Causes of anemia of the head. Brain anemia symptoms

Anemia is considered one of the most common pathological conditions among the world's population. Among the types of anemia, several main conditions are distinguished, classifying them according to the causes of anemia:

Iron-deficiency anemia;
hemolytic anemia;
aplastic anemia;
sideroblastic type of anemia;
B12 deficiency, resulting from a deficiency of vitamin B12;
posthemorrhagic anemia;
sickle cell anemia and other forms.

Approximately every fourth person on the planet, according to expert research, suffers from iron deficiency anemia due to a decrease in iron concentration. The danger of this condition lies in the blurred clinical picture of iron deficiency anemia. Symptoms become pronounced when the level of iron and, accordingly, hemoglobin, decreases to a critical level.

The risk groups for developing anemia among adults include the following categories of the population:

followers of vegetarian nutrition principles;
people suffering from blood loss due to physiological reasons (heavy menstruation in women), diseases (internal bleeding, severe stages of hemorrhoids, etc.), as well as donors who donate blood and plasma on a regular basis;
pregnant and lactating women;
professional athletes;
patients with chronic or acute forms of certain diseases;
categories of the population experiencing nutritional deficiencies or limited diets.

The most common form of iron deficiency anemia is a consequence of iron deficiency, which, in turn, can be triggered by one of the following factors:

insufficient intake of iron from food;
increased need for iron due to situational or individual characteristics (developmental pathologies, dysfunctions, diseases, physiological conditions of pregnancy, lactation, professional activity, etc.);
increased loss of iron.

Mild forms of anemia, as a rule, can be cured by adjusting the diet, prescribing vitamin and mineral complexes, and iron supplements. Moderate and severe forms of anemia require specialist intervention and a course of appropriate therapy.

Causes of anemia in men

Anemia in women

Anemia in women is diagnosed when hemoglobin levels are below 120 g/l (or 110 g/l during pregnancy). Physiologically, women are more prone to anemia.
During monthly menstrual bleeding, the female body loses red blood cells. The average volume of monthly blood loss is 40-50 ml of blood, however, with heavy menstruation, the amount of discharge can reach 100 ml or more over a period of 5-7 days. Several months of such regular blood loss can lead to the development of anemia.
Another form of hidden anemia, common among the female population with a high frequency (20% of women), is triggered by a decrease in the concentration of ferritin, a protein that functions to store iron in the blood and release it when hemoglobin levels decrease.

Anemia in pregnancy

Anemia in pregnant women occurs under the influence of various factors. The growing fetus removes from the maternal bloodstream substances necessary for development, including iron, vitamin B12, folic acid, necessary for the synthesis of hemoglobin. With insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals from food, disturbances in its processing, chronic diseases (hepatitis, pyelonephritis), severe toxicosis of the first trimester, as well as during multiple pregnancy, the expectant mother develops anemia.
Physiological anemia of pregnant women includes hydremia, “thinning” of the blood: in the second half of the gestational period, the volume of the liquid part of the blood increases, which leads to a natural decrease in the concentration of red blood cells and the iron they transport. This condition is normal and is not a sign of pathological anemia if the hemoglobin level does not fall below 110 g/l or is restored on its own in a short time, and there are no signs of deficiency of vitamins and microelements.
Severe anemia in pregnant women threatens miscarriage, premature birth, third trimester toxicosis (preeclampsia, preeclampsia), complications of the delivery process, as well as anemia in the newborn.
Symptoms of anemia in pregnant women include a general clinical picture of anemia (fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, nausea, dizziness, dry skin, brittle hair), as well as perversion of smell and taste (desire to eat chalk, plaster, clay, unprocessed meat, sniff substances with a strong smell among household chemicals, building materials, etc.).
Minor anemia of pregnant and lactating women is restored after childbirth and the end of the lactation period. However, with a short interval between repeated births, the body’s recovery process does not have time to complete, which leads to increased signs of anemia, especially pronounced when the interval between births is less than 2 years. The optimal recovery period for the female body is 3-4 years.

Anemia during lactation

According to research by specialists, lactation anemia is most often diagnosed at a fairly advanced stage of the disease. The development of anemia is associated with blood loss during delivery and lactation against the background of a hypoallergenic diet for nursing mothers. The production of breast milk itself does not contribute to the development of anemia, but if certain important food groups are excluded from the diet, for example, legumes (due to the risk of increased gas formation in the baby), dairy and meat products (due to allergic reactions in the infant) the likelihood of developing anemia increases significantly.
The reason for the late diagnosis of postpartum anemia is considered to be a shift in the focus of attention from the condition of the mother to the child, primarily in the youngest mother. The baby's health concerns her more than her own well-being, and the symptom complex of anemia - dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, decreased concentration, pale skin - is most often perceived as a consequence of overwork associated with caring for a newborn.
Another reason for the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in nursing is associated with an incorrect opinion about the effect of iron supplements that pass into breast milk on the functioning of the infant’s gastrointestinal tract. This opinion is not confirmed by specialists, and when diagnosing iron deficiency anemia, medications and vitamin-mineral complexes prescribed by a specialist must be taken.

Anemia of menopause

Anemia during female menopause is a fairly common phenomenon. Hormonal changes, the consequences of menstruation, gestation, childbirth, various dysfunctional conditions and surgical interventions cause chronic anemia, which worsens against the background of menopausal changes in the body.
Dietary restrictions and unbalanced diets, which are resorted to by women seeking to reduce the rate of weight gain caused by fluctuations in hormonal balance during the premenopausal period and directly during menopause, also play a provocative role.
By the age of menopause, there is also a decrease in ferritin reserves in the body, which is an additional factor in the development of anemia.
Fluctuations in well-being, fatigue, irritability, and dizziness are often perceived as symptoms of the onset of menopause, which leads to a late diagnosis of anemia.

Anemia of childhood

According to research by the World Health Organization (WHO), 82% of children suffer from anemia of varying severity. Low hemoglobin levels and iron deficiency conditions of various etiologies lead to disturbances in the mental and physical development of the child. The main causes of anemia in childhood include:

The need for iron varies in children depending on age, and upon reaching puberty it correlates with gender. Treatment of deficiency anemia in children with a balanced diet is not always effective, so experts prefer regulation with the help of medications that guarantee the supply of the required dose of microelements to the child’s body.

Anemia of infancy

A newborn baby is born with a certain supply of iron obtained from the mother’s body during intrauterine development. The combination of imperfection of one's own hematopoiesis and rapid physical growth leads to a physiological decrease in the level of hemoglobin in the blood in healthy children born on time, by 4-5 months of life, and in premature infants - by the age of 3 months.
Artificial and mixed feeding are considered risk factors that increase the likelihood of developing anemia. Hemoglobin deficiency develops especially rapidly when replacing breast milk and/or artificial formulas with cow's, goat's milk, cereals and other products for a period of up to 9-12 months.
Symptoms of anemia in children under one year old include:

pallor of the skin, since the skin is still very thin, there is increased “transparency” and “bluishness” of the skin;
anxiety, causeless crying;
sleep disorders;
decreased appetite;
hair loss outside the physiological framework of hair growth;
frequent regurgitation;
low weight gain;
lag first in physical, then in psycho-emotional development, decreased interest, lack of expression of the revitalization complex, etc.

A peculiarity of children of this age is the ability to absorb iron from food at a high level (up to 70%), therefore, not in all cases of anemia, pediatricians see the need to prescribe medications, limiting themselves to correcting the child’s diet, switching to full breastfeeding, and selecting a substitute formula that meets the needs. In cases of severe anemia, iron supplements are prescribed in age-specific dosages, for example, Ferrum Lek or Maltofer in the form of syrup drops.
When diagnosing a severe degree of anemia, the reasons may not be in the diet, but in diseases, pathologies and dysfunctions of the child’s body. Anemia can also be caused by hereditary diseases; some hereditary developmental disorders and diseases are characterized by a decrease in iron concentration, ritrocytopenia, insufficiency of the hematopoietic system, etc. With persistent low hemoglobin levels, mandatory examination of children and correction of the primary disease is necessary.

Anemia in preschool children

A large-scale study conducted in 2010 revealed a high incidence of iron deficiency anemia in preschool children: every second child suffers from a lack of hemoglobin due to low iron levels. The etiology of this phenomenon may involve various factors, but the most common is the consequences of uncorrected anemia in the first year of life.
The second factor that provokes anemia in preschool children is often combined with the first. An insufficiently balanced diet, lack of protein (meat products) and vitamins (vegetables) is often explained by the child’s reluctance to eat meat and vegetables, preferring semi-finished products and sweets. This is solely a matter of parental education and attention to a healthy diet without providing alternative foods from an early age, which also requires transferring family members to a rationally formulated diet.
In the case when nutrition corresponds to age standards, and the child shows signs of anemia (pallor, dry skin, fatigue, decreased appetite, increased fragility of the nail plates, etc.), examination by a specialist is necessary. Despite the fact that in 9 out of 10 preschoolers with diagnosed anemia it is caused by iron deficiency, in 10% of anemia the cause is diseases and pathologies (celiac disease, leukemia, etc.).

Anemia in children of primary school age

The norms for hemoglobin content in the blood of children 7-11 years old are 130 g/l. Manifestations of anemia in this age period increase gradually. Signs of developing anemia include, in addition to symptoms of anemia in preschoolers, decreased concentration, frequent acute respiratory viral and bacterial diseases, increased fatigue, which can affect the results of educational activities.
An important factor in the development of anemia in children attending general education institutions is the lack of ability to control their diet. In this age period, there is still a sufficient level of absorption of iron from food entering the body (up to 10%, decreasing by the age of an adult to 3%), therefore, the prevention and correction of iron deficiency type of anemia is a properly organized meal with dishes rich in vitamins and microelements at its basis. .
Physical inactivity, limited exposure to fresh air, preference for playing games in the house, especially with tablets, smartphones, etc., which dictate a long stay in a static position, also provoke anemia.

Anemia of puberty

The teenage period is dangerous for the development of anemia, especially in girls with the onset of menstruation, characterized by a periodic decrease in hemoglobin with blood loss. The second factor that provokes the onset of anemia in teenage girls is associated with a concentration on one’s own appearance, the desire to follow various diets and a reduction in the daily diet, excluding foods necessary for health.
Rapid growth rates, intense exercise, poor diet and previous anemia also affect adolescents of both sexes. Symptoms of anemia in adolescence include a blue tint to the sclera of the eyes, changes in the shape of the nails (cup-shaped nail plate), dysfunction of the digestive system, disturbances of taste and smell.
Severe forms of the disease in adolescence require medication therapy. A change in the blood formula is observed, as a rule, no earlier than 10-12 days after the start of the course of treatment; signs of clinical recovery, provided that the specialist’s prescriptions are followed, are observed after 6-8 weeks.

Causes of anemia

Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin and red blood cells per unit of blood. The main purpose of red blood cells is to participate in gas exchange, transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as nutrients and metabolic products to cells and tissues for further processing.
The red blood cell is filled with hemoglobin, a protein that gives the red blood cell and blood its red color. Hemoglobin contains iron, and therefore its lack in the body causes a high incidence of iron deficiency anemia among all types of this condition.
There are three main factors for the development of anemia:

acute or chronic blood loss;
hemolysis, destruction of red blood cells;
decreased production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

According to the variety of factors and causes, the following types of anemia are distinguished:

The classification of an anemic condition is based on various signs that describe the etiology, mechanisms of disease development, stage of anemia, and diagnostic indicators.

