, while remaining a diligent executor of the will of Peter, the true father of the Russian fleet.

In the city, the tsar attracted Apraksin to military affairs in the north, where there was a war with Sweden: Fyodor Matveevich was entrusted with command of the Baltic Fleet and Russian troops in Ingria (Ladoga land), which were supposed to repel the offensive of the 12,000-strong corps of the Swedish general Luberek, who advanced from Vyborg along the shore of the Gulf of Finland to St. Petersburg. With skillful maneuvers, Apraksin managed to put the Swedes at a disadvantage and block their way back. In September, he defeated Luberek's rearguard at Krivoruchye, and the Swedish general was forced to put the remaining troops on ships and retreat. For the successful protection of St. Petersburg, Peter, who had just won a victory over the Swedes at Lesnaya, ordered a special medal to be knocked out with an image on one side of the portrait of Fyodor Matveyevich and the inscription: “The Tsar’s Majesty Admiral F.M. Apraksin”, and on the other - an image of the fleet built in line, with the inscription: “Keeping this does not sleep; death is better than infidelity.”

In the city of Apraksin he was granted the rank of count and actual privy councilor. In the same year, he received from the Tsar the task of leading a campaign of a 13,000-strong Russian corps to capture Vyborg, which, according to Peter’s plan, was to become a “cushion for St. Petersburg.” Having made a two-day journey across the ice from Kronstadt to Vyborg, Apraksin’s troops began to besiege the fortress, stopping all attempts at enemy attacks. Having waited for 5,000 reinforcements and an artillery siege park that arrived by sea, the commander strengthened the blockade line and made vigorous preparations for the assault, but the commandant of Vyborg chose to capitulate on June 12. The entire garrison of the fortress was captured, the Russians got 5.5 thousand guns, all the guns and large reserves of gunpowder and shells. For the capture of Vyborg, Apraksin received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and a golden sword decorated with diamonds as a reward.

In 1711, the Admiral General again headed the Azov Fleet and took part in battles, defending the region from the attack of the Turks. After Peter’s unsuccessful Prut campaign against the Turks, Fyodor Matveyevich was entrusted, according to the provisions of the peace treaty, with the destruction of his own brainchild - the southern fortresses and ships on the Sea of ​​​​Azov. Next year he is again sent to the north - to manage Estland, Ingermanland and Karelia, to lead the naval and ground forces there. In 1713, acting under the direct command of Peter and commanding a galley fleet, the Admiral General recaptured the cities of Borgo and Gelsinfors from the Swedes, thereby depriving the enemy of the last maneuverable base in the Gulf of Finland. Then, at the head of the ground corps, Fyodor Matveyevich moved from Helsinfors towards the troops of the Swedish commander-in-chief Armfeld and defeated them near Pelken, while a landing was skillfully used against the enemy’s flank and rear.

On July 26 - 27, 1714, a battle between the Apraksin fleet and the Swedish fleet took place near the Gangut Peninsula (Hanko) on the Baltic Sea. The king also took an active part in it and developed a battle plan. Locked in the bay, the squadron of the Swedish Rear Admiral Ehrenskiöld (10 ships) was attacked by Apraksin, who gave the command to board, and surrendered along with the commander. After the Gangut victory, the Baltic Sea ceased to be a “Swedish lake”; the outcome of the Northern War was a foregone conclusion. Peter, who put the Gangut victory on a par with the Poltava one, ordered a special medal to be knocked out in honor of this victory and a temple to be built in St. Petersburg, near the Fontanka.

By mastery Finland Fyodor Matveyevich was entrusted with managing the region, in which Chief General M. Golitsyn actively assisted him. Living in St. Petersburg, Apraksin took care of the strengthening of Kronstadt, and more than once led Russian ships against the Swedes in the Baltic Sea. Since 1718, he was president of the Admiralty Collegiums - the new central body for managing Russian maritime affairs. At the conclusion of the Peace of Nystadt with Sweden (1721), Admiral General Apraksin received from the Tsar the right to carry the Kaiser flag on his ship (Gangut). In 1722, commanding the Caspian flotilla, he accompanied Peter on the Persian (Caspian) campaign, was his assistant in the capture of Derbent, and once almost died at the hands of a captured Lezgin.

