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Update: October 2018

Calcium (Ca) is one of the most important macroelements for the human body, involved in the construction of tissues and metabolism. The element ranks fifth in the list of all minerals found in the body, accounting for about 2% of a person’s weight.

The role of calcium in the body cannot be overestimated. In addition to the well-known building material for bones and teeth, the macroelement regulates the contractile function of the heart, nourishes nervous tissue and is involved in the conduction of impulses, lowers cholesterol levels, regulates blood pressure, takes part in the transport of nutrients across cell membranes, and much more.

Calcium is extremely important for pregnant women - only with proper intake is the physiological development of the fetus and the normal state of health of the expectant mother ensured.

Calcium level in the body

Newborn babies have about 30 grams of calcium in their bodies. Gradually, the amount of calcium increases in adults and is approximately 1000-1200 g (for an average weight of 70 kg). The daily intake of calcium from food depends on age and gender:

Causes of calcium deficiency

Behavioral and external reasons

• Insufficient intake of calcium from food, which is often observed when following certain diets for weight loss, an unbalanced diet, vegetarianism, fasting, neglect of dairy products, etc.
• Low calcium content in water.
• Smoking, excessive coffee consumption (accelerate calcium excretion).

Diseases, pathological conditions

• Impaired absorption of macronutrients in the intestine, which occurs against the background of dysbiosis, candidiasis, food allergies, chronic enterocolitis, etc.
• Diseases of the kidneys, hematopoietic system, pancreas (pancreatitis), thyroid gland (familial, idiopathic, postoperative hypoparathyroidism, in which hypocalcemia develops due to increased production of parathyroid hormone by the parathyroid glands).
• Lack of estrogen
• Rickets
• (dairy and other products containing the element).

Metabolic disorders

• Excess in the body of the following elements: lead, zinc, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, cobalt, potassium and sodium, which contribute to the excretion of calcium.
• Deficiency in the body of vitamin D3, which is involved in the absorption of the element and its integration into cell structures (the norm for an adult is from 400 to 800 IU).

Other reasons

• Increased need for the element, which is observed during periods of accelerated growth, pregnancy and lactation (calcium is used to build fetal tissue or enrich breast milk), increased physical and mental stress (accelerated consumption), menopause (lack of estrogen that absorbs calcium).
• Old age (impaired absorption of calcium).
• Treatment with diuretics and laxatives (accelerated elimination).

Symptoms of calcium deficiency in the body

• Weakness, fatigue, decreased performance.
• Nervousness, irritability.
• Dry and flaky skin, brittle nails. Increased sweating of the scalp.
• Tooth decay, caries.
• Numbness of fingers, face, cramps, pain in legs and arms.
• – fragility of bones, frequent fractures or cracks, bone deformation.
• Impaired cardiac activity up to the development of heart failure, tachycardia.
• Subcapsular (with prolonged hypocalcemia).
• Increased bleeding, impaired blood clotting.
• Decreased immunity, which is expressed by frequent infections.
• Increased sensitivity to cold weather (bone and muscle aches, chills).
• Signs of calcium deficiency in children: impaired formation of teeth and bones, pathological changes in the lens of the eye, disorders of the nervous system, excitability, convulsions, poor blood clotting.

Diagnosis of hypocalcemia

Diagnosis of the condition is carried out on the basis of patient complaints and laboratory determination of the element in the blood serum (normal 2.15 - 2.50 mmol/l).

Treatment - how to compensate for calcium deficiency

• Treatment of acute conditions hypocalcemia is carried out in a hospital setting, because this situation is life threatening.
• Chronic deficiency macronutrient requires taking calcium supplements, vitamin D3 and other elements, normalizing the diet and eliminating behavioral factors and foods that worsen the absorption of Ca or contribute to its loss.

Therapeutic drugs are prescribed in such a way that the daily intake of the element is approximately 1.5-2 g. Vitamin D preparations are selected in individual dosages, based on the needs of the body. The course of treatment is usually long and is determined individually. The modern pharmaceutical industry produces combination preparations containing calcium, vitamin D3 and other necessary pharmacologically active substances.

Calcium preparations

Pharmaceutical drugs are prescribed to treat and prevent conditions and diseases associated with hypocalcemia, as well as to accelerate the healing of bone fractures. Features of calcium preparations:

• The composition must indicate the amount of elemental, pure calcium;
• Better absorption is achieved when taken simultaneously with food;
• Caffeine, carbonated drinks and alcohol significantly impair the absorption of the element;
• Poor absorption is also typical when combined with antibiotics from the tetracycline group, laxatives, anti-inflammatory and anticonvulsants;
• Calcium supplements often cause side effects such as abdominal pain, nausea, and constipation.
• Each drug has a number of strict contraindications (pregnancy, urolithiasis, tuberculosis, chronic renal failure, childhood, etc.).