Classification according to the severity of the condition

The severity of anemia is based on blood test results and depends on age, gender and physiological period.
Normally, in a healthy adult man, hemoglobin levels are 130-160 g/l of blood, in women - from 120 to 140 g/l, during gestation - from 110 to 130 g/l.
A mild degree is diagnosed when the hemoglobin concentration level decreases to 90 g/l in both sexes, with an average level corresponding to the range from 70 to 90 g/l, a severe degree of anemia is characterized by a decrease in the hemoglobin level below the limit of 70 g/l.

Classification of varieties according to the mechanism of development of the condition

In the pathogenesis of anemia, three factors are observed that can act separately or together:

blood loss of an acute or chronic nature;
disorders of the hematopoietic system, production of red blood cells by the bone marrow (iron deficiency, renal, aplastic anemia, deficiency anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid);
increased destruction of red blood cells before the end of their functioning period (120 days) due to genetic factors, autoimmune diseases.

Classification by color index

The color indicator serves as an indicator of the saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin and is calculated using a special formula during the blood test.
The hypochromic form with weakened erythrocyte coloring is diagnosed when the color index is below 0.80.
The normochromic form, with a color index within the normal range, is determined by the range of 0.80-1.05.
The hyperchromic form, with excessive saturation with hemoglobin, corresponds to a color index above 1.05.

Classification according to morphological characteristics

The size of red blood cells is an important indicator in diagnosing the cause of anemia. Different sizes of red blood cells may indicate the etiology and pathogenesis of the condition. Normally, red blood cells are produced with a diameter of 7 to 8.2 micrometers. The following varieties are distinguished based on determining the size of the prevailing number of red blood cells in the blood:

microcytic, red blood cell diameter less than 7 microns, indicates a high probability of iron deficiency;
normocytic variety, the size of red blood cells is from 7 to 8.2 microns. Normocytosis is a sign of the posthemorrhagic form;
macrocytic, with a red blood cell size of more than 8.2 and less than 11 microns, as a rule, indicates a deficiency of vitamin B12 (pernicious form) or folic acid;
megalocytosis, megalocytic (megaloblastic) form, in which the diameter of erythrocytes is more than 11 microns, corresponds to severe stages of some forms, disturbances in the formation of red blood cells, etc.

Classification based on assessment of the bone marrow's ability to regenerate

The degree of erythropoiesis, the ability of red bone marrow to form red blood cells, is assessed by the quantitative indicator of reticulocytes, progenitor cells or “immature” red blood cells, which is considered the main criterion in assessing the ability of bone marrow tissue to regenerate and is an important factor for predicting the patient’s condition and choosing therapy methods . The normal concentration of reticulocytes is 0.5-1.2% of the total number of red blood cells per unit of blood.
Depending on the level of reticulocytes, the following forms are distinguished:

regenerative, indicating the normal ability of the bone marrow to recover. Reticulocyte level 0.5-1.2%;
hyporegenerative, with a concentration of immature red blood cells below 0.5%, which indicates a reduced ability of the bone marrow to recover independently;
hyperregenerative, reticulocyte count more than 2%;
aplastic anemia is diagnosed when the concentration of immature red blood cells decreases to less than 0.2% among the mass of all red blood cells and is a sign of a sharp suppression of the ability to regenerate.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)

The iron deficiency form accounts for up to 90% of all types of anemic conditions. According to research by the World Health Organization, this form affects one in 6 men and every third woman in the world.
Hemoglobin is a complex protein compound containing iron that is capable of reversible communication with oxygen molecules, which is the basis for the process of transporting oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues.
The iron deficiency form is hypochromic anemia, with signs of microcytosis, the presence in the blood formula of red blood cells with a diameter less than normal, which is associated with a deficiency of iron, the basic element for the formation of hemoglobin, which fills the cavity of the red blood cell and gives it a red color.
Iron is a vital trace element involved in many metabolic processes, nutrient metabolism, and gas exchange in the body. During the day, an adult consumes 20-25 mg of iron, while the total reserve of this element in the body is about 4 g.

Reasons for the development of IDA

The reasons for the development of this form of the condition include factors of various etiologies.
Iron deficiency:

unbalanced diet, strict vegetarianism without compensation for iron-containing foods, fasting, dieting, taking medications, drugs and other substances that suppress hunger, appetite disturbances due to diseases of physical or psycho-emotional etiology;
socio-economic causes of malnutrition, food shortages.

Disturbances in the process of absorption and assimilation of iron:

diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (gastritis, colitis, gastric ulcer, resection of this organ).

Imbalance of iron consumption and intake due to increased need of the body:

pregnancy, lactation period;
age of pubertal growth spurts;
chronic diseases that provoke hypoxia (bronchitis, obstructive pulmonary disease, heart defects and other diseases of the cardiovascular system and respiratory organs);
diseases accompanied by purulent-necrotic processes: sepsis, tissue abscesses, bronchiectasis, etc.

Loss of iron by the body, acute or chronic posthemorrhagic:

for pulmonary bleeding (tuberculosis, tumor formations in the lungs);
for gastrointestinal bleeding accompanying gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, cancer of the stomach and intestines, severe erosion of the gastrointestinal mucosa, varicose veins of the esophagus, rectum, hemorrhoids, helminthic infestation of the intestine, ulcerative colitis and others;
with uterine bleeding (heavy menstruation, cancer of the uterus, cervix, fibroids, placental abruption during the gestational period or during childbirth, ectopic pregnancy during expulsion, birth injuries of the uterus and cervix);
bleeding localized in the kidneys (tumor formations in the kidneys, tuberculous changes in the kidneys);
bleeding, including internal and hidden, due to injuries, blood loss due to burns, frostbite, during planned and emergency surgical interventions, etc.

Symptoms of IDA

The clinical picture of the iron deficiency form consists of anemic and sideropenic syndrome, caused primarily by insufficient gas exchange in the tissues of the body.
Symptoms of anemic syndrome include:

general malaise, chronic fatigue;
weakness, inability to tolerate prolonged physical and mental stress;
attention deficit disorder, difficulty concentrating, rigidity;
irritability;
headache;
dizziness, sometimes fainting;
drowsiness and sleep disturbances;
shortness of breath, increased heart rate both during physical and/or psycho-emotional stress and at rest;
black color of stool (with bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract).

Sideropenic syndrome is characterized by the following manifestations:

perversion of taste preferences, craving for eating chalk, clay, raw meat, etc.;
distortion of the sense of smell, the desire to smell paint, household chemicals, substances with a strong odor (acetone, gasoline, washing powder, etc.);
fragility, dry hair, lack of shine;
white spots on the nail plates of the hands;
dry skin, peeling;
pallor of the skin, sometimes blue sclera;
the presence of cheilitis (cracks, “jams”) in the corners of the lips.

In severe stages of IDA, neurological symptoms are noted: “pins and needles” sensations, numbness of the limbs, difficulty swallowing, weakened bladder control, etc.

Diagnosis of IDA

The diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia is based on external examination data, assessment of the results of laboratory blood tests and instrumental examination of the patient.
During an external medical examination and history taking, attention is paid to the condition of the skin, mucous surfaces of the mouth, corners of the lips, and also the size of the spleen is assessed upon palpation.
A general blood test in the classic clinical picture of IDA shows a decrease in the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin relative to age and gender norms, the presence of red blood cells of different sizes (poikilocytosis), reveals microcytosis, the presence, in severe forms, the predominance of red blood cells with a diameter of less than 7.2 microns, hypochromic , weakly expressed color of erythrocytes, low color index.
The results of a biochemical blood test for IDA have the following indicators:

the concentration of ferritin, a protein that acts as an iron depot in the body, is reduced relative to normal limits;
low serum iron levels;
increased iron-binding capacity of blood serum.

Diagnosis of IDA is not limited to identifying iron deficiency. To effectively correct the condition, after collecting an anamnesis, the specialist, if necessary, prescribes instrumental studies to clarify the pathogenesis of the disease. Instrumental studies in this case include:

fibrogastroduodenoscopy, examination of the condition of the mucous membrane of the esophagus, walls of the stomach, duodenum;
ultrasound examination of the liver, kidneys, female reproductive organs;
colonoscopy, examination of the walls of the large intestine;
computed tomography methods;
X-ray examination of the lungs.

Treatment of anemia of iron deficiency etiology

Depending on the stage and pathogenesis of IDA, therapy is chosen by adjusting the diet, medication, surgery to eliminate the causes of blood loss, or a combination of methods.

Therapeutic diet for iron deficiency

Iron that comes into the body from food is divided into heme iron, which is of animal origin, and non-heme iron, which is of plant origin. The heme variety is absorbed much better and its lack of nutrition, for example, in vegetarians, leads to the development of IDA.
Products recommended for correcting iron deficiency include the following:

heme group in descending order of iron amount: beef liver, beef tongue, rabbit, turkey, goose, beef, some types of fish;
non-heme group: dried mushrooms, fresh peas, buckwheat, rolled oats and oats, fresh mushrooms, apricots, pears, apples, plums, cherries, beets, etc.

Despite the seemingly high iron content in vegetables, fruits, and products of plant origin when studying the composition, the digestibility of iron from them is insignificant, 1-3% of the total volume, especially when compared with products of animal origin. Thus, when eating beef, the body is able to absorb up to 12% of the essential element contained in the meat.
When correcting IDA using diet, you should increase the content of foods rich in vitamin C and protein (meat) in the diet and reduce the consumption of eggs, table salt, caffeinated drinks and foods rich in calcium due to the effect on the absorption of dietary iron.

Drug therapy

In moderate and severe forms, the therapeutic diet is combined with the prescription of medications that supply iron in an easily digestible form. Medicines differ in the type of compound, dosage, release form: tablets, dragees, syrups, drops, capsules, injection solutions.
Preparations for oral use are taken one hour before meals or two hours after due to the nature of iron absorption, while it is not recommended to use caffeine-containing drinks (tea, coffee) as a liquid to facilitate swallowing, as this impairs the absorption of the element. The interval between taking doses of drugs should be at least 4 hours. Self-prescription of medications can cause both side effects from an incorrectly selected form or dosage, as well as iron poisoning.
The dosage of drugs and the form of release are determined by a specialist, focusing on the age, stage of the disease, causes of the condition, general clinical picture and individual characteristics of the patient. Doses may be adjusted during the course of treatment based on the results of intermediate or control blood tests and/or the patient’s well-being.
Iron supplements in the course of treatment are taken from 3-4 weeks to several months with periodic monitoring of hemoglobin levels.
Among the iron-supplying drugs taken orally, there are medications with di- and trivalent forms of iron. At the moment, according to research, ferrous iron is considered the more preferable form for oral administration due to its higher ability to be absorbed in the body and its gentle effect on the stomach.
For children, iron-containing products are produced in the form of drops and syrups, which is determined both by the age-related characteristics of taking the drugs and by a shorter course of therapy than in adults, due to the increased absorption of iron from food. If it is possible to take capsules, dragees and tablets, as well as for long courses, preference should be given to solid forms of medicines containing iron, since liquid ones with prolonged use can have a negative effect on tooth enamel and cause its darkening.
The most popular tablet forms include the following medications: Ferroplex, Sorbifer, Actiferrin, Totema (ferrous form of iron) and Maltofer, Ferrostat, Ferrum Lek with ferric iron.
Oral forms are combined with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in the dosage prescribed by the doctor for better absorption.
Intramuscular and intravenous injections of iron supplements are prescribed in limited situations, such as:

severe stage of anemia;
ineffectiveness of a course of taking oral forms of drugs;
the presence of specific diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, in which taking oral forms can worsen the patient’s condition (acute gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, etc.);
with individual intolerance to oral forms of iron-containing drugs;
in situations where there is a need to urgently saturate the body with iron, for example, with significant blood loss due to injury or before surgery.

