Roman Fadeev "Defeat": analysis. Moral problems in the novel "rout" What problems does Fadeev raise in the novel "rout"

3. MORAL PROBLEMS IN THE NOVEL "THE ROUTE"

The action in the novel "Rout" takes place in a partisan detachment in the Far East. However, although Fadeev's heroes are on the side of the Bolsheviks, the writer does not at all introduce their arguments about power, God, old and new life into the novel. The entire historical and cultural context is limited to the mention of "Mikolashka", Kolchak, the Japanese and Maxims. The main thing that occupies the writer is the image of the partisans' life itself: small and large incidents, experiences, reflections. The heroes of Fadeev do not seem to be fighting for a bright future at all, but live by immediate, concrete interests. However, along the way, they solve complex moral problems of choice, they are tested for the strength of the inner core.

Since the main thing for the author is the inner world of the characters, there are very few events in the novel. The plot of the action appears only in the sixth chapter, when the commander of the detachment Levinson receives a letter from Sedoy. The detachment sets in motion, they receive an explanation of the words of the narrator in the third chapter: "The difficult way of the cross lay ahead." On these "paths-roads" (the title of the twelfth chapter), water, fire, night, taiga, and internal obstacles and conflicts. The action of the novel is based on the plot of overcoming and the plot of the test.

In the plot of the test, two episodes are given in close-up with a Korean and a wounded Frolov. Feeling 150 hungry mouths behind him, Levinson confiscates the Korean's pig with pain in his heart, realizing that he and his family are doomed to starvation. This is not the first time in Russian literature that the question arises of what is heavier on the scales of humanity: the life of one or the life of many. Raskolnikov in Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" tried to reduce the problems of morality to simple arithmetic and made sure that no one has the right to deprive another of his life, even if the death of the most insignificant and useless would entail the well-being of many. Fadeev again refers to this situation and puts his hero in the place of Raskolnikov, giving him the right to choose.

By order of Levinson, the doctor Stashinsky gives poison to the mortally wounded partisan Frolov. He perceives death as a long-awaited deliverance, as the last human act in relation to himself. When describing the poisoning of Frolov, Fadeev captures the nervous, hysterical reaction of Mechik, who does not accept such an open murder. In both episodes, Fadeev reproduces an ethically insoluble situation. The novel is governed by the laws of war. Frolov is doomed: he will either die or be killed by the enemy. The choice that Levinson makes, in this case, is not between good and evil, but between two types of evil, and it is not even clear which of them is less. The same can be said about the episode with the Korean pig. Sword's pity is understandable, but unconstructive. A romantic, an intellectual, he feels where it is necessary to do something to choose. Perhaps it is the inability to choose, to take responsibility for an act that leads Mechik to betrayal. In a critical situation of meeting the enemy face to face, it is the Mechik, and not the reckless slob Morozka, who cannot sacrifice his life and save his comrades. Frost dies heroically, as Snowstorm does before, and Swordsman saves himself. No fine phrases will now justify him in his own eyes.

So, it took Fadeev only one and a half hundred pages to recreate in his novel the eternal situations of moral choice, to show in what difficult ways a person strives for the best. The border between good and evil lies in the heart of every Fadeev hero. And the moral life of the partisans depicted by him turns out to be as complex as the life of the noble intellectuals of Leo Tolstoy.

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The problem of humanism

The events in the novel "The Rout" refer to the first half of the 1920s. These were the first years after the October Revolution. A. A. Fadeev in his work clearly showed how the “selection of human material” took place during this period. The revolution swept away everything in its path that was not capable of fighting. What accidentally ended up in the camp of the revolution was quickly sifted out. Along with this, there was a change in the consciousness of people. For the sake of an idea, they boldly went to their death. Such a formulation of the problems of humanism is closely connected with the attitude of people towards each other.

One of the main characters of the novel was the commander of the partisan detachment - Levinson. He was an authoritative person who was respected by all the fighters in the detachment. Despite his strict disposition, he communicated with the orderlies democratically and in a friendly way. He himself was ready to sacrifice his own health for the good of the people, and put the interests of his fighters above all else. Levinson did not tolerate falsehood and cowardice. He did not allow any humiliation or superiority of one person over another in his detachment. He was inspired by the ideas of equality and humanism. After reading the novel, one gets the feeling that in this character Fadeev collected the best human qualities.