All drugs from this category can be divided into 3 groups:

• Monopreparations containing a macroelement in the form of salt: calcium carbonate (40% of the element), calcium citrate (21%), calcium gluconate (9%), calcium lactate (13%), etc.
• Combination drugs, including calcium salts, vitamin D and other minerals. Vitamin D is involved in calcium metabolism, synthesis and maintenance of bone architecture, therefore these dosage forms are more effective: Calcium D3 Nycomed, Calcemin, etc.
• Multivitamins. They contain several vitamins and minerals in prophylactic dosages and are intended for the prevention of hypocalcemia, and are also prescribed as an additional source of the element: Multi-tabs, Alphabet, etc. (calcium content per 1 tablet is 150-200 mg).

Popular drugs

Calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate

Rennie 170 -250 rub. (menthol, orange, mint). Contains calcium in bound systemic form, 680 mg calcium 80 mg magnesium hydroxycarbonate in 1 chewable tablet. It is used to eliminate the deficiencies of these elements, and also has an antacid effect. Intended for use by adults and children over 12 years old - 2 tablets each. after meals, dissolving in the mouth (maximum 11 per day).

Calcium chloride

In 1 ml – 0.1 g of calcium chloride. A drug prescribed for hypocalcemia, diseases of the thyroid gland and blood vessels. Available as a solution for intravenous administration to adults (15 ml 2-3 times per day) and children (5-10 ml 2 times per day), diluted with glucose or sodium chloride.

Calcium carbonate + Colecalciferol

Popular combination drugs that replenish the deficiency of the element and improve its absorption. Under the influence of the drug, the absorption of elements in the gastrointestinal tract is regulated, the increased synthesis of parathyroid hormones is prevented, and bone tissue resorption increases. For therapeutic purposes, the dosage is selected individually. With preventative:

• children 4-11 years old – 1 t 2 r per day
• children over 12 years old and adults - 2 t 3 r per day.

Calcemin Advance

30 pcs. 440 rub., 120 pcs. 850-900 rub. Calcium citrate + carbonate 500 mg, vitamin D3 5 mcg – a complex preparation intended to eliminate calcium deficiency and prevent conditions in adults and children from 12 years of age. Contains calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, boron, colecalciferol. Take 1 t 2 times a day.

Marine calcium

100 pieces. 100 rub. Available in several variations - with magnesium, zinc, selenium, vitamin C, iodine. It belongs to the category of dietary supplements and acts as an additional source of these elements during pregnancy, lactation and menopause in women, intensive growth in adolescents, etc.

During the entire period of treatment, it is necessary to monitor the level of serum calcium - every week for the first month, then the frequency decreases.

Eggshells from lack of calcium in the body

Many traditional medicine sources promote the consumption of eggshells as a natural source of calcium. Indeed, the shell of an egg is 90% calcium. But studies in recent years have shown that the digestibility of the element from the shell is very low, even when consumed with lemon or something else. Therefore, it is not worth considering eggshells as an alternative to a balanced diet or therapeutic drugs.

Sources give the following recipe for preparing eggshells: after thoroughly washing and removing the thin inner film from it, the shells are dried and ground into powder. Take half a teaspoon per day with meals, adding a couple of drops of lemon juice. Course - 1.5-2 months, once every six months.

Calcium for older people – myths and reality

As you know, in older people the risk of developing osteoporosis increases significantly, and many, taking care of their health, increase the consumption of dairy products to ensure sufficient calcium intake in the body. New Zealand scientists have questioned the need for increased amounts of calcium to strengthen bones for people over 50 years of age.

• Mark Bolland and a team of researchers at the University of Auckland analyzed 2 studies that looked at the effect of calcium on bone density. One of them covered the age group over 50 years (13,790 people). As it turned out, constant intake of calcium supplements and foods high in the element increased bone density by only 1-2%.
• Another study found a relationship between the incidence of bone fractures and calcium intake. More than 45,000 people participated in the survey. It turned out that regular intake of macronutrients does not in any way reduce the likelihood of bone fractures.

Thus, the scientists concluded that there is no advisability in taking calcium supplements or switching to diets with a high content of the element in foods (at the same time, calcium must be supplied with food in the daily requirement).