The administration of iron preparations intravenously and intramuscularly can lead to an intolerance reaction, which is why such a course of therapy is carried out exclusively under the supervision of a specialist in a hospital or clinical setting. Negative side effects of intramuscular administration of iron-containing liquids include deposition of hemosiderin subcutaneously at the injection site. Dark spots on the skin at the injection sites can last from one and a half to 5 years.
Iron deficiency anemia responds well to drug therapy, provided the prescribed dose and duration of treatment are followed. However, if the etiology of the condition involves primary serious diseases and disorders, therapy will be symptomatic and have a short-term effect.
To eliminate causes such as internal bleeding, in the hemorrhagic form, iron deficiency anemia is treated with surgical methods. Surgical intervention eliminates the main factor of acute or chronic bleeding and stops blood loss. For internal bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract, fibrogastroduodenoscopic methods or colonoscopy are used to identify the area of bleeding and measures to stop it, for example, cutting off a polyp, coagulating an ulcer.
For internal bleeding of the peritoneal and reproductive organs in women, a laparoscopic intervention method is used.
Emergency treatment methods include transfusion of donor red blood cells to quickly restore the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin per unit of blood.
Prevention of iron deficiency is considered to be a balanced diet and timely diagnostic and therapeutic measures to maintain health.

Anemia due to cobalamin or vitamin B12 deficiency

Deficiency forms are not limited to iron deficiency anemia. Pernicious anemia is a condition that occurs against the background of malabsorption, insufficient intake, increased consumption, abnormalities in the synthesis of protective proteins, or liver pathologies that prevent the accumulation and storage of cobalamin. In ptogenesis of this form, a frequent combination with folic acid deficiency is also noted.
Among the reasons for this deficiency form are the following:

The clinical picture of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency includes anemic, gastrointestinal and neuralgic syndromes.
Particularly the anemic symptom complex for this type of deficiency includes such specific symptoms as jaundice of the skin and sclera and increased blood pressure. Other manifestations are also characteristic of IDA: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat (situational), tachycardia, etc.
Manifestations associated with the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract include the following symptoms of atrophy of the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract and oral cavity:

red, “glossy” tongue, often with complaints of a burning sensation on its surface;
phenomena of aphthous stomatitis, ulceration of the oral mucosa;
Appetite disturbances: decrease to complete absence;
feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating;
the patient's immediate history of weight loss;
disturbances, difficulties in defecation, constipation, pain in the rectum;
hepatomegaly, enlarged liver.

Neuralgic syndrome due to vitamin B12 deficiency consists of the following manifestations:

feeling of weakness in the lower extremities with severe physical activity;
numbness, tingling, “goosebumps” on the surface of the arms and legs;
decreased peripheral sensitivity;
atrophy of muscle tissue of the legs;
convulsive manifestations, muscle spasms, etc.

Diagnosis of cobalamin deficiency

Diagnostic measures include a general medical examination of the patient, medical history, laboratory blood tests and, if necessary, instrumental examination methods.
During a general blood test, the following changes are noted:

lower levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin relative to the age norm;
hyperchromia, increased color index of red blood cells;
macrocytosis of erythrocytes, their size exceeding 8.0 microns in diameter;
poikilocytosis, the presence of red blood cells of different sizes;
leukopenia, insufficient concentration of leukocytes;
lymphocytosis, exceeding the normal level of lymphocytes in the blood;
thrombocytopenia, an insufficient number of platelets per unit of blood.

Biochemistry studies of blood samples reveal hyperbilirubinemia and vitamin B12 deficiency.
To diagnose the presence and severity of atrophy of the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines, as well as to identify possible primary diseases, instrumental methods of examining patients are used:

fibrogastroduodenoscopic examination;
analysis of biopsy material;
colonoscopy;
irrigoscopy;
Ultrasound of the liver.

Treatment methods

In most cases, B12 deficiency anemia requires hospitalization or treatment in a hospital setting. For therapy, first of all, a diet with foods rich in cobalamin and folic acid (liver, beef, mackerel, sardines, cod, cheese, etc.) is prescribed; secondly, drug support is used.
In the presence of neurological symptoms, injections of Cyanocobalamin are prescribed intramuscularly at an increased dose: 1000 mcg daily until the neurological signs of deficiency disappear. Subsequently, the dosage is reduced, however, if a secondary etiology is diagnosed, the drugs are most often prescribed on a lifelong basis.
After discharge from a medical institution, the patient is required to undergo regular preventive examinations with a therapist, hematologist and gastrologist.

Aplastic anemia: symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment

Aplastic anemia can be either a congenital or acquired disease, developing under the influence of internal and external factors. The condition itself occurs due to bone marrow hypoplasia, a decrease in the ability to produce blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, lymphocytes).

Reasons for the development of aplastic form

In aplastic, hypoplastic forms of anemia, the causes of this condition may be the following:

stem cell defect;
suppression of the process of hematopoiesis (blood formation);
insufficiency of factors stimulating hematopoiesis;
immune, autoimmune reactions;
deficiency of iron, vitamin B12 or their exclusion from the process of hematopoiesis due to dysfunction of hematopoietic tissues and organs.

The development of disorders that provoke the aplastic or hypoplastic form include the following factors:

hereditary diseases and genetic pathologies;
taking certain medications from the groups of antibiotics, cytostatics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
poisoning with chemicals (benzenes, arsenic, etc.);
infectious diseases of viral etiology (parvovirus, human immunodeficiency virus);
autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis);
severe deficiencies of cobalamin and folic acid in the diet.

Despite the extensive list of causes of the disease, in 50% of cases the pathogenesis of the aplastic form remains unidentified.

Clinical picture

The severity of pancytopenia, a decrease in the number of basic types of blood cells, determines the severity of symptoms. The clinical picture of the aplastic form includes the following signs:

tachycardia, rapid heartbeat;
pallor of the skin, mucous membranes;
headache;
increased fatigue, drowsiness;
shortness of breath;
swelling of the lower extremities;
bleeding gums;
petechial rash in the form of small red spots on the skin, a tendency to bruise easily;
frequent acute infections, chronic diseases as a result of decreased general immunity and leukocyte deficiency;
erosions, ulcers on the inner surface of the oral cavity;
yellowness of the skin and sclera of the eyes as a sign of incipient liver damage.

Diagnostic procedures

To establish a diagnosis, laboratory methods for studying various biological fluids and tissues and instrumental examination are used.
A general blood test reveals a reduced number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, reticulocytes, leukocytes, platelets, while the color index and hemoglobin content in red blood cells correspond to the norm. The results of a biochemical study indicate an increase in serum iron, bilirubin, lactate dehydrogenase, and saturation of transferrin with iron by 100% of the possible level.
To clarify the diagnosis, a histological examination of the material removed from the bone marrow during puncture is carried out. As a rule, the results of the study indicate underdevelopment of all sprouts and replacement of bone marrow with fat.

Treatment of aplastic form

Anemia of this type cannot be treated by correcting the diet. First of all, a patient with aplastic anemia is prescribed selective or combined use of drugs from the following groups:

immunosuppressants;
glucocorticosteroids;
immunoglobulins of antilymphocyte and antiplatelet action;
anti-metabolic drugs;
stimulators of erythrocyte production by stem cells.

If drug therapy is ineffective, non-drug treatment methods are prescribed:

bone marrow transplantation;
transfusion of red blood cells and platelets;
plasmaphoresis.

Aplastic anemia is accompanied by a decrease in general immunity due to a deficiency of leukocytes, therefore, in addition to general therapy, an aseptic environment, antiseptic surface treatment, and no contact with carriers of infectious diseases are recommended.
If the listed treatment methods are insufficient, the patient is prescribed splenectomy and removal of the spleen. Since it is in this organ that the breakdown of red blood cells occurs, its removal can improve the general condition of the patient and slow down the development of the disease.

Anemia: methods of prevention

The most common form of the disease, iron deficiency anemia, can be prevented through a balanced diet with an increase in the amount of iron-containing foods during critical periods. An important factor is also the presence of vitamin C, cobalamin (vitamin B12), and folic acid in food products.
If you are at risk of developing this form of anemia (vegetarianism, age-related growth periods, pregnancy, lactation, prematurity in infants, heavy menstrual bleeding, chronic and acute diseases), regular medical examination, blood tests for quantitative and qualitative indicators of hemoglobin, red blood cells and additional taking medications as prescribed by specialists.

A clear sign of anemia is pale skin. A common cause of anemia is a lack of iron in the human body, which can be caused by frequent blood loss. More details about what it is, what symptoms, types and methods of treating anemia are further in the article.

What is anemia

Anemia is a clinical and hematological syndrome, which is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, with a decrease in the number of red blood cells.

Anemia weakens the body's ability to exchange gases; due to a reduction in the number of red blood cells, the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide is disrupted. As a result, a person may experience such signs of anemia as a feeling of constant fatigue, loss of strength, drowsiness, and increased irritability.

Severe forms of anemia due to tissue hypoxia can lead to serious complications, such as shock conditions (for example, hemorrhagic shock), hypotension, coronary or pulmonary insufficiency.

Hemoglobin indicators are within the acceptable norm:

Causes

Anemia is based on:

Decrease in the amount of hemoglobin;
Decrease in the number of red blood cells (occurs in most cases);
Signs of impaired blood supply to tissues and their hypoxia (oxygen starvation).

Anemia is also dangerous because it often develops in combination with diseases that can lead to serious consequences. Such diseases, for example, include various types of inflammatory and infectious diseases, malignant tumors.

Anemia can also be caused by severe blood loss. Large numbers of red blood cells can be lost in the blood during prolonged or undetected bleeding. This bleeding often occurs as a result of diseases of the gastrointestinal system, such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, gastritis (inflammation of the stomach) and cancer.

With a lack of oxygen carried by the bloodstream, oxygen starvation can develop. This leads to degeneration of tissues and organs.

Anemia can be caused by insufficient amounts of iron, vitamin B12 and folic acid in the body, and in rare cases, mainly in children, by insufficiency of vitamin C and pyridoxine. These substances are necessary for the formation of red blood cells in the body.

Symptoms of anemia

Anemia is a dangerous condition. It is insidious, since signs of iron deficiency do not appear immediately. In the initial stages, the body first uses internal reserves and tries to cope with the disease.

The symptoms of anemia are so versatile that they affect almost every functional system of the body. Their severity depends on the degree of decrease in hemoglobin levels.

Therefore, correct interpretation and comparison of the patient’s data will make it possible to make the correct diagnosis even during the initial examination. The situation is completely different with determining the specific type of anemia and its cause.

According to generally accepted criteria, anemia in men is indicated by:

decrease in hemoglobin from 130 g/l;
red blood cell level is less than 4*1012/l;
hematocrit below 39%.

For women, these indicators are as follows:

hemoglobin below 120 g/l;
red blood cells less than 3.8*1012 g/l;
hematocrit – 36% and below.

Common symptoms of anemia include:

weakness, significant decrease in performance;
increased fatigue, irritability, drowsiness for no apparent reason;
headaches, tinnitus, flashing spots before the eyes, dizziness;
dysuric disorders;
geophagia (uncontrollable desire to eat chalk or lime);
trophic disorders of hair, skin, nails;
pain in the heart area like angina pectoris;
fainting, tinnitus;
muscle weakness, body aches.