Another main character is a wounded partisan from a neighboring detachment - Pavel Mechik. The ideas of humanism of this hero are rather vague. He himself was from the city, and went to the partisans for adventures and exploits. Unfortunately, his dreams were not destined to come true, because by nature he was cowardly, lazy and unsociable. When he came out in Levinson's detachment and was accepted as one of his own, he still saw all the enemies and could not take root in any way. In his mind, only one idea of humanism was true: "Thou shalt not kill!". Therefore, knowing that they wanted to put the seriously ill Frolov to sleep so as not to take him on a retreat, he wanted to prevent this, even if this delay in the detachment could be fatal for everyone. But all this is done, not for the sake of saving another person, but for the sake of not polluting one's own conscience. So he did at the end of the novel. Having betrayed the entire detachment, he was worried not because of the people, but because he had to commit an act that contradicted all the good that he found in himself.

The personification of the mass of ordinary proletarians was the hero Ivan Morozka. People like him made up the bulk of the fighters during the revolution and went through the school of life, gaining invaluable experience. After serving in the detachment, he completely re-evaluated his former life and changed for the better. For example, he stopped stealing, became a good comrade and colleague to his orderlies, showed himself as a skilled organizer and a devoted person. He was no longer the thoughtless, hot and mischievous young man he had been in the camp. He tried to take the right path followed by his senior comrades: Baklanov, Levinson, Dubov. It was the revolution that made him a thinking and humane person.

Moral problems in the novel "The Rout"
The novel "Rout" is called the first and last success of Fadeev. The fate of the writer was dramatic: after a successful literary debut, he became a Soviet functionary, wasted his strength and talent in the service of the party. However, The Rout, published in 1927, is a truly talented work. The novel showed that it is also possible to create psychological prose on the material of the civil war, that Soviet writers have much to learn from the classics.

The action in the novel "The Rout" takes place in a partisan detachment in the Far East. However, although Fadeev's heroes are on the side of the Bolsheviks, the writer does not at all introduce their arguments about power, God, old and new life into the novel. The entire historical and cultural context is limited to the mention of Mikolashka, Kolchak, the Japanese and Maxim -

Sheets. The main thing that occupies the writer is the image of the partisans' life itself: small and large incidents, experiences, reflections. The heroes of Fadeev do not seem to be fighting for a bright future at all, but live by immediate, concrete interests. However, along the way, they solve complex moral problems of choice, they are tested for the strength of the inner core.

Since the main thing for the author is the inner world of the characters, there are very few events in the novel. The plot of the action appears only in the sixth chapter, when the commander of the detachment Levinson receives a letter from Sedoy. The detachment sets in motion, they receive an explanation of the words of the narrator in the third chapter: "The difficult way of the cross lay ahead." On these “roads-roads” (the title of the twelfth chapter), water, fire, night, taiga, enemies, both external barriers and internal obstacles and conflicts, await the partisans. The action of the novel is based on the plot of overcoming and the plot of the test.

Perhaps it is the inability to choose, to take responsibility for an act that leads Mechik to betrayal. In a critical situation of meeting the enemy face to face, it is the Mechik, and not the reckless slob Morozka, who cannot sacrifice his life and save his comrades. Frost dies heroically, as Snowstorm does before, and Swordsman saves himself. No fine phrases will now justify him in his own eyes.

Moral problems in the novel "Rout"; Defeat Fadeev A. A

Description

Composition of a school type based on the novel by A. Fadeev "Defeat". The issues of humanism during the war period and the evolution of the concept of "humanism" are considered on the example of this work. ...

Introduction

There is nothing more terrible and inhumane than war, especially civil war. War denies such universal human values as compassion, tolerance, the right to life, freedom and happiness, that is, those values that form the basis of humanism. Humanism is a belief in the personality of a person, respect for others; in war, human life loses its value.
The Civil War of 1918 - 1920 was one of the most tragic periods in the history of the Fatherland. The author of the novel "Rout" (1927) A.A. Fadeev personally experienced the horrors of the civil war. And, despite the fact that Fadeev adhered to revolutionary views and remained faithful to the Bolshevik ideology to the end, he, like any real artist, endowed his characters with a contradictory and complex inner life. So, in the episode of the expropriation of a pig from a Korean peasant, the author plays out a complex moral dilemma: on the one hand, Levinson and the partisans take away a pig from a poor peasant, on the other, Levinson’s inner feelings, who does not raise the Korean who threw himself at his feet, not out of cruelty, but , as Fadeev himself wrote, because "he was afraid that having done this, he would not stand it and cancel his order."