In the spring, Mr. Fyodor Matveyevich returned to St. Petersburg with the Tsar and here took command of the Baltic Fleet, which consisted of 24 battleships and 5 frigates. During the ceremonial launch of Peter’s boat (the “grandfather of the Russian fleet”) to the Kotlinsky roadstead on August 11, 1723, Admiral General Apraksin occupied a place of honor in the crew. At the very beginning of 1725, Apraksin visited the already terminally ill Peter, and he advised him to conduct an expedition across the Arctic Sea to the distant shores of Kamchatka. The expedition under the leadership of Captain-Commander Bering soon set off.

Apraksin's life was not cloudless. Twice, in 1714 and 1718, he was brought to investigation for embezzlement of public funds. The first time he himself was innocent, but was fined for the abuses of those under his command; the second time - he could not justify himself for personal guilt, he was even subjected to deprivation of property and dignity, but out of respect for his merits, Peter I ordered to limit himself to a monetary penalty.

In May 1725, already at Catherine I, Fyodor Matveevich was awarded the newly established Order of St. Alexander Nevsky “as a reward for his labors for the Fatherland.” He still commanded the Baltic Fleet, and in 1726 he protected Revel from the British. In the same year he was appointed a member of the then established Supreme Privy Council, actively supported HELL. Menshikova, who enjoyed unlimited power under Catherine I. In 1727, weighed down by the flared-up palace intrigues, Count Apraksin retired from government affairs and moved to Moscow, where he died at the age of 67. He was buried in the Moscow Zlatoust Monastery.

Above the tomb of the associate Peter was the inscription: " On the 10th day of November 1728, the servant of God, Admiral General, Minister of the State Supreme Privy Council, Acting State Councilor, President of the State Admiralty Board, Governor General of the Principality of Estonia, holder of both Russian orders, Count Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin, died, and he was 67 years old. years". The deceased had no children, and therefore Peter confirmed his dignity as a count and all the villages for Apraksin's brother, Andrei Matveevich.

Fyodor Matveyevich did a lot to create and strengthen the Russian fleet, he was a skillful and courageous naval commander, although when organizing military operations he did not always show independence and decisiveness, relying on Peter’s instructions. Count Apraksin was distinguished by his calm disposition, hospitality, desire for the good of everyone, and therefore had few envious people and was highly respected.

Book materials used: Kovalevsky N.F. History of Russian Goverment. Biographies of famous military figures of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M. 1997

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich (1661-1728) - Admiral General.

Participated in the creation of Peter's amusing regiments. One of the first in Russia to become an admiral general. In 1693-1696. With the appointment of Dvina and Arkhangelsk voivode, he began the construction of Russian ships.

Since 1696, he was entrusted with the management of the construction of ships in Voronezh. On February 18, 1700, he was appointed head of the Admiralty Prikaz.

From 1706 he became the head of the Armory and Yamsky orders and the Mint, and in 1707 he was appointed president of the Admiralty and promoted to admiral. In 1708 he was promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Russian troops in Ingria. From this year until 1719, under his leadership, the troops and navy won a number of convincing victories over the Swedes.

In 1719, Peter 1 appointed Apraksin governor of Estland. During the Caspian campaign of 1722-1723. he heads the Caspian Flotilla, and upon returning to St. Petersburg commands the Baltic Fleet.

Book materials used: A.A. Grigoriev, V.I. Gasumyanov. History of Russian state reserves (from the 9th century to 1917). 2003.

Apraksin Fedor Matveevich. Despite the fact that Russia until the end of the 17th century was predominantly a continental country, there were people who were able to study maritime affairs. F.M., a close boyar of Peter I, stood out as the organizer of the construction of ships and the training of sailors. Apraksin, who headed the fleet for a quarter of a century.

Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin was a relative of Peter I and a member of his inner circle, in which the steward both studied business with the tsar and went on a drinking spree. On his first trip to the White Sea, Peter appointed Apraksin as governor of Arkhangelsk. He oversaw the construction of the first European-style ships and sent them with goods abroad. The tsar transferred the steward, who became acquainted with shipbuilding, to Voronezh, took him with him on a voyage to Kerch, and on April 18, 1700, put him at the head of the Admiralty Prikaz, removing the guilty admiralty Protasyev. In Voronezh, Apraksin faced a huge amount of work and even more chaos. There were not enough craftsmen and sailors, materials and equipment; it was necessary to simultaneously build ships and new shipyards, workshops and factories, ports and fortresses to protect them. People died from disease in unhealthy areas. Hired specialists from different countries quarreled. It was not easy to reconcile them.