You can explain what anemia is and what its signs are in a person on the basis of the condition of the hair. When the concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells decreases, hair loss occurs and nails become brittle.

In elderly patients suffering from coronary heart disease, anemia causes an increase in angina attacks, even after mild physical activity.

Symptoms of anemia can develop either gradually or suddenly. It all depends on the cause of its occurrence.

Types of anemia

Anemia can be caused by completely different reasons, so it is customary to divide all anemia according to various criteria, including the reasons that cause them.

All types of anemia in humans are divided into:

resulting from blood loss - posthemorrhagic (acute and chronic);
developed as a result of a violation of the creation of red blood cells or the construction of hemoglobin: iron deficiency, megaloblastic, sideroblastic, anemia of chronic diseases, aplastic;
caused by increased destruction of red blood cells or hemoglobin - hemolytic.

Manifested by dizziness, tinnitus, flickering spots before the eyes, shortness of breath, palpitations. Dry skin, pallor are noted, ulcerations and cracks appear in the corners of the mouth. Typical manifestations are brittleness and layering of nails, their pepper striations.

Symptoms include dizziness, weakness, fever, sometimes fever and chills. There is an enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), and in some cases the liver.

tingling in the hands and feet,
loss of sensation in the limbs,
gait disturbance,
muscle spasms.

Megaloblastic anemia symptoms, which are associated with oxygen starvation of the body, are accompanied by the following symptoms:

general weakness in the body
dizziness and lethargy
characteristic headaches
shortness of breath and tissue swelling
discomfort throughout the body

The main symptoms of chronic anemia are:

severe weakness;
pain in the heart area;
dizziness;
heartbeat disturbances;
bruises under the eyes;
increased fatigue.

Common symptoms of anemia of all types are:

weakness;
dizziness, spots before the eyes;
palpitations, shortness of breath during habitual physical activity;
one of the main symptoms of anemia is pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
in older people - the occurrence or increase in frequency of angina attacks;
The clinical symptom of anemia in women of reproductive age is menstrual irregularities.

Degrees

There are three degrees of severity of anemia - mild, moderate and severe, depending on the content of hemoglobin and red blood cells in the blood. The lower the indicators, the more severe the form of this painful condition will be.

In addition to the severity of the disease, it is customary to distinguish:

relative anemia - more often characteristic during pregnancy or as part of significant blood loss, characterized by an increase in plasma in the blood;
absolute anemia - a noticeable decrease in the number of red blood cells and, as a consequence, a decrease in hemoglobin levels.

Complications

The consequences of anemia can be quite serious, in some cases it can even be fatal. Most often, anemia causes the following problems:

decreased immunity and, as a result, increased incidence of acute respiratory viral infections;
the appearance of neurological disorders and even deformations of the nervous system;
swelling of the legs;
enlarged liver and spleen;
pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, etc.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis of anemia includes several important steps:

Determining the type of anemia, that is, it is necessary to identify the mechanism that causes a decrease in the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin.
Establishing the cause of the disease underlying the anemic syndrome.
Conducting laboratory tests, interpreting the results obtained during the examination.

A comprehensive examination of pathology includes a number of laboratory tests:

General blood analysis. Blood is taken from a finger and the hemoglobin level is determined.
Complete blood test. This test allows you to determine the average amount of hemoglobin in a blood cell and the number of reticulocytes. This makes it possible to judge the condition of the bone marrow.
Blood chemistry. In this case, blood is drawn from a vein. This test allows you to determine the iron content in the blood and the level of bilirubin.
Additional studies aimed at studying the state of the gastrointestinal tract.

To detect anemia, it is necessary to take a general blood test. The main signs of anemia are deviations in the following indicators:

hemoglobin in the blood does not reach 100 g/l;
red blood cells less than 4*1012/l;
iron content in blood cells is less than 14.3 µmol/l.

If there are such deviations, a more detailed blood test is needed to identify the specific type of anemia.

Treatment of blood anemia

Anemia, caused by a decrease in red blood cell production and occurring with chronic diseases such as cancer, infections, arthritis, kidney disease and hypothyroidism, is often mild and does not require special treatment. Treatment of the underlying disease should also have a beneficial effect on anemia. In some cases, it may be necessary to discontinue drugs that suppress hematopoiesis - antibiotics or other chemotherapeutic agents.

Anti-anemia medications should only be taken as prescribed by a doctor. Thus, an overdose of iron can lead to constipation, hemorrhoids, and stomach ulcers. In a situation where the results of laboratory tests confirm a deficient form of anemia, the patient is prescribed one of the following drugs:

The process of hematopoiesis is most influenced by: mineral substances:

Treatment should be carried out exclusively on the recommendation of a doctor; self-medication should not be done, especially during pregnancy, when you can expose the maturing child to additional risks. Only after an examination will the doctor be able to determine what caused the anemia.

Folk remedies for anemia

Treatment with folk remedies is allowed. However, most folk recipes come down to simply eating iron-containing vegetables and fruits. Changes in your diet should also be discussed with your doctor. These foods include red meat, legumes, egg yolks, whole grains, and more.

In case of severe loss of strength, it is useful to take a tablespoon of garlic boiled with honey before meals.
Pour a teaspoon of red clover inflorescences with 1 glass of hot water, boil for 5 minutes, strain. Take 1 tablespoon 4-5 times a day.
Pour 6 g of dandelion roots and herbs into a glass of water, boil for 10 minutes, leave for 30 minutes, take a tablespoon 3 times a day before meals.
This recipe is a great combination of taste and benefit. Every day before meals, eat a small amount of grated carrots with the addition of sour cream.
Rose hips, fruits. 5 tablespoons of crushed fruits per 1 liter of water. Boil for 10 minutes. Wrap up for the night. Drink as tea at any time of the day with anything. Perfectly cleanses the circulatory system and improves metabolism. The infusion is rich in vitamin C and is used for anemia, scurvy, kidney and bladder diseases, diseased liver, as a tonic.
An infusion of rowan fruits is used as a multivitamin for exhaustion and anemia. Pour 2 teaspoons of fruit into 2 cups of boiling water, leave for 1 hour, add sugar to taste and drink in 3-4 doses throughout the day.
Muesli is an additional source of iron. Morning breakfast with muesli contains biologically active substances that regularly accompany iron molecules encountered along their path into the body. To improve the taste and increase the value of this quick breakfast, you can add fruits and nuts to your muesli.

Diet

Judging by the name of the disease, the patient needs correction of iron in the blood. It is necessary to take into account the interaction of iron-containing products with other components.

Useful foods for anemia:

meat, cream, butter - contain amino acids, proteins;
beets, carrots, beans, peas, lentils, corn, tomatoes, fish, liver, oatmeal, apricots, brewer's and baker's yeast - contain trace elements necessary for the process of hematopoiesis;
green vegetables, salads and herbs, breakfast cereals - contain a sufficient amount of folic acid;
water from mineral springs with a weakly mineralized iron sulfate-hydrocarbonate-magnesium composition of water, which promotes the absorption of iron in ionized form by the body (for example: mineral springs in Uzhgorod);
additionally fortified food products with iron (confectionery, bread, baby food, etc.);
honey – promotes iron absorption;
plum juice – contains up to 3 mg of iron in one glass.

The menu is divided into 5 meals.

soft-boiled egg;
black sweet tea;
2 sandwiches with liver pate.

2nd breakfast: apple or pear.

fresh vegetable salad seasoned with vegetable oil;
borscht with boiled meat;
piece of chicken with buckwheat garnish;
rosehip decoction.

Afternoon snack: diluted pomegranate juice.

boiled fish and potatoes;
sweet tea with cookies.

Prevention

Prevention of some types of anemia is quite possible. These are, first of all, iron-deficient types. Often such anemia occurs due to a poor diet and poor lifestyle. Therefore, it can be prevented by following the principles:

Healthy lifestyle;
Periodic medical examinations;
Early treatment of chronic pathology;
In order to prevent the development of anemia, you should include foods rich in iron in your diet (whole grain bread, beans, green vegetables, salad, greens, lean red meat).

Add a comment Cancel reply

ANEMIA OF THE BRAIN

Treatment. Blood transfusions, administration of blood-substituting fluids, caffeine, ephedrine, intravenous 20-30% glucose solution are used. Rubbing the skin with volatile liniment is recommended. In case of fainting, ammonia vapor is given to inhale, drugs that stimulate hematopoiesis are prescribed - liver extract, vitamin B 12, iron preparations.

cerebral arteries - see List of anat. terms.

“ANEMIA OF THE BRAIN” in books

Brain enlargement

Brain diseases

Brain injuries

Brain enlargement

Enlargement of the Brain So, to explain where the title of this chapter comes from, we must first emphasize what we mean by behavior and then show the special connection between behavior and the brain. The term "behavior" has a wide variety of meanings; we will

Brain diseases

Brain diseases In diseases of the brain, the following disorders develop: convulsions, paralysis, which arise as a result of damage to the motor area of the cerebral cortex or motor pathways from the cortex to the opposite lateral column

Brain injuries

Brain injuries are relatively rare.¦ ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS Brain injuries are recorded after impacts or falls from a height. Accompanied by concussion and hemorrhages of varying degrees.¦ SYMPTOMS After a blow or fall, the dog

"Brain Reflexes"

“Reflexes of the Brain” The fresh wind of science blew away the husks of mystical ideas about nature. The idealists, who affirmed the immaterial, heavenly essence of mental phenomena, met a serious opponent in the person of the young physiologist Sechenov. He wrote in the highest

Brain blockages

Brain blockages Question. “My husband was diagnosed with brain blockages. Doctors do nothing, but at the same time they scare us with bad consequences. At a convenient moment, being one on one with the attending physician, I asked her: “Well, can you at least advise me, I can’t

Brain cyst

Brain cyst I receive many letters in which people tell me that they have been diagnosed with a brain cyst, but doctors do not undertake to perform an operation, or, conversely, the patient himself does not agree to undergo any kind of surgery, for fear of dying on the operating table or

Brain concussion

Concussion A concussion occurs when a significant force is applied to the skull as a result of hitting it with an object or bruising it during a fall. This is the mildest type of injury, but still causes disruption of brain function.

Brain contusion

Brain contusion Brain contusion is a violation of the integrity of a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe brain matter. All the symptoms characteristic of a concussion are also present with a bruise, but are usually more pronounced. Loss of consciousness may last several hours, after

Brain compression

Compression of the brain Compression of the brain is caused by the pressure of bone fragments from skull fractures or intracranial hemorrhages. This disease has an extremely unfavorable prognosis in the absence of surgical treatment. About the fact that with a depressed fracture

LECTURE No. 9. Blood supply to the brain and spinal cord. Syndromes of vascularization disorders in the vascular territories of the brain and spinal cord

LECTURE No. 9. Blood supply to the brain and spinal cord. Syndromes of vascularization disorders in the vascular areas of the brain and spinal cord Blood supply to the brain is carried out by the vertebral and internal carotid arteries. From the latter in the cranial cavity

Meridians of the brain (pericardium) and spinal cord (triple warmer)

Meridians of the brain (pericardium) and spinal cord (triple heater) Anyone who is more or less familiar with the literature on Chinese traditional medicine probably immediately noticed some discrepancy in the names of these meridians. The point is that in

Brain anemia

Anemia of the brain Anemia of the brain, epileptic seizures and eclampsia in lactating bitches are accompanied by loss of consciousness, ataxia, and attacks of gastric vomiting. When examining the organs of movement, damage to the spinal column can be detected, manifested in paralysis

Anemia: symptoms and treatment

Blood diseases are not uncommon among the population, but the undisputed leader, of course, is anemia, which can easily be classified as a polyetiological disease that appears as a result of the pathogenic influence of external and internal factors on the composition and condition of the blood. What is anemia and why is it dangerous, what are the symptoms of the disease, types and stages, how to treat anemia and prevent its development? In this article we will try to figure it out!