But sufficient physical activity, in particular, jumping for 2 minutes every day, is a good preventative measure for osteoporosis for older people. But let’s not forget that this is just one study concerning a specific group of people without taking into account concomitant pathologies and characteristics of the body. If a doctor recommends taking calcium supplements for confirmed hypocalcemia or a tendency to do so, his recommendations should be followed.

Prevention of hypocalcemia

Prevention of this pathological condition for healthy people who do not suffer from diseases leading to calcium deficiency consists of a number of basic things that everyone can do.

• Daily consumption of foods containing a sufficient amount of macronutrients that can satisfy the daily requirement for it;
• Consumption of foods rich in vitamin D, which ensures the transformation of Ca in the body and its better absorption (fermented milk, vegetable oils, eggs, seafood, fish liver, fish oil, oatmeal, greens);
• Preventive intake of vitamin D for children in the autumn-winter period (on the recommendation of a doctor);
• Sufficient exposure to sunlight during safe hours, excluding the period from 12 to 15.00, which ensures the synthesis of vitamin D in the human body;
• Periodic use of balanced vitamin-mineral complexes, but on the recommendation of a doctor and observing physiological dosages. Drug prevention of hypocalcemia is especially important for pregnant, lactating and elderly women;
• Compliance with proper physical activity, feasible sports.

Products containing calcium

A nutritious diet with a sufficient amount of calcium is the best prevention of both hypocalcemia and diseases associated with macronutrient deficiency. It is easy to calculate the proper consumption of certain products, knowing the daily norm and the amount of the element per 100 grams of product. There is a lot of calcium in dairy products, but their digestibility deteriorates with age, so you should not rely only on this source of the element. Calcium is also found in large quantities in vegetables, seafood, and nuts.

Some features regarding calcium absorption

• The digestibility of Ca from milk is only 30%;
• Products of plant origin are characterized by 50% macronutrient digestibility;
• The diet should be rich in foods containing vitamins D, C and magnesium;
• Nicotine, alcohol, coffee, soda (especially cola), sausages, and smoked foods contribute to the leaching of Ca and impair its absorption;
• Salt also promotes the removal of macronutrients from the body and negatively affects the gastrointestinal mucosa, impairing absorption.
• The average daily calcium intake for an adult should be 1000-1500 mg. This amount is due to the fact that not all calcium listed in the food list is absorbed by the body.

What products contain calcium - table (amount of calcium - mg per 100 g of product)

Dairy		Meat fish
Skimmed milk powder	1155	Sardines, canned food	380
Parmesan cheese	1300	Mackerel	240
Cheese "Dutch"	1040	Fish of the salmon family	210
Cheese "Cheddar", "Russian"	1000	Crabs	100
Cheese "Poshekhonsky"	900	Shrimps	90
Swiss cheese	850	Oysters, anchovies	82
Cheese "Roquefort"	740	Carp	50
Dry natural cream	700	Squid	40
Goat cheese	500	Milk sausages	35
Brynza	530	Pike	20
Processed cheese	520	Rabbit	19
Mozzarella	515	Chicken	17
Feta	360	Beef, lamb	10
Condensed milk	307	Beef liver, fatty pork	8
Soft cheese	260	Pork bacon	2
Plain yogurt	200	Vegetables, fruits, nuts
Fat cottage cheese	150	Sesame	780
Ice cream	140	Almond	230
Fruit yoghurt	136	Dill	208
Full-fat kefir (3.5%), acidophilus, yogurt, whole cow's milk	120	White beans	194
Liquid cream 10%	90	Hazelnut	170
Liquid cream 20%	86	Brazil nut, arugula	160
Sour cream, fat content 30%	85	Beans, figs	150
Mayonnaise 50%	57	Parsley	138
Sandwich butter	34	Pistachios	130
Creamy margarine	14	Walnut	122
Unsalted butter	12	Spinach	106
Grocery		Green onions, seeds, beans	100
Tea	495	Raisins, dried apricots	80
Chocolate white	280	Green salad	77
Milk chocolate	220	Garlic, peanuts	60
Coffee beans	147	Red cabbage	53
Peas	89	Red carrots	51
Barley grits	80	Turnip	49
Oat groats	64	Fresh white cabbage, sauerkraut	48
Chicken egg (yolk)	55	Kohlrabi, yellow carrots	46
Cocoa	55	Strawberries	40
Hercules	52	Radish	39
Rye flour	43	Beet	37
Wheat groats	27	Radish	35
Tomato paste	20	Grapefruit, orange, Brussels sprouts	34
Buckwheat, semolina	20	Onion	31
Pasta	19	Grape	30
Rice	8	Apricot	28
Honey	4	Fresh mushrooms	27
Bakery products		Cauliflower, green peas, pumpkin	26
Black bread	100	Cucumber, green beans	22
Wheat grain bread	43	Peach, pear	20
Bun	21	Apple, melon	16
Wheat bread	20	Eggplant	15
Juices, drinks		Ground tomato, watermelon	14
Cocoa with milk	71	Potato	10
Grape juice	20	Green pepper	8
Apple, tomato juice	7	Apple	7