F.M. Apraksin led the development of the Azov Fleet almost independently. Admiral F.A. Golovin, loaded with foreign policy issues, gave general instructions. Peter I wrote and visited more often, but his interests were directed to the Baltic.

On February 22, 1707, after the death of Golovin, the tsar appointed F.M. Apraksin admiral and president of the admiralty.

The president's main business was in the Baltic. But more than once the admiral was sent to the south, where the need arose for his abilities and a steady hand. He organized the defense of the Voronezh shipyards during the days of the uprising on the Don and the invasion of Swedish troops into Russia. In 1709, the fleet was preparing to support the army advancing towards the Danube. The failure of the 1711 campaign and the Treaty of Prut led to the death of the Azov fleet. According to the treaty, Azov was returned to the Turks, and Taganrog was turned into ruins. The ships that lost their bases had to be partly sold to the Turks and partly destroyed. Apraksin received the difficult responsibility of destroying what he had previously created. The sailor was in no hurry to fulfill Turkish demands until the treaty was approved, and then returned to the Baltic and focused his main attention on the fight against the Swedes.

Apraksin took command of the Baltic Fleet in the spring of 1707. The following year he led both naval and ground forces in the defense of St. Petersburg. In the spring of 1708, the admiral brought a fleet to sea, which, together with the batteries of Kotlin and Kronshlot, blocked the approaches to the capital from the sea. The squadron under the command of K. Cruys held back the enemy with its presence alone. Apraksin himself took over leadership on land.

Starting the invasion of Russia, Charles XII set the task for groups of troops from Estonia and Finland to attack St. Petersburg from both sides and return the Baltic Sea coast. However, Apraksin, with the help of partisan detachments, stopped the advance of Liebecker’s army coming from Vyborg and defeated the corps moving from the west. Lybecker's troops, suffering from a lack of food, had no choice but to evacuate by sea.

For saving the capital, the king erected F.M. Apraksin to the dignity of count, promoted to actual privy councilor and ordered to pay a salary as a field marshal general. F.F. Veselago believed that it was from this moment that the rank of admiral general, equal to field marshal general, appeared.

In 1710, Apraksin led the siege of Vyborg. Russian troops under his command crossed the Gulf of Finland on the melting ice and besieged the fortress; when the fleet delivered reinforcements, Vyborg fell. For eliminating the constant threat to St. Petersburg, the Admiral General received the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and a golden sword studded with diamonds. But these were only the first steps of the Admiral General to glory. He had to build a fortress on Kotlin - the future Kronstadt, barracks, Tolbukhin lighthouse. Having strengthened the approaches to the capital, it was possible to develop offensive actions.

Initially, Peter I hoped, together with his allies, to carry out a landing in Sweden and force it to peace. Since the Danes were in no hurry to fulfill their obligations, the king decided to independently influence the Swedes through Finland. In 1712 F.M. Apraksin from Vyborg led his troops to the border river Kyumen, met strong fortifications and returned in the fall, limiting himself to a demonstration.

As a result of this campaign, the idea was born that the fortified line on the river could be bypassed by sea. In the spring of the following year, Apraksin placed the main forces on a galley flotilla, which landed troops on the shores, while the cavalry moved overland. During this campaign, they managed to capture Helsingfors (Helsinki), Abo and most of Finland. The Swedes, defeated by Apraksin's troops at the Pyalkanya River, retreated to the north. To strike Sweden, a galley flotilla had to be sent to the Gulf of Bothnia. But the royal fleet stationed at Cape Gangut did not allow the galleys to enter the campaign of 1713. The Russian naval fleet did not yet have the necessary experience to fight the Swedish one. The rowing fleet should have broken through into the Gulf of Bothnia without naval support. But when Apraksin brought his galleys to Gangut in 1714, he again met the Swedish fleet stationed there since the spring, which blocked the passage through the Gangut Reach.