What is anemia?

Anemia is a clinical and hematological syndrome in which there is a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood and the number of red blood cells. People often call anemia “anemia”, since in the presence of this disease there is a disruption in the blood supply to internal organs, which do not receive enough oxygen for proper and complete functioning. Anemia - symptoms and treatment depend on the stage and qualifications of the disease. Women and children are much more likely to experience this disease than men. In the lungs, hemoglobin and red blood cells are enriched with oxygen, then, together with the blood flow, they are distributed to all organs and tissues of the body.

With the development of anemia, metabolic processes are disrupted, the functioning of internal organs and systems that do not receive sufficient nutrients and oxygen is disrupted.

Causes and types of anemia

There are quite a few reasons that can lead to the development of anemia. As an independent disease, anemia rarely develops. Most often, the trigger for the appearance of this syndrome is various diseases of the internal organs or unfavorable factors that affect the composition of the blood. Anemia - the causes can be acquired or genetic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, renal failure, chronic infections. Iron deficiency in the body can occur due to an unhealthy lifestyle, poor quality nutrition, large blood losses, and excessive physical and psychological stress. Quite often, anemia has a mixed pathogenesis, which greatly complicates differential diagnosis.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is a cause of anemia

In medicine, there are several types of anemia, each of which has its own causes:

Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia, as it is diagnosed in 90% of patients. This type of anemia can occur under unfavorable living conditions, after surgery or injuries in which there has been a large loss of blood.

Pernicious anemia - develops against the background of vitamin B12 deficiency. The cause is often the congenital inability of the intestines to absorb vit. B12. In adults, the disease develops with gastric atrophy.

Hemolytic anemia - occurs as a result of the inability of the brain to produce cells in sufficient quantities. Among the causes of anemia are: heredity, infectious diseases, constant stress, and depression. This type of disease can be provoked by tumor processes in the body, burns, and high blood pressure.

Sickle cell anemia is characterized by the death of red blood cells. The cause of this condition is genetic defects.

Thalassemia is the most severe form of anemia, which refers to hereditary anemia that occurs against the background of genetic disorders.

Despite the sufficient number of causes of anemia, its types, in any case the disease should not be left without due attention. In addition, each type of anemia leads to oxygen starvation of internal organs, which significantly impairs their functionality and can lead to irreversible consequences.

Why is anemia dangerous?

Anemia, like any other disease, can cause serious harm to our health. With untimely or poor-quality treatment of any type of anemia, there is a risk of developing oxygen starvation of internal organs and systems, which not only do not receive oxygen, but also nutrients. The most dangerous complication of anemia is hypoxic coma, which in 80% of cases leads to death. In addition, people suffering from anemia are at risk for developing cardiovascular pathologies and respiratory failure. In women with anemia, the menstrual cycle is disrupted, and children become inattentive, irritable, and often get sick.

Disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system due to anemia

Stages of anemia development

Anemia has its own stages of development:

Mild or grade 1 anemia is characterized by a decrease in hemoglobin (deg/l). At this stage there are no symptoms. To increase hemoglobin, it is enough to eat right and consume as many iron-containing foods as possible.

Corrections in nutrition for 1st degree of anemia

The middle or 2nd stage of anemia is accompanied by a decrease in hemoglobin dog/l. During this period, the symptoms of anemia are quite pronounced. The person feels general weakness, frequent headaches, and dizziness. Medicines and proper nutrition will help increase hemoglobin.

Chronic fatigue – as a sign of anemia

Severe, or stage 3, is life-threatening. The amount of hemoglobin in the blood is below 70 g/l. At this stage, the patient feels disturbances in the functioning of the heart, and the person’s general condition worsens significantly.

Symptoms of anemia

Clinical signs of anemia are noticeable in the second and third stages of the disease. Common symptoms of anemia include the following:

increased fatigue;
chronic fatigue;
trembling of limbs;
dizziness;
fainting conditions;
dryness and pallor of the skin;
constant shortness of breath, even in the absence of physical activity;
heartbeat;
absent-minded attention;
memory loss;
noise in ears;
poor appetite;
circles under the eyes;
"floaters" before the eyes.

Pale and dry skin due to anemia

The symptoms of anemia are quite severe, but they can also be present with other diseases or disorders. Therefore, if you have signs of anemia, you do not need to diagnose yourself. The only correct decision will be to visit a doctor, who, after laboratory results, will be able to confirm or refute your assumptions.

How to determine anemia?

A general blood test will help identify anemia, which will show the number of red blood cells, their size and shape, and the presence or absence of immature blood cells. If necessary, the doctor may prescribe additional tests: biochemical blood test, sternum puncture and other studies.

Blood test for anemia

Treatment of anemia

Anemia must be treated comprehensively; only then can the desired result be achieved. Mild anemia often does not require drug treatment. The doctor recommends consuming more foods that contain iron, proteins and other vitamins and minerals. Drug therapy is prescribed by a doctor only when the type of anemia, cause and severity are clear. It is not uncommon for anemia to not require drug correction, especially when the cause that caused the anemia has been eliminated.

If, however, the disease requires drug treatment, then the doctor prescribes drugs that will allow the bone marrow to more quickly replenish the deficiency of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood. These medications include:

Iron preparations: Fenyuls, Totetema, Sorbifer, Aktiferrin;
Vitamin products: vit. B12, folic acid, vitamin B complexes.

Drug treatment of anemia

In more severe cases, when iron supplements do not give a positive result, the doctor may prescribe glucocorticoid hormones, erythropoietins, anabolic steroids, chemotherapy drugs and other drugs that are treated in a hospital. Any type of drug therapy must be combined with proper nutrition and lifestyle. The patient needs to stop smoking and drinking alcohol.

Folk remedies, which have many recipes in their arsenal for increasing the level of hemoglobin in the blood, will help increase hemoglobin. Let's look at a few recipes:

Recipe 1. To prepare, you will need 150 ml of fresh aloe juice + 250 g of honey and 350 ml of Cahors wine. Mix everything well and take 1 spoon 3 times a day for 1 month.

Recipe 2. A good effect can be obtained from the following infusion. You will need: rose hips, wild strawberries in equal parts, 10 grams each. The fruit should be poured with boiling water, placed in a water bath for 15 minutes, then cooled, squeezed and taken 1/2 cup 2 times a day.

Recipe 3. Strawberry leaves (2 tablespoons) should be poured with boiling water, drained and taken 3 times a day, 2 tablespoons.

Folk remedies for the treatment of anemia

Treatment of anemia with folk remedies can only serve as an auxiliary therapy to the main treatment.

Nutrition for anemia

Food is important in treating anemia and increasing hemoglobin. People diagnosed with anemia need to consume high-calorie foods in sufficient quantities: meat, liver, fish, butter, milk. The diet should include cereals: wheat, rice, buckwheat. Vegetables and fruits must be present in the diet. All food must be fresh, steamed, boiled or baked in the oven. If you have anemia, it is strictly forbidden to go hungry or not eat in the morning. A balanced diet, healthy food, will help provide the body with all the necessary substances to increase hemoglobin in the blood.

Nutrition for anemia

Prevention of anemia

Prevention of anemia consists of proper and healthy nutrition. To prevent the development of this disease, you need to pay attention to your health in a timely manner, treat internal diseases, and lead a healthy lifestyle.

Read also on this topic:

Copying information is permitted only with a link to the source.

Anemia of the brain (anemia cerebri)

Anemia of the brain (anemia cerebri) is insufficient blood supply to the brain, accompanied by dysfunction of the central nervous system.

Etiology. The causes may be acute heavy bleeding, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis of cerebral vessels, compression of cerebral vessels or main arteries of the head and neck by a blood tumor, heart defects, myocarditis and other diseases accompanied by acute cardiovascular failure. Thrombosis and embolism of cerebral vessels, and cerebral stroke can lead to brain anemia.

Symptoms The acute course of the disease is characterized by the sudden appearance of signs of insufficient blood supply to the brain. They observe an unsteady gait, a sudden fall to the ground, and a state of fainting. The pulse is small, thread-like, breathing is rapid or slow, intermittent. The mucous membranes are pale, the scalp is cold and damp. There is vomiting, increased sweating, muscle tremors, and possible convulsions. Chronic anemia of the brain is characterized by weakness, fatigue, anemic mucous membranes, decreased visual and hearing acuity, and frequent yawning. Increased muscle tension is accompanied by shortness of breath, palpitations, and muscle tremors. Conditioned reflexes fade in dogs and other animals. Dogs become unsuitable for service purposes. Body temperature is within normal limits.

Diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The diagnosis is made on the basis of clinical signs, the results of observation of animals, and the collected medical history. It is necessary to exclude acute posthemorrhagic anemia, myoglobinuria, hypomagnesemia, coma of various origins.

Treatment. The success of treatment depends on the possibility of eliminating the etiological factor and restoring impaired blood circulation in the brain. In case of fainting, the animal is given ammonia to sniff, it is rubbed near the ears, in the temporal region, and a general body massage is performed. Diluted ethyl alcohol and wine are given inside. To improve cardiac activity and eliminate acute vascular insufficiency of the brain, corglycone, cordiamine, camphor, and caffeine are prescribed. Korglikon is administered intravenously in the form of a 0.06% solution in doses: horses 4-5 ml; cows 3-8, dogs 0.5-1 ml along with a 40% glucose solution in appropriate doses.

Cordiamine is administered subcutaneously in doses to horses and cattle; pigs 1-4, dogs 0.5-2 ml.

In chronic cases, to improve heart function and metabolism in the brain, cardiac glycosides, B vitamins, Cerebrolysin, aminalon, and piracetam are prescribed over a long course. In cases where the cause of the disease is a tumor, surgery is indicated.

Prevention. Prevention of brain anemia involves early diagnosis and treatment of diseases leading to vascular insufficiency (posthemorrhagic anemia, diabetes mellitus, heart defects, cardiomyopathy, etc.). It is necessary to properly fit harnesses for working horses and collars for dogs, and to prevent excessive exploitation of animals.

Anemia. Causes, types, symptoms and treatment

What is anemia?

Classification of anemia

According to the development mechanism

According to pathogenesis, anemia can develop due to blood loss, impaired formation of red blood cells, or due to their pronounced destruction.

According to the development mechanism there are:

anemia due to acute or chronic blood loss;
anemia due to impaired blood formation ( for example, iron deficiency, aplastic, renal anemia, as well as B12 and folate deficiency anemia);
anemia due to increased destruction of red blood cells ( for example, hereditary or autoimmune anemia).

Depending on the level of decrease in hemoglobin, three degrees of severity of anemia are distinguished. Normal hemoglobin levels in men are 130–160 g/l, and in women 120–140 g/l.

There are the following degrees of severity of anemia:

mild degree, in which there is a decrease in hemoglobin level relative to the norm to 90 g/l;
average degree, at which the hemoglobin level is 90 – 70 g/l;
severe degree, in which the hemoglobin level is below 70 g/l.

By color index

The color index is the degree of saturation of red blood cells with hemoglobin. It is calculated based on the results of a blood test as follows. The number three must be multiplied by the hemoglobin index and divided by the red blood cell index ( the comma is removed).