In addition to its key role in the formation and functioning of the skeleton, the Ca2+ ion is involved in:

• in the permeability of cell membranes!!!
• transmission of nerve signals,
• contraction of the myocardium, skeletal and smooth muscles,
• reduction of secretory and hormonal cells,
• regulates blood clotting, permeability of blood vessel walls,
• vascular sensitivity to vasopressor substances,
• activates the synthesis and transmits the action of many hormones,
• is the most versatile regulator!

The phosphorus ion - P5+, together with Ca2+, forms the mineral basis of bone tissue, is an obligate component of cell membranes and the main energy carriers (ATP, ADP), as well as cAMP - a mediator of hormonal receptor and neuroreceptor signals. Through these and other substances, P5+ participates in almost all metabolic processes.

The Mˆ2+ ion determines the functional state of nervous tissue, especially the central nervous system, and regulates more than 300 enzymatic and other reactions and processes, including Ca2+ and P5+ homeostasis.

Ca2+, P5+ and Mg2+ are the most important buffer that saves our lives every day by equalizing blood pH and maintaining homeostasis.

Many foods (mostly sugar, sweet carbonated drinks, alcohol, coffee, modern meat), stress, intestinal conditions (especially fermentation), many medications, and even sports shift the pH of the blood to the acidic side.

To simplify, let’s say they acidify. And this “corridor” is very narrow. A pH shift of one unit results in human death.

Therefore, from our mineral depots (these are bones and teeth in the first place), these minerals instantly “shoot” into the blood. For “alkalization”, maintaining homeostasis, saving the life of the owner.

The body would rather “resorb” all the bones and teeth than let us die.

The exchange and homeostasis of Ca2+, P5+ and Mg2+ is ensured by a complex neurohormonal-multiorgan mechanism.

At the center of this complex are three hormones:

• Parathyroid hormone (parathyroid hormone, parathyrin, PTH) is synthesized in the parathyroid glands;
• Calcitonin (CT) is produced by C cells of the thyroid gland;
• B-hormone (dioxycholecalciferol, calciferol) is formed from Vitamin D by hydroxylation.

Despite its external solidity, the bone is constantly changing, bone structures disintegrate and are replaced with new ones.

Bone remodeling is performed by two types of cells: osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

Osteoblasts carry out bone tissue repair, osteoclasts carry out bone resorption.

Osteoblasts originate from bone marrow stromal cells. Their function: synthesis of osteoid - the protein matrix of bone tissue, which consists of several specific proteins, but the main ones are two:

• Bone collagen type 1, which polymerizes into rope-like structures. In the spaces between the “strands” of the rope-like protein, mineral crystals are deposited, which are calcium salts of phosphoric, carbonic, citric and other acids.
• The deposition of these salts is promoted by osteocalcin. This peptide contains gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (a product of glutamic acid and vitamin K).

Osteoblasts reduce their activity when the level of sex hormones decreases.

Osteoclasts originate from the precursors of mononuclear leukocytes (monocytes). These bone cells are rich in lysosomal and mitochondrial enzymes, with the help of which they carry out the resorption of bone tissue. These cells are always active.

The affinity of bone cells with cells of the hematopoietic and immune systems explains the frequent damage to the osteoarticular system in ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, hemoblastosis, plasmacytoma, as well as the high frequency of bone metastases of malignant tumors.

Summary: the physiology of Ca, Mg, P metabolism is ensured by a very complex, multicomponent regulation.

And, complex regulatory systems are prone to destabilization and often go out of balance.

Almost all endocrinopathies, many systemic and organ diseases are accompanied by disturbances in this metabolism.

The most significant load: during intensive growth in childhood, puberty, pregnancy, lactation, menopause and andropause.

During these periods, it is especially necessary to help the body maintain homeostasis of Ca, Mg, P. Health depends on this. There is no need to wait for the pathology to develop.

The most important factors determining the state of bone tissue and the metabolism of Ca2+, P5+ and Mg2+ are the adequate supply of the corresponding ions into the body, and then their effective absorption in the intestine, followed by “utilization” by the bone and other tissues.

It is clear that the basic aspects of the exchange of calcium and accompanying ions are their sufficient content in food and water, and intestinal health.