Apraksin hoped that the appearance of the naval fleet would force the enemy to clear a passage for rowing ships under the shore. This is exactly the plan the king insisted on. But the Admiral General had another idea: in the calm, try to oar around the enemy from the sea. Arriving at Gangut, Peter initially decided to build a portage to cross the isthmus by land. However, the Swedish admiral Watrang sent the skerry squadron of Schoutbenacht Ehrenschild to the other end of the transfer, and sent Lillie's squadron to attack the galley fleet. The ensuing calm allowed Apraksin's plan to be carried out: until Lillie returned, two groups of galleys broke through Vatrang from the sea and blocked Ehrenschild, and when the Swedish squadrons united and became more seaward, the next morning the rest of the galleys passed through the calm and fog under the shore; only one of the 99 ran aground and went to the Swedes. The ships that broke through in a hot battle captured Ehrenschild's ships. The galleys marched west, captured the Åland Islands, and the Swedes had to retreat to protect the approaches to the capital. The fleet gained the opportunity to threaten enemy shores.

Apraksin had to justify the high rank of admiral general by either leading the naval fleet or leading the galleys. More and more, the admiral became not only an administrator, but also a naval commander. In 1715, he commanded a naval fleet sailing in the Gulf of Finland, and the following summer he led a rowing flotilla, which, with raids on the Swedish shores, distracted the enemy from the landing in Sweden planned by the allies.

The landing did not take place, and we had to rely on our own strength. The domestic fleet gradually gained strength and experience. Already in 1715-1716, detachments of privateers sent by Apraksin captured enemy ships. The long cruises of the entire fleet under the flag of the Admiral General in 1717-1718 helped the sailors gain knowledge, courage, and taught them the desire to achieve victory. The first victory of the young Russian naval fleet on the high seas was the Battle of Ezel on May 24, 1719, in which the squadron of N.A. Sinyavina captured all three Swedish warships.

With the strengthening of the fleet, it was necessary to reorganize its management. In 1717, the Admiralty Board was founded, composed of experienced flagships. F.M. deservedly became its president. Apraksin. In 1720 he again led a galley fleet into the Gulf of Bothnia. Russian rowing ships raided the shores of Sweden, while the naval fleet continued to cruise and landed troops on the island of Öland. England, alarmed by the strengthening of the Russian fleet, sent a strong squadron to the Baltic Sea, but it was unable to prevent Russian demonstrations. The same thing happened the next year, only the Admiral General himself did not go with the galleys, but commanded the naval fleet.

Having lost hope in English allies and the ability to resist, under the blows of Russian landings that destroyed ports and factories, losing dozens of ships that were captured by privateers, the Swedes entered into negotiations and on August 30, 1721 signed the Treaty of Nystadt, which established Russia on the shores of the Baltic. Since F.M. Apraksin had already earned all possible awards; for his enormous services, the tsar awarded him the Kaiser flag of the highest naval official. The naval commander first raised this flag in 1722, when he commanded the Caspian flotilla in the Persian campaign. The aging sailor had to get caught in a storm more than once. Upon his return from the south, the Admiral General remained at the head of the fleet and often took it to sea for exercises and demonstrations. After the death of Peter the Great, he tried to preserve Russia's naval power. Apraksin was close to the empress and her favorite A.D. Menshikov, received the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, and in 1726 became a member of the Supreme Privy Council, to which real power in Russia passed. The court intrigues of the sea occupied him little. He had enough to do in the navy. When, due to the careless steps of the government, the danger of war with England arose, the Admiral General negotiated with the commander of the English fleet stationed at Revel and prepared ships. His flexible but firm position helped avoid a clash between Russia and the European coalition.

Apraksin, the last of those who began the creation of the Russian fleet with Peter the Great, died on November 10, 1728. The Admiral General was buried in the Moscow Zlatoust Monastery, where his ancestors were buried. Apraksin at one time donated gifts to the monastery, including trophies taken in Finland. The grave has not survived to this day: in the 1930s the temple was destroyed and residential and administrative buildings were erected in its place. Neither the monument nor the plaque reminds us of the final resting place of one of the creators of the Russian fleet, a winner on land and at sea, the only one who fully justified the title of admiral general.

Materials used from the site http://100top.ru/encyclopedia/

Read further:

Apraksins, noble and count family.

Apraksin Pyotr Matveevich (1659-1728), boyar, count, senator, participated in the war with the Swedes, brother of Fyodor.

Apraksin Andrey Matveevich (1663-1731), traveler, writer, brother of Fyodor.

Documentation:

A memorial issued to Ivan Karapet along with a letter to the Armenian people about Russia’s readiness to accept the Armenians of Karabakh under its protection. June 3, 1723

Literature:

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