Classification of anemia by color indicator:

hypochromic anemia ( weakened color of red blood cells) color index less than 0.8;
normochromic anemia color index is 0.80 – 1.05;
hyperchromic anemia ( red blood cells are excessively colored) color index more than 1.05.

According to morphological characteristics

In case of anemia, red blood cells of different sizes may be observed during a blood test. Normally, the diameter of red blood cells should be from 7.2 to 8.0 microns ( micrometer). Smaller size of red blood cells ( microcytosis) can be observed in iron deficiency anemia. Normal size may be present in posthemorrhagic anemia. Larger size ( macrocytosis), in turn, may indicate anemia associated with deficiency of vitamin B12 or folic acid.

Classification of anemia according to morphological characteristics:

microcytic anemia, in which the diameter of red blood cells is less than 7.0 microns;
normocytic anemia, in which the diameter of red blood cells varies from 7.2 to 8.0 microns;
macrocytic anemia, in which the diameter of red blood cells is more than 8.0 microns;
megalocytic anemia, in which the size of red blood cells is more than 11 microns.

According to the ability of bone marrow to regenerate

Since the formation of red blood cells occurs in the red bone marrow, the main sign of bone marrow regeneration is an increase in the level of reticulocytes ( red blood cell precursors) in blood. Their level also indicates how actively the formation of red blood cells occurs ( erythropoiesis). Normally, in human blood the number of reticulocytes should not exceed 1.2% of all red blood cells.

Based on the ability of bone marrow to regenerate, the following forms are distinguished:

the regenerative form is characterized by normal bone marrow regeneration ( the number of reticulocytes is 0.5 – 2%);
the hyporegenerative form is characterized by a reduced ability of the bone marrow to regenerate ( reticulocyte count is below 0.5%);
the hyperregenerative form is characterized by a pronounced ability to regenerate ( reticulocyte count is more than two percent);
the aplastic form is characterized by a sharp suppression of regeneration processes ( the number of reticulocytes is less than 0.2%, or their absence is observed).

Causes of anemia

blood loss (acute or chronic bleeding);
increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis);
decreased production of red blood cells.

It should also be noted that depending on the type of anemia, the causes of its occurrence may differ.

Factors influencing the development of anemia

hemoglobinopathies ( changes in the structure of hemoglobin are observed in thalassemia, sickle cell anemia);
Fanconi anemia ( develops due to an existing defect in a cluster of proteins that are responsible for DNA repair);
enzymatic defects in red blood cells;
cytoskeletal defects ( cell framework located in the cytoplasm of the cell) red blood cell;
congenital dyserythropoietic anemia ( characterized by impaired red blood cell formation);
abetalipoproteinemia or Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome ( characterized by a lack of beta-lipoprotein in intestinal cells, which leads to impaired absorption of nutrients);
hereditary spherocytosis or Minkowski-Choffard disease ( due to disruption of the cell membrane, red blood cells take on a spherical shape).

iron deficiency;
vitamin B12 deficiency;
folic acid deficiency;
ascorbic acid deficiency ( vitamin C);
starvation and malnutrition.

Chronic diseases and neoplasms

kidney diseases ( for example, liver tuberculosis, glomerulonephritis);
liver diseases ( e.g. hepatitis, cirrhosis);
diseases of the gastrointestinal tract ( for example, gastric and duodenal ulcers, atrophic gastritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease);
collagen vascular diseases ( eg systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis);
benign and malignant tumors ( for example, uterine fibroids, intestinal polyps, kidney, lung, intestinal cancer).

viral diseases ( hepatitis, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus);

bacterial diseases ( pulmonary or kidney tuberculosis, leptospirosis, obstructive bronchitis);
protozoal diseases ( malaria, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis).

Pesticides and medications

inorganic arsenic, benzene;
radiation;
cytostatics ( chemotherapy drugs used to treat tumor diseases);
antibiotics;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;
antithyroid drugs ( reduce the synthesis of thyroid hormones);
antiepileptic drugs.

Iron-deficiency anemia

Causes of iron deficiency anemia

Impaired intake of iron into the body

vegetarianism due to non-consumption of animal proteins ( meat, fish, eggs, dairy products);
socio-economic component ( for example, not enough money for proper nutrition).

Impaired absorption of iron

Iron absorption occurs at the level of the gastric mucosa, so stomach diseases such as gastritis, peptic ulcer or gastric resection lead to impaired iron absorption.

Increased body need for iron

pregnancy, including multiple pregnancy;
lactation period;
adolescence ( due to rapid growth);
chronic diseases accompanied by hypoxia ( for example, chronic bronchitis, heart defects);
chronic suppurative diseases ( e.g. chronic abscesses, bronchiectasis, sepsis).

Loss of iron from the body

pulmonary hemorrhages ( for example, for lung cancer, tuberculosis);
gastrointestinal bleeding ( for example, stomach and duodenal ulcers, stomach cancer, intestinal cancer, varicose veins of the esophagus and rectum, ulcerative colitis, helminthic infestations);
uterine bleeding ( for example, premature placental abruption, uterine rupture, uterine or cervical cancer, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, uterine fibroids);
renal bleeding ( e.g. kidney cancer, renal tuberculosis).

Symptoms of iron deficiency anemia

anemic syndrome;
sideropenic syndrome.

Anemic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms:

severe general weakness;
increased fatigue;
attention deficit;
malaise;
drowsiness;
black stool (with gastrointestinal bleeding);
heartbeat;
dyspnea.

Sideropenic syndrome is characterized by the following symptoms:

perversion of taste (for example, patients eat chalk, raw meat);
perversion of the sense of smell (for example, patients sniff acetone, gasoline, paints);
hair is brittle, dull, split ends;
white spots appear on the nails;
the skin is pale, the skin is flaky;
Cheilitis (seeds) may appear in the corners of the mouth.

The patient may also complain of the development of leg cramps, for example, when climbing up the stairs.

Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia

cracks in the corners of the mouth;
"glossy" language;
in severe cases, an increase in the size of the spleen.

The following changes are observed in the general blood test:

microcytosis (small red blood cells);
hypochromia of erythrocytes (weak coloring of erythrocytes);
poikilocytosis (red blood cells of different shapes).

The following changes are observed in the biochemical blood test:

decreased ferritin levels;
serum iron is reduced;
The iron-binding capacity of the serum is increased.

Instrumental research methods

To identify the cause that led to the development of anemia, the patient may be prescribed the following instrumental studies:

fibrogastroduodenoscopy (for examination of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum);
Ultrasound (for examining the kidneys, liver, female genital organs);
colonoscopy (to examine the large intestine);
computed tomography (for example, to study the lungs, kidneys);
X-rays of light.

Treatment of iron deficiency anemia

In nutrition, iron is divided into:

heme, which enters the body with products of animal origin;
non-heme, which enters the body with products of plant origin.

It should be noted that heme iron is absorbed in the body much better than non-heme iron.

Amount of iron per hundred milligrams

liver;
beef tongue;
rabbit meat;
turkey;
goose meat;
beef;
fish.

9 mg;
5 mg;
4.4 mg;
4 mg;
3 mg;
2.8 mg;
2.3 mg.

Food products of plant origin

dried mushrooms;
fresh peas;
buckwheat;
Hercules;
fresh mushrooms;
apricots;
pear;
apples;
plums;
cherries;
beet.

35 mg;
11.5 mg;
7.8 mg;
7.8 mg;
5.2 mg;
4.1 mg;
2.3 mg;
2.2 mg;
2.1 mg;
1.8 mg;
1.4 mg.

While following the diet, you should also increase your consumption of foods containing vitamin C, as well as meat protein (they increase the absorption of iron in the body) and reduce the consumption of eggs, salt, caffeine and calcium (they reduce the absorption of iron).

When treating iron deficiency anemia, the patient is prescribed iron supplements in parallel with the diet. These medications are intended to replenish iron deficiency in the body. They are available in the form of capsules, dragees, injections, syrups and tablets.

patient's age;
severity of the disease;
the reasons that caused iron deficiency anemia;
based on test results.

Iron supplements are taken one hour before meals or two hours after meals. These medications should not be taken with tea or coffee, as the absorption of iron is reduced, so it is recommended to take them with water or juice.

Take one gram orally three to four times a day.

Take one tablet per day, in the morning thirty minutes before meals.

Take one tablet once or twice a day.

with severe anemia;
if anemia progresses despite taking doses of iron in the form of tablets, capsules or syrup;
if the patient has diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (for example, gastric and duodenal ulcers, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease), since the iron supplement taken may aggravate the existing disease;
before surgical interventions in order to accelerate saturation of the body with iron;
if the patient has intolerance to iron preparations when taken orally.

Surgery

Surgical intervention is performed if the patient has acute or chronic bleeding. For example, in case of gastrointestinal bleeding, fibrogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy can be used to identify the area of bleeding and then stop it (for example, a bleeding polyp is removed, a gastric and duodenal ulcer is coagulated). For uterine bleeding, as well as for bleeding in organs located in the abdominal cavity, laparoscopy can be used.

B12 – deficiency anemia

into the red bone marrow to participate in the synthesis of red blood cells;
to the liver, where it is deposited;
into the central nervous system for the synthesis of the myelin sheath (covers the axons of neurons).

Causes of B12 deficiency anemia

insufficient intake of vitamin B12 from food;
disruption of the synthesis of intrinsic factor Castle due to, for example, atrophic gastritis, gastrectomy, gastric cancer;
intestinal damage, for example, dysbiosis, helminthiasis, intestinal infections;
increased body needs for vitamin B12 (rapid growth, active sports, multiple pregnancy);
impaired vitamin deposition due to liver cirrhosis.

Symptoms of B12 deficiency anemia

anemic syndrome;
gastrointestinal syndrome;
neuralgic syndrome.

weakness;
increased fatigue;
headache and dizziness;
skin is pale with a jaundiced tint ( due to liver damage);
noise in ears;
dyspnea;
heartbeat;
with this anemia, an increase in blood pressure is observed;
tachycardia.

the tongue is shiny, bright red, the patient feels a burning sensation of the tongue;
presence of ulcers in the mouth ( aphthous stomatitis);
loss of appetite or decreased appetite;
feeling of heaviness in the stomach after eating;
weight loss;
there may be pain in the rectal area;
bowel disorder ( constipation);
increase in liver size ( hepatomegaly).

These symptoms develop due to atrophic changes in the mucous layer of the oral cavity, stomach and intestines.

feeling of weakness in legs ( when walking for a long time or when climbing up);
feeling of numbness and tingling in the limbs;
impaired peripheral sensitivity;
atrophic changes in the muscles of the lower extremities;
convulsions.

Diagnosis of B12 deficiency anemia

decreased levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin;
hyperchromia (pronounced coloring of red blood cells);
macrocytosis (increased red blood cell size);
poikilocytosis (various forms of red blood cells);
microscopy of erythrocytes reveals Cabot rings and Jolly bodies;
reticulocytes are reduced or normal;
decreased level of white blood cells (leukopenia);
increased levels of lymphocytes (lymphocytosis);
decreased platelet levels (thrombocytopenia).

In a biochemical blood test, hyperbilirubinemia is observed, as well as a decrease in the level of vitamin B12.

examination of the stomach (fibrogastroduodenoscopy, biopsy);
intestinal examination (colonoscopy, irrigoscopy);
Ultrasound examination of the liver.

These studies help to identify atrophic changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, as well as detect diseases that led to the development of B12-deficiency anemia (for example, malignancies, cirrhosis of the liver).