In practice, there is a nutritional, i.e. nutritional deficiency, most notably in calcium.

Many factors negatively affect intestinal absorption of calcium at different ages. In particular, during artificial feeding, only 30% of the calcium contained in food mixtures is absorbed, while 70% is absorbed from human milk.

Other “dietary” causes of calcium deficiency and osteopathy include the use of chlorinated water, abuse of chocolate, sugars, coffee and cocoa, excess consumption of sweets and salt, excessive consumption of foods containing organic acids - sorrel, spinach, rhubarb, cranberries, tomatoes, citrus fruits .

Smoking, alcohol consumption, drug addiction and substance abuse, environmental problems, and many medications (laxatives, diuretics, antacids and adsorbents, etc.) have a direct negative effect on calcium and bone metabolism.

Lack of physical activity and psycho-emotional stress have a significant impact.

The most vulnerable group in relation to Ca-P-Mg imbalance are children. First of all, these are infants and children of the first year of life, and in second place are schoolchildren, which is associated with increased mental and not entirely physiological static stress that children experience at school. There are three main forms of osteodystrophy:

Osteomalacia- this is a decrease in the mineralization of bone tissue without disturbing the protein structure of the bone and without reducing its protein mass.

Osteoporosis- destruction and loss of the protein matrix of the bone with impaired bone tissue and its mineral density per unit volume.

The mechanical strength of the bone decreases.

Osteopetrosis- excessive increase in bone mineralization. The strength of the bone decreases.

Bioavailability of different forms of calcium

Bioavailability of various forms of Ca. Let's talk about some:

1. Ca carbonate.

In a healthy person, only about 15% of calcium carbonate is absorbed in the small intestine (85% is “missed”).

Elimination by the kidneys (20%) and feces (80%).

More effective as a means of reducing stomach acidity.

2. Ca gluconate.

With a healthy intestine, about 9% is absorbed. Elimination by the kidneys (20%), with feces (80%).

3. Ca citrate.

Ca citrate has a positive feature - it reduces the amount of oxalates in the urine.

The bioavailability of Ca citrate reaches 44%.

4. Unlike simple salts Calcium Chelate is a complex where the Ca salt is “packed” into an amino acid framework. It already enters the intestines in a form ready for absorption. Ca must be converted into chelates in the small intestine, but it already arrives in a bioavailable form.

The best form is . Bioavailability exceeds 86%.

At night, there is a circadian acceleration of bone resorptive processes. It is advisable to take Ca in the afternoon and evening, which will prevent its accelerated loss in the second half of the night.

The efficiency of Ca absorption is affected by:

• Optimal acidity of gastric juice. Reduced acidity - Ca is less absorbed.
• Balance with fat. The optimal ratio of fat and Ca = 100:1. Ca forms easily digestible compounds with fatty acids.
• Balan with magnesium (Mg). Ca:Mg ratio = 2:1. With magnesium deficiency, Ca is poorly absorbed. Mg deficiency in food is a separate urgent problem.
• Balan with phosphorus (P).
• Vitamin D. With a lack of this vitamin, calcium is not able to be normally absorbed from the intestines and enter the bone.
• Vitamin K2: participates in the synthesis of protein, which destroys and removes calcium deposited on the walls of blood vessels; activates a protein that fixes calcium on the surface of bone tissue; ensures the interaction of calcium and vitamin D.

The intake of Ca should be accompanied by the intake of K2-producing drugs.

And, this is only part of the required factors.

Understand the labels. Try to take Ca medications, which, with long-term use, will guarantee not only effectiveness, but also your safety.

Lecture by nutritionist Arkady Bibikov

Calcium also regulates the transmission of nerve impulses, thereby ensuring normal functioning of the heart and skeletal muscles. Without the presence of this element, the blood clotting process is disrupted, the elasticity of blood vessels is lost and their permeability increases.

Daily calcium requirement

In addition to bones, our body constantly uses calcium to ensure the normal functioning of the heart and muscles. That is why it is an element that must be constantly supplied to the body in optimal quantities.

The higher a person’s physical activity and the faster biochemical processes occur in his body, the more calcium he will need. For men and women on average it is required from 450 to 800 mg this element per day.

During physical exercise, the heart rate increases, and biochemical processes in the muscles occur much faster. As a result, more calcium is required. That is why people leading an active lifestyle, in particular athletes, are recommended to increase their daily intake of this microelement up to 1000-1200 mg per day.

Children also need more calcium due to rapid bone growth. In addition, most children are constantly on the move. Therefore, a child needs no less than athletes - 1000-1200 mg!