Fragment of the work for review

He always faces a moral choice, but the conditions of fratricidal war in which the decision is made cannot wait. Fadeev's humanistic position in "The Rout" is manifested mainly in the fact that he demonstrates that his heroes do not and cannot, in principle, justify their actions, but the worst thing is that they have no other way out. In the novel "The Defeat" are hidden complex moral problems that do not have an unambiguous assessment, the problems of humanism. On the one hand, we are shown the heroism of the partisans (Frolov is aware of the situation and voluntarily drinks the poison), their humanity, because they do not just fight for ideals, ready to kill and commit violence indiscriminately, but feel remorse for the evil done, believing that this is being done for the benefit of the future. On the other hand, we see Mechik, an intelligent, romantically inclined person, whose morality does not coincide with the morality of the partisan, but rather is a common Christian, rejecting violence. And Mechik, like other characters in the novel, faces a difficult choice. He deserts, but flight seems painful to him. He opposes the poisoning of Frolov, the murder of a peasant "in a vest", but, nevertheless, he eats a pig on an equal basis with everyone else, because he is hungry. It is obvious that Fadeev, by depicting the heroes as vacillating and doubting individuals, placing them in a situation of tragic choice in inhuman circumstances of wartime, demonstrates the so-called "historical" humanism, which is different from universal humanism.

Bibliography

A. Fadeev "Defeat"

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In 1927, A. Fadeev's novel "The Rout" was published, in which the author turned to the events of the revolution and the civil war. By that time, this topic was already sufficiently covered in the literature. Some writers considered the events that completely changed the life of the country as the greatest tragedy of the people, others portrayed everything in a romantic halo.

Aleksandrovich approached the coverage of the revolutionary movement somewhat differently. He continued the traditions of L. Tolstoy in the study of the human soul and created a psychological novel, which was often blamed on him by the "new writers" who rejected classical traditions.

The plot and composition of the work

The action develops in the Far East, where the combined troops of the White Guards and the Japanese waged a fierce struggle against the partisans of Primorye. The latter often found themselves in complete isolation and were forced to act independently without receiving support. It is precisely in such a situation that Levinson's detachment finds itself, about which Fadeev's novel "Rout" narrates. An analysis of his composition determines the main task that the writer set himself: to create psychological portraits of the people of the revolution.

The novel of 17 chapters can be divided into 3 parts.

Chapters 1-9 - an extensive exposition introducing the situation and the main characters: Morozka, Mechik, Levinson. The detachment is on vacation, but its commander must maintain discipline in the "combat unit" and be ready to act at any moment. Here the main conflicts are outlined and the action begins.
10-13 chapters - the squad makes endless transitions and enters into minor collisions with the enemy. Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich pays great attention to the development of the characters of the main characters, who often find themselves in difficult situations.
Chapters 14-17 - the climax of the action and the denouement. Of the entire detachment, forced to fight alone, only 19 people remain alive. But the main focus is on Frost and Mechik, who find themselves in equal conditions - in the face of death.

Thus, in the novel there is no heroic description of the military exploits of people who defend the ideas of the revolution. To show the influence of the events that took place on the formation of the human personality - A. Fadeev strove for this. “Defeat” is an analysis of a difficult situation when there is a “selection of human material”. In such conditions, according to the author, everything “hostile is swept away”, and “what has risen from the true roots of the revolution ... is tempered, grows, develops.”

Antithesis as the main device of the novel

Opposition in the work occurs at all levels. It also concerns the position of the opposing sides ("Reds" - "Whites"), and the moral analysis of the actions of people involved in the events that served as the basis of Fadeev's novel "The Rout".

An analysis of the images of the main characters, Frost and Sword, makes it clear that they are opposed in everything: origin and education, appearance, actions performed and their motivation, relationships with people, place in the squad. Thus, the author gives his answer to the question, what is the path of different social groups in the revolution.