Treatment of B12 deficiency anemia

Diet therapy is prescribed, in which the consumption of foods rich in vitamin B12 is increased.

Amount of vitamin B12 per hundred milligrams

Drug treatment is prescribed to the patient according to the following scheme:

For two weeks, the patient receives 1000 mcg of Cyanocobalamin intramuscularly daily. Within two weeks, the patient's neurological symptoms disappear.
Over the next four to eight weeks, the patient receives 500 mcg daily intramuscularly to saturate the vitamin B12 depot in the body.
Subsequently, the patient receives intramuscular injections of 500 mcg once a week for life.

During treatment, the patient may be prescribed folic acid along with Cyanocobalamin.

Folate deficiency anemia

participates in the development of the body in the prenatal period (promotes the formation of nerve conduction of tissues, the circulatory system of the fetus, prevents the development of certain malformations);
participates in the growth of the child (for example, in the first year of life, during puberty);
affects hematopoietic processes;
together with vitamin B12, participates in DNA synthesis;
prevents the formation of blood clots in the body;
improves the processes of regeneration of organs and tissues;
participates in tissue renewal (for example, skin).

Absorption (absorption) of folates in the body occurs in the duodenum and in the upper part of the small intestine.

Causes of folate deficiency anemia

insufficient intake of folic acid from food;
increased loss of folic acid from the body (for example, with cirrhosis of the liver);
impaired absorption of folic acid in the small intestine (for example, with celiac disease, when taking certain medications, with chronic alcohol intoxication);
increased body needs for folic acid (for example, during pregnancy, malignant tumors).

Symptoms of folate deficiency anemia

Diagnosis of folate deficiency anemia

hyperchromia;
decreased levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin;
macrocytosis;
leukopenia;
thrombocytopenia.

The results of a biochemical blood test show a decrease in the level of folic acid (less than 3 mg/ml), as well as an increase in indirect bilirubin.

Treatment of folate deficiency anemia

beef and chicken liver;
pork liver;
heart and kidneys;
fatty cottage cheese and feta cheese;
cod;
butter;
sour cream;
beef meat;
rabbit meat;
chicken eggs;
chicken;
mutton.

240 mg;
225 mg;
56 mg;
35 mg;
11 mg;
10 mg;
8.5 mg;
7.7 mg;
7 mg;
4.3 mg;
4.1 mg;

asparagus;
peanut;
lentils;
beans;
parsley;
spinach;
walnuts;
Wheat groats;
fresh white mushrooms;
buckwheat and barley cereals;
wheat, grain bread;
eggplant;
green onions;
red pepper (sweet);
peas;
tomatoes;
White cabbage;
carrot;
oranges.

262 mg;
240 mg;
180 mg;
160 mg;
117 mg;
80 mg;
77 mg;
40 mg;
40 mg;
32 mg;
30 mg;
18.5 mg;
18 mg;
17 mg;
16 mg;
11 mg;
10 mg;
9 mg;
5 mg.

Aplastic anemia

Causes of aplastic anemia

stem cell defect;
suppression of hematopoiesis (blood formation);
immune reactions;
lack of factors that stimulate hematopoiesis;
the hematopoietic tissue does not use elements important for the body, such as iron and vitamin B12.

There are the following reasons for the development of aplastic anemia:

hereditary factor (for example, Fanconi anemia, Diamond-Blackfan anemia);
medications (for example, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, cytostatics);
chemicals (eg, inorganic arsenic, benzene);
viral infections (eg, parvovirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV));
autoimmune diseases (for example, systemic lupus erythematosus);
serious nutritional deficiencies (eg, vitamin B12, folic acid).

It should be noted that in half of the cases the cause of the disease cannot be identified.

Symptoms of aplastic anemia

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
headache;
cardiopalmus;
dyspnea;
increased fatigue;
swelling in the legs;
gum bleeding (due to a decrease in the level of platelets in the blood);
petechial rash (small red spots on the skin), bruises on the skin;
acute or chronic infections (due to a decrease in the level of leukocytes in the blood);
ulceration of the oropharyngeal zone (the oral mucosa, tongue, cheeks, gums and pharynx are affected);
yellowness of the skin (a symptom of liver damage).

Diagnosis of aplastic anemia

decrease in the number of red blood cells;
decreased hemoglobin levels;
decrease in the number of leukocytes and platelets;
decrease in reticulocytes.

The color index, as well as the hemoglobin concentration in the erythrocyte, remain normal.

increased serum iron;
saturation of transferrin (iron transport protein) with iron by 100%;
increased bilirubin;
increased lactate dehydrogenase.

Puncture of the red brain and subsequent histological examination reveals:

underdevelopment of all germs (erythrocyte, granulocyte, lymphocytic, monocyte and macrophage);
replacement of bone marrow with fat (yellow bone marrow).

Among the instrumental research methods, the patient may be prescribed:

ultrasound examination of parenchymal organs;
electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography;
fibrogastroduodenoscopy;
colonoscopy;
CT scan.

Treatment of aplastic anemia

immunosuppressive drugs (eg, Cyclosporine, Methotrexate);
glucocorticosteroids (for example, Methylprednisolone);
antilymphocyte and antiplatelet immunoglobulins;
antimetabolites (for example, Fludarabine);
erythropoietin (stimulates the formation of red blood cells and stem cells).

Non-drug treatment includes:

bone marrow transplantation (from a compatible donor);
transfusion of blood components (erythrocytes, platelets);
plasmapheresis (mechanical blood purification);
compliance with the rules of asepsis and antisepsis in order to prevent the development of infection.

Also, in severe cases of aplastic anemia, the patient may need surgical treatment, which involves removing the spleen (splenectomy).

complete remission (attenuation or complete disappearance of symptoms);
partial remission;
clinical improvement;
lack of effect from treatment.

hemoglobin level is more than one hundred grams per liter;
granulocyte count more than 1.5 x 10 to the ninth power per liter;
platelet count more than 100 x 10 to the ninth power per liter;

hemoglobin level is more than eighty grams per liter;
granulocyte count more than 0.5 x 10 to the ninth power per liter;
platelet count more than 20 x 10 to the ninth power per liter;
there is no need for blood transfusion.

improvement of blood counts;
reducing the need for blood transfusions for replacement purposes for two months or more.

Lack of therapeutic effect

no improvement in blood counts;
there is a need for blood transfusion.

Hemolytic anemia

intracellular (for example, autoimmune hemolytic anemia);
intravascular (for example, transfusion of incompatible blood, disseminated intravascular coagulation).

In patients with mild hemolysis, hemoglobin levels may be normal if red blood cell production matches the rate of red blood cell destruction.

Causes of hemolytic anemia

internal membrane defects of red blood cells;
defects in the structure and synthesis of hemoglobin protein;
enzymatic defects in the erythrocyte;
hypersplenomegaly (increase in the size of the liver and spleen).

Inherited diseases can cause hemolysis as a result of red blood cell membrane abnormalities, enzymatic defects, and hemoglobin abnormalities.

enzymopathies (anemia in which there is a deficiency of the enzyme, deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase);
hereditary spherocytosis or Minkowski-Choffard disease (erythrocytes of irregular spherical shape);
thalassemia (impaired synthesis of polypeptide chains included in the structure of normal hemoglobin);
sickle cell anemia (a change in the structure of hemoglobin leads to red blood cells taking on a sickle shape).

Acquired causes of hemolytic anemia include immune and non-immune disorders.

pesticides (for example, pesticides, benzene);
medicines (for example, antivirals, antibiotics);
physical damage;
infections (for example, malaria).

Hemolytic microangiopathic anemia results in the production of fragmented red blood cells and can be caused by:

defective artificial heart valve;
disseminated intravascular coagulation;
hemolytic uremic syndrome;
thrombocytopenic purpura.

Symptoms of hemolytic anemia

pallor of the skin and mucous membranes;
brittle nails;
tachycardia;
increased respiratory movements;
decreased blood pressure;
yellowness of the skin (due to increased bilirubin levels);
ulcers may be observed on the legs;
skin hyperpigmentation;
gastrointestinal manifestations (eg, abdominal pain, bowel movements, nausea).

It should be noted that with intravascular hemolysis, the patient experiences iron deficiency due to chronic hemoglobinuria (the presence of hemoglobin in the urine). Due to oxygen starvation, cardiac function is impaired, which leads to the development of symptoms in the patient such as weakness, tachycardia, shortness of breath and angina pectoris (in severe anemia). Due to hemoglobinuria, the patient also experiences dark urine.

Diagnosis of hemolytic anemia

decreased hemoglobin levels;
decreased red blood cell levels;
increase in reticulocytes.

Microscopy of erythrocytes reveals their sickle shape, as well as Cabot rings and Jolly bodies.

Treatment of hemolytic anemia

Folic acid. A prophylactic dose of folic acid is given because active hemolysis can consume folate and subsequently lead to the development of megaloblastosis.
Glucocorticosteroids (eg, Prednisolone) and immunosuppressants (eg, Cyclophosphamide). These groups of drugs are prescribed for autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
Transfusion of red blood cells. Washed red blood cells are selected individually for the patient, since there is a high risk of destruction of the transfused blood.

Splenectomy

Splenectomy may be the initial option for treating some types of hemolytic anemia, such as hereditary spherocytosis. In other cases, such as autoimmune hemolytic anemia, splenectomy is recommended when other treatments have failed.

In hemolytic anemia, the use of iron supplements is contraindicated in most cases. This is due to the fact that iron levels do not decrease with this anemia. However, if the patient has constant hemoglobinuria, then there is a significant loss of iron from the body. Therefore, if iron deficiency is detected, the patient can be prescribed appropriate treatment.

Posthemorrhagic anemia

Acute blood loss is characterized by the simultaneous loss of a large amount of blood (for example, uterine bleeding, rupture of a tube during an ectopic pregnancy, injury, trauma).
Chronic blood loss is characterized by long-term gradual loss of blood (for example, a bleeding ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, a malignant tumor of the stomach, liver, intestines or lungs, uterine fibroids).

Symptoms of posthemorrhagic anemia

how much blood was lost;
at what rate does blood loss occur?

Symptoms of posthemorrhagic anemia are:

weakness;
dizziness;
pale skin;
heartbeat;
dyspnea;
nausea, vomiting;
split hair and brittle nails;
noise in ears;
flickering of flies before the eyes;
thirst.

With acute blood loss, the patient may develop hemorrhagic shock.

Loss of circulating blood volume

hypovolemia ( decrease in circulating blood volume) No;
the patient may feel weak and dizzy;
moderate pallor of the skin;
blood pressure is normal;
pulse 80 – 90 beats per minute;
hemoglobin level is above 90 g/l.

moderate severity of hypovolemia;
pale skin;
weakness;
dizziness;
flickering of flies before the eyes;
nausea;
inhibition of reactions ( e.g. slow speech, movements);
thirst;
blood pressure 100 – 90 millimeters of mercury;
pulse 110 – 120 beats per minute;
hemoglobin level is 80 g/l and below.

severe hypovolemia;
disturbance of consciousness ( decreased attention, incoherent speech, disorientation);
pallor and blueness ( cyanosis) skin;
rapid breathing;
decreased amount of diuresis (daily urine output);
blood pressure below 60 - 70 millimeters of mercury;
pulse 130 – 140 beats per minute;
hemoglobin level is below 60 g/l.

collapse ( drop in blood pressure below 60 millimeters of mercury, disruption of blood supply to vital organs);
death.