During pregnancy, especially in the second half, a woman’s body works to the limit of its capabilities: breathing and heartbeat quicken, all reactions in the body take place much faster. In addition, in the uterus there is a little man who is quickly growing and getting stronger, taking away from his mother everything he needs. Therefore, the daily dose for pregnant women is the highest - 1100-1400 mg daily in the first half of pregnancy and 1500-1800 in the second.

Nursing mothers should not reduce their daily calcium intake, since it is necessary not only to provide it to the growing baby, but also to restore reserves in bone tissue.

Functions of calcium in the body

Firstly, calcium is constantly required for formation of bone tissue structure. It is no secret that every second thousands of biochemical reactions take place in the human body, old cells die, new ones are formed. Bone tissue is no exception. Its cells and the structures formed by them are constantly renewed and, of course, require calcium.

Calcium also plays an important role in the work of the heart. Under its action, the nerve impulse fades, due to which the heart muscle relaxes. Since the heart works non-stop all its life, the rest phase is very important for it. For a visual representation, we can give an example of the performance of a well-rested person and a sleepy one. It is clear that the work efficiency of a tired person will be an order of magnitude lower.

Calcium also provides relaxation of skeletal muscles , blocking the possibility of overstimulation of nerve endings. That is why calcium salts are used to relieve seizures.

One of the most important functions of calcium in the body is blood clotting. If there is too little calcium in the body, then it takes much longer for the wound or scratch to close with a blood clot. During this time, you can not only lose more blood, but also infect the wound, which will slow down its healing.

How does calcium deficiency manifest itself?

The most famous manifestation of calcium deficiency is observed in children - rickets. With this disease, the bones lose strength, become flexible and take on a different shape. The most common symptoms of this disease are curvature of the spine, legs, expansion of the chest and an increase in the volume of the skull. The load on the joints increases, which is why they also change their shape. A typical example of this is the "rosary" at the junction of the ribs and the sternum.

It is a mistake to believe that all the described symptoms can only occur in children. In adults, everything can be the same, but the disease is called osteomolation. Most often in adults, osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become brittle and break easily.
The first signs of calcium deficiency in the body are fragility, dullness of nails and hair, slow blood clotting, increased heart rate and rhythm disturbances. Later, painful cramps of the legs and arms occur, there may also be seizures similar to epileptic ones, as well as hallucinations and clouding of consciousness.

Other signs of calcium deficiency include muscle pain, vomiting, and renal colic.

Excess calcium

Excessive consumption of any trace element also negatively affects health. Thus, excess calcium can lead to disruption of muscle function, in which movements become difficult, lethargy, lameness, and impaired coordination of movements appear. An interesting fact is that with an excess of calcium, fractures occur just as often as with its deficiency, but this is caused by strong muscle contractions - muscle spasms are so strong that they can break a bone!

A fairly common sign of excess calcium is impaired kidney function, which can manifest as frequent or infrequent urge to urinate, pain in the kidney area.

Sources of calcium in food

It is traditionally believed that the best source of calcium is cottage cheese. However, calcium is much higher in a number of foods, such as almonds, spinach, cheese, sour cream, and sesame seeds. Calcium is also found in slightly smaller quantities in herring, mackerel, meat, beans, bread, dates and other products.

An interesting fact is that Sesame seeds contain ten times more calcium than cottage cheese. Why is it not sesame that is recommended as a source of calcium, but cottage cheese, cheese, herring and meat? The answer to this question lies in the fact that calcium, like other active substances, is rarely found in nature in its pure form, but most often in the form of salts.

From a school chemistry course you can learn that calcium salts are insoluble, and this significantly complicates their absorption in the digestive system. Therefore, calcium metabolism occurs only in the presence of vitamin D, the digestible form of which is found exclusively in foods of animal origin.

That's why Cottage cheese is a more valuable source of calcium than any plant product. More calcium in digestible form is found only in hard cheeses than in cottage cheese, of which cheddar is the most valuable.

Interaction with other substances

Most substances react with each other. It was on this basis that the theory of separate nutrition and the corresponding theory that various vitamins and minerals should be taken separately arose. Calcium, as an active element of the periodic table, is also capable of reacting with various substances. This determines its interaction with a number of micronutrients in the body.

Thus, vitamin D promotes the absorption of calcium, converting it into a soluble form during the reaction.

Vitamin B6 slows down the excretion of calcium from the body and helps maintain the required concentration in the blood and tissues of the body.

In addition to “allies”, among the substances necessary for the body, calcium also has “enemies”. First of all, these are zinc and manganese. Due to its high activity, calcium blocks the absorption of these substances in the intestines and promotes their removal from tissues.