Frost

The reader gets acquainted with the "miner in the second generation" already in the 1st chapter. This is a young man who goes through a difficult path

At first it seems that Morozka consists of only flaws. Rude, uneducated, constantly violating discipline in the detachment. He did all his actions thoughtlessly, and life was seen by him as "simple, unwise." At the same time, the reader immediately notices his courage: he, risking his life, saves a completely unknown person - Mechik.

Frost is given a lot of attention in Fadeev's novel "Rout". An analysis of his actions allows us to understand how the attitude of the hero towards himself and those around him changed. The first significant event for him was the trial for the theft of melons. Frost was shocked and frightened that he might be expelled from the detachment, and for the first time he gives the "miner's" word to improve, which he will never violate. Gradually, the hero realizes his responsibility to the detachment, learns to live meaningfully.

Frost's advantage was also the fact that he clearly knew why he came to the detachment. He was always drawn only to the best people, of whom there are many in Fadeev's novel "The Rout". An analysis of the actions of Levinson, Baklanov, Goncharenko will become the basis for the formation of the best moral qualities in the former miner. A devoted comrade, a selfless fighter, a person who feels responsible for his actions - this is how Frost appears in the final, when at the cost of his own life he saves the squad.

sword

Absolutely different Paul. First introduced in the rushing crowd, he will not find a place for himself until the end of the novel.

The sword is introduced into Fadeev's novel "The Rout" not by chance. A city dweller, educated and well-mannered, clean (words with diminutive suffixes are often used in the description of the hero) - this is a typical representative of the intelligentsia, whose attitude to the revolution has always caused controversy.

The sword often causes contempt for itself. Once he imagined the romantic, heroic environment that would await him in the war. When the reality turned out to be completely different (“dirtier, lousier, tougher”), he experienced great disappointment. And the more Mechik was in the detachment, the thinner the connection between him and the partisans became. Pavel does not use the opportunity to become part of the "detachment mechanism" - Fadeev gives them to him more than once. The "rout", the problems of which are also associated with the role of the intelligentsia cut off from the people's roots in the revolution, ends with the moral fall of the hero. He betrays the detachment, and the condemnation of his own cowardice is quickly replaced by joy at the fact that his "terrible life" is now over.

Levinson

This character starts and ends the story. The role of Levinson is significant: he contributes to the unity of the detachment, unites the partisans into one whole.

The hero is interesting already because his appearance (because of his short stature and the wedge, he resembled the Sword of a Dwarf) did not correspond in any way to the image of a heroic commander in a leather jacket created in literature. But the unsightly appearance only emphasized the originality of the individual. The attitude of all the heroes of Fadeev's novel "The Rout" towards him, the analysis of actions and thoughts prove that Levinson was an indisputable authority for everyone in the detachment. No one could even imagine the commander doubting, he always served as a model of a "special, correct breed." Even the moment when the last thing is taken away from the peasants to save the detachment is seen, for example, by Morozka not as a robbery, similar to the theft of melons, but as a necessary deed. And only the reader becomes a witness that Levinson is a living person with fears and insecurities inherent in everyone.

It is also noteworthy that difficulties only temper the commander, make him stronger. Only such a person, according to the writer, is able to lead people.

The idea of the novel as Fadeev saw it

“The Defeat”, the content and theme of which is largely explained by the author himself, shows how the true character of a person is manifested in the process of complex historical events.

The "huge remake of people" concerns representatives of different ages and social groups. Some come out of trials with dignity, while others reveal emptiness and worthlessness.

Today, Fadeev's work is perceived ambiguously. So, the indisputable merits of the novel include a deep analysis of the psychology of the main characters, especially since it was practically the first attempt in post-revolutionary literature. But at the same time, it is difficult to agree with the opinion that for the sake of the triumph of an idea, all methods are good, even the murder of the mortally wounded Frolov. No goals can justify cruelty and violence - this is the main principle of the inviolable laws of humanism, on which humanity rests.

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Roman Fadeev "Defeat": analysis. Moral problems in the novel "rout" What problems does Fadeev raise in the novel "rout"

3. MORAL PROBLEMS IN THE NOVEL "THE ROUTE"

The problem of humanism