Another important function of calcium lies in its connection with cyanocobalamin, better known as vitamin B12. In the absence of calcium, the adsorption of this vitamin is not possible. Therefore, the intake of these substances must be combined.

Calcium and its role for human life and health.

A person needs calcium not only for health, calcium is needed for life. Calcium is the basis of the human body: bones, nails, all tissues, hair and teeth.

Calcium is very common in the world around us. Plants, soil, water, all contain calcium in the form of organic and non-organic compounds. These are mainly calcium salts: phosphate, carbonate, sulfate. There seems to be so much calcium around us. Calcium is found in water, in soil, and in plants, and calcium deficiency in people is growing every year. What's the matter? The problem is that calcium is very poorly absorbed by the body.

The role of calcium in the body.

Calcium is a building material; it forms bones, hair, teeth, and nails. Normalizes acid-base balance. Calcium is important for regulating the processes of growth and cell division of all types of tissues. It has anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects. Provides normal blood clotting processes. Very important for the muscular system (skeletal and smooth muscles) and its function. Calcium controls all types of movements. Regulates the functioning of the heart muscle. Participates in the conduction of nerve impulses, normalizes the excitability of nerve fibers. Improves psycho-emotional state and sleep. Essential for the fertilization process. Calcium ion deficiency is one of the causes of female and male infertility.

Calcium is an essential element.

Based on the knowledge of ancient Chinese and oriental medicine, the NNPTSTO company created the exclusive product “Kalmin”. It contains fully balanced minerals, vitamins and amino acids, which ensures the highest degree of calcium absorption. The average human body contains 2.5 kg. calcium. Its main mass, 99%, is found in bone tissue, hair, nails - in the form of salts. 1% of calcium is included in the blood, intercellular fluid and other body fluids.

The average adult should consume 1 gram of calcium per day. Its deficiency leads to the development of osteoporosis. Throughout life, the need for calcium may change. But what remains unchanged is that every person needs calcium throughout his life.

In 1932, scientist Otto Warburg received the Nobel Prize in chemistry for proving that cancer only develops when the body lacks oxygen in the blood. Lack of oxygen in the blood leads to acidification of the fluids in our body, which creates a favorable environment for the development of malignant cells.

In 1967 American physician Dr. Karl Rieger concluded that calcium can help in the fight against cancer cells. While examining the blood test of cancer patients in stages III-IV, he became convinced that they had a serious lack of calcium in the body and thus concluded that one of the main roles of calcium in the body is to balance the pH.

Recent research has shown that calcium is an essential microelement and its deficiency causes more than 150 diseases, from conception to the end of life. Therefore, the use of Kalmin, even for the purpose of prevention, will help reduce the risk of many diseases.

How to compensate for calcium deficiency?

In order to get the daily requirement of calcium you need: 1 liter of natural milk, eat 433 g of milk chocolate or 26 eggs in one day.

We eat all food fried, boiled or canned. 80% of the foods we eat are acid-forming. And for normal nutrition they should be no more than 20%. As a result, we create in our body a favorable environment for the development of cancer, diseases of the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular diseases and many others.

Let's think about how we can relieve the acidity of our body?

The Americans have discovered that the acidity of Coca-Cola is tens of times higher than that of other drinks, and to remove the acidity of one glass of this drink you will have to drink 35 glasses of clean water!

How can you solve problems with increasing blood acidification? The answer is simple - calcium!

Calcium is an alkaline mineral that maintains blood pH between 7.0 and 7.34. The process of maintaining acid-base balance in the body requires large amounts of calcium. The body, not receiving enough calcium from food, begins to pull it out of the bones, as a result of which osteoporosis begins to develop.

We begin almost all prevention and wellness programs with the use of Kalmin. Abundant drinking and alkaline food are your key to health and longevity. By the age of 38, calcium accumulation in the body reaches its limit. During pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding, a woman loses a large amount of calcium. At the time of birth, calcium loss is 30g, and each breastfeeding takes 300mg. The most intense loss of calcium in the body begins after 40 years. After menopause, a woman loses 1 kg. bone mass annually. By the age of 70, the loss of calcium is 50%, as a result of which the growth of an elderly person decreases, fractures become more frequent, and osteoporosis progresses. As a rule, fractures after 70 years practically do not heal, especially fractures of the lower extremities. An elderly person loses mobility and if he has a weak heart, this gradually leads to death.

Let's preserve our health from a young age.

“Kalmin” should be consumed for preventive purposes from childhood, especially during adolescence during rapid growth and hormonal changes in the body. Calcium should be consumed during various illnesses, stress, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, athletes and all women over 40 years of age.

It is best for “KALMIN” to be present in the daily diet. In addition, “Kalmin” is not only a source of calcium - it is a balanced food product for the cells of our body.

Firstly, this is an insufficient intake of calcium from food. Unbalanced diet low in minerals.

The second is gastrointestinal diseases. Reduced activity of enzymatic glands, lack of vitamin D and unsaturated fatty acids.

Thirdly, it may be caused by excessive consumption of carbonated drinks, foods rich in carbohydrates (sweets, bread and grain products).

Fourthly, this may be caused by reduced activity of sex hormones (estrogens and androgens), especially in women and men over 40 years of age. Long-term use of hormonal drugs and oral contraceptives.

Endocrine system

Work of the heart

Blood clotting

Growth and development

Bone tissue

Center. nervous system

Daily intake

	Men over 60 years old
	Women over 60 years old
	Pregnant (2nd half)
	Nursing (1-6 months)
	Nursing (7-12 months)
	Infants (0-3 months)
	Infants (4-6 months)
	Infants (7-12 months)
	Children (1-3 years)
	Children (3-7 years old)
	Children (7-11 years old)
	Boys (11-14 years old)
	Girls (11-14 years old)
	Boys (14-18 years old)
	Girls (14-18 years old)
	Directory of consumption standards

Calcium is a structural macroelement, the content of which exceeds in its content all other elements in the body (except for organogenic elements).
The total amount of calcium in an adult can be more than one kilogram.
Almost all (99%) of the calcium in the body is found in the teeth and bones of the skeleton, and only about 1% is in all other organs, tissues and biological fluids.

Biological role of calcium

First of all, calcium is an essential structural component of bones and teeth.
Calcium also regulates the permeability of cell membranes, and also initiates cell responses to various external stimuli. The presence of calcium in cells or in the extracellular environment determines cell differentiation, as well as muscle contraction, secretion and peristalsis. Calcium regulates the activity of many enzymes (including enzymes of blood coagulation systems). Calcium regulates the functioning of some endocrine glands and has a desensitizing and anti-inflammatory effect.

The main functions of calcium in the body:

• structural component of bones and teeth
• participates in muscle contractions
• regulates cell membrane permeability
• involved in signal conduction through nerve cells
• regulates cardiac activity
• participates in blood clotting

Food Sources of Calcium

In many food products of plant origin, calcium is contained in the form of sparingly soluble compounds (phosphates, carbonates, oxalates), which causes its poor absorption from them. The most important source of calcium is milk (120mg/100g) and dairy products (especially cheese - contains about 1000mg/100g). Dairy products satisfy up to 80% of a person’s physiological need for calcium.

Among plant foods, the richest in calcium are kelp, nuts and seeds, such as almonds, hazelnuts, sesame seeds, pistachios, beans, figs, rutabaga, broccoli, cabbage, horseradish, parsley, onions, dried apricots, apples, etc.

An additional significant source of calcium are specially fortified foods (juices and flour).

Calcium deficiency

The main factors leading to calcium deficiency in the body:

• hypovitaminosis;
• poor nutrition (calcium deficiency in incoming food);
• Ca absorption disorders;
• excessive intake of substances that interfere with the absorption of calcium or promote its rapid excretion (oxalic acid);
• diseases of the thyroid gland and parathyroid glands;
• uncompensated increased need for calcium (growth in children, pregnancy and lactation, postmenopause);
• increased excretion of calcium when using diuretics and laxatives.

Consequences of calcium deficiency:

• reduced bone density, fractures, vertebral deformity, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis;
• increased fatigue, general weakness as the body’s reaction to calcium deficiency;
• cramps, muscle pain;
• growth disorders;
• Kashin-Beck disease, the list of main causes for the development of which includes a deficiency of microelements entering the body with food and water, including calcium;
• urolithiasis disease;
• blood clotting disorders, bleeding.

Excess calcium

Main reasons:

• excess intake from food products, medicines and dietary supplements
• disorders of calcium metabolism, including those associated with dysregulation (dysfunction of the parathyroid and thyroid glands, diseases and injuries of the nervous system)
• hypervitaminosis by

Consequences:

• decreased excitability of skeletal muscles and nerve fibers
• decreased smooth muscle tone
• increased blood clotting
• increased acidity of gastric juice (hyperacid gastritis, stomach ulcers)
• calcification, calcium deposition in organs and tissues
• bradycardia, angina
• gout
• increased excretion of calcium salts in the urine, nephrocalcinosis, kidney stone disease
• increased risk of diseases of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, autoimmune thyroiditis