Diagnosis of posthemorrhagic anemia

general blood test (erythrocyte and hemoglobin levels are normal or reduced, decreased leukocytes, increased platelets and reticulocytes);
biochemical blood test (serum iron-binding capacity is increased, iron levels are decreased);
feces for occult blood (Gregersen or Weber methods) allows you to detect the presence of chronic gastrointestinal bleeding (for example, with stomach and duodenal ulcers, with bleeding polyps or intestinal cancer);
feces on worm eggs (the presence of helminths can lead to chronic posthemorrhagic anemia).

Treatment of posthemorrhagic anemia

red blood cell mass;
solutions of polyglucin, gelatinol;
five percent albumin solution;
ten or five percent glucose solution.

For posthemorrhagic anemia, iron supplements are also prescribed, as they have a stimulating effect on hematopoiesis and also compensate for iron deficiency.

Directions for use and dosage

Ferrous sulfate, ascorbic acid.

Take two tablets orally three times a day.

Ferrous sulfate, calcium fructose diphosphate.

Take two tablets three times a day.

Ferrous sulfate, sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.

Take one or two capsules orally three times a day.

It is also recommended that the patient monitor his diet by increasing the consumption of protein foods (for example, meat, fish, dairy products) and foods with a high iron content (for example, liver, mushrooms, buckwheat, apricots). Consumption of foods high in fat, in turn, needs to be reduced.

Anemia during pregnancy

problems with iron absorption in the intestines;
severe vomiting due to toxicosis;
multiple pregnancy;
frequent pregnancies.

The risk of developing anemia also increases if a woman has chronic diseases, such as pyelonephritis or hepatitis.

feeling tired;
sleep disorder;
dizziness;
nausea;
dyspnea;
weakness;
brittle nails and hair, as well as hair loss;
pale and dry skin;
perversion of taste (for example, the desire to eat chalk, raw meat) and smell (the desire to sniff liquids with pungent odors).

In rare cases, a pregnant woman may experience fainting.

in the first trimester of pregnancy – 15 – 18 mg;
in the second trimester of pregnancy – 20 – 30 mg;
in the third trimester of pregnancy – 33 – 35 mg.

However, it is impossible to eliminate anemia with diet alone, so the woman will additionally need to take iron-containing medications prescribed by the doctor.

Ferrous sulfate and ascorbic acid.

To prevent the development of anemia, you should take one tablet per day. For therapeutic purposes, you should take two tablets a day, morning and evening.

When treating iron deficiency anemia, you should take two to three tablets ( 200 – 300 mg) per day. For prophylactic purposes, the drug is taken one tablet ( 100 mg) in a day.

Ferrous fumarate and folic acid.

You must take one tablet per day; if indicated, the dosage can be increased to two to three tablets per day.

For preventive purposes, take the drug starting from the fourth month of pregnancy, one tablet daily or every other day. For therapeutic purposes, you need to take two tablets a day, morning and evening.

In addition to iron, these preparations may additionally contain ascorbic or folic acid, as well as cysteine, as they promote better absorption of iron in the body.

Anemia of the brain and its membranes (Anemia cerebri et meningum) is a disease characterized by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, as a result of which the body develops a disorder of brain function and oxygen starvation of brain tissue.

Animals of all types are affected, but horses are most common.

Etiology. Anemia of the brain and its membranes most often occurs in animals as a secondary disease, with large blood losses, pronounced cardiovascular insufficiency (with complete atrioventricular heart block, acute dilatation of the heart, arterial hypotension), compression of the area of the carotid arteries by a harness, or with a sudden outflow of the large the amount of blood to the internal organs, for example, after the rapid release of transudate during dropsy or fermenting gases with a trocar during and swelling of the cecum in horses, with a drop in intra-abdominal pressure during rapid labor. Anemia of the brain in animals can occur with a decrease in vascular tone and a decrease in blood pressure during traumatic shock, arteriosclerosis of cerebral vessels, acute infectious diseases and intoxications.

Chronic anemia of the brain and membranes in animals is observed when there is difficulty in blood flow in the cranial cavity due to increased intracranial pressure (symptomatic anemia with hydrocephalus, brain tumors), with myocardial dystrophy, cardiac fibrosis, decompensated heart defects, with hypoplastic anemia, infectious anemia, leukemia, disorders metabolism, vitamin deficiencies.

Pathogenesis. As a result of a decrease in blood flow to the brain, a disruption in the nutrition of nervous tissue occurs. Brain cells need a continuous supply of glucose and oxygen. With an insufficient supply of glucose and oxygen, as a result of a decrease in the reserves of high-energy compounds, accumulation of under-oxidized metabolic products occurs in the nerve cells: lactic acid, carbon dioxide, inorganic phosphate, glycogen, etc., a weakening of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the brain, which leads to nervous distortion - reflex activity, weakening of muscle tone in animals, disorders of secretion and motility of the stomach and intestines, disorders of pulmonary and tissue gas exchange.

Clinical picture. With acute anemia of the brain in animals, rapidly progressing symptoms of dysfunction of the cortex and subcortical centers are observed. Animals develop depression, disorder of consciousness, general weakness and loss of coordination of movements. In severe cases of the disease, a sick animal may develop a fainting or comatose state, in such cases the animal falls to the ground and loses “consciousness.” Against the background of a comatose state, the animal may die.

Chronic anemia of the brain is characterized by a slow increase in dysfunction of the cortex and subcortical centers: decreased reaction to the environment, lethargy, apathy, soporous or stuporous state, decreased muscle tone, loss of coordination of movements, fibrillary muscle contractions. In cattle, atony of the forestomach and weakened intestinal motility are observed.

In acute and chronic anemia of the brain, symptoms of cardiovascular failure are almost always observed: pallor with a bluish tint of visible mucous membranes, low-fill pulse, arrhythmias, dullness of heart sounds, decreased maximum blood pressure and increased minimum, increased venous pressure.

The duration of the disease depends on the causes that caused it. In mild cases, the sick animal quickly recovers, but the resulting depression and lethargy, atony of the forestomach and decreased productivity may remain for a long time.

Forecast careful. The outcome of the disease in an animal depends on the timeliness of medical care and the nature of the etiological factors. Progressive weakness, the disappearance of the animal's pupillary response to light, the appearance of convulsions, abnormal weak breathing and deterioration in the quality of the pulse should serve as a signal of an unfavorable prognosis for the veterinarian.

Pathological changes. The vessels of the meninges are weakly filled with blood, the choroid plexuses are poorly distinguishable, and the membranes themselves are pale. The brain is pale, the boundary between the gray and white matter of the cerebral cortex is smoothed.

Differential diagnosis. We differentiate from acute, hypomagnesemia, coma in various diseases.

The prognosis in acute cases of the disease, subject to timely provision of medical care, is favorable. In chronic anemia, the prognosis ranges from questionable to unfavorable.

Treatment begin by giving the animal rest, placing the head as low as possible. Further treatment is carried out depending on the causes of brain anemia. In case of bleeding, measures are taken to stop it immediately, a 10% calcium chloride solution is injected intravenously, and to replenish the blood volume, saline is injected intravenously or a homogeneous blood transfusion is performed. For anemia caused by blood redistribution, vigorously rub the skin with tourniquets, rub turpentine or mustard alcohol into the skin of the lateral surfaces of the chest or abdomen, inhale ammonia, rub ammonia near the ears, monitor the work of the heart and breathing. When the heart weakens, the animal is given caffeine, camphor, cordiamine, corglycon, and oxygen inhalation is prescribed. Korglikon is given to animals intravenously in the form of a 0.06% solution in the following doses: horses 4-5 ml; cows 3-8ml; dogs 0.5 -1 ml; Korglykon is administered in a 40% glucose solution. Cordiamine is administered subcutaneously to horses and cattle. 10-20ml; pigs 1-4ml; dogs 0.5-2ml. In more severe cases, aminophylline and other vasoconstrictor drugs are used to eliminate cerebral apoplexy. In the chronic course of the disease, in order to improve the functioning of the heart and metabolic processes in the brain, a course of cardiac glucosides, B vitamins, Cerebrolysin, aminolon, and piracet is prescribed. In cases where the cause of brain anemia is a tumor, surgery is performed in high-value animals. Sick animals must be kept in well-ventilated areas (to partially compensate for insufficient blood circulation with oxygen) and provided with a diet that is complete in protein and vitamin composition. Recovered animals are gradually brought into work.

Prevention. Prevention of brain anemia involves early diagnosis and treatment of diseases that lead to vascular insufficiency (posthemorrhagic anemia, heart defects, diabetes mellitus, cardiomyopathy). Animal owners must follow the rules for adjusting harnesses for working animals (collars, yokes, etc.), collars for dogs, and avoid excessive exploitation of animals. Carry out timely treatment for blood loss. Follow the rules when puncturing the scar (tympany), slowly release gases and liquids during punctures of the peritoneal cavity.

(Anaemia cerebri), dysfunction of c. n. With. as a result of oxygen starvation with insufficient blood supply to the brain tissue. Occurs with large blood losses, heart failure, sudden flow of blood into the abdominal cavity, as well as with cardiac decompensation, nutritional anemia and vitamin deficiencies. The disease occurs acutely and chronically. In sick animals, a depressed state, loss of strength, drowsiness, pallor of the mucous membranes, cardiac weakness, respiratory distress, fainting, and collapse are observed. The diagnosis is made on the basis of anamnesis and clinical data. studies (fundus anemia, pallor of the optic papilla, general anemia). The prognosis is doubtful.

- see List of anat. terms...
Large medical dictionary
- the outer layer of the large brain, which has a complex structure, which accounts for up to 40% of the weight of the entire brain and which contains approximately 15 billion neurons...
Medical terms
- View from below. anterior communicating artery; anterior cerebral artery; internal carotid artery; middle cerebral artery; posterior communicating artery; posterior cerebral artery; basilar artery...
Atlas of Human Anatomy
- The cerebral cortex is the upper layer of the cerebral hemispheres, consisting primarily of nerve cells with a vertical orientation, as well as bundles of afferent, centripetal and efferent, centrifugal...
Psychological Dictionary
- honey Brain abscess is a localized collection of pus in the brain that occurs secondary to a focal infection outside the central nervous system; It is possible for several abscesses to exist simultaneously...
Directory of diseases
- A., formed in the tissues of the brain as a result of pathogens of purulent infection entering them from other foci or during traumatic brain injury...
Large medical dictionary
- see Furrow...
Large medical dictionary
- see Hydrocephalus...
Large medical dictionary
- cm....
Large medical dictionary
- see, Izvilina...
Large medical dictionary
- see Compression of the brain...
Large medical dictionary
- closed brain injury, characterized by the appearance of a focus of destruction of its tissue and manifested by neurological and psychopathological symptoms according to the localization of the focus...
Large medical dictionary
- see Head...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
- WINDER, -s,...
Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
- Zharg. they say Joking-iron. Stupidity. Maksimov, 183...
Large dictionary of Russian sayings
- noun, number of synonyms: 2 atheism left-Orthodox...
Synonym dictionary

"ANEMIA OF THE BRAIN" in books

Brain enlargement

by Barnett Anthony

Brain diseases

author Panysheva Lidiya Vasilievna

Brain injuries

author

Brain enlargement

From the book Human Race by Barnett Anthony

Brain diseases

From the book Dog Diseases (non-contagious) author Panysheva Lidiya Vasilievna

Brain injuries

From the book Treatment of Dogs: A Veterinarian's Handbook author Arkadyeva-Berlin Nika Germanovna

"Brain Reflexes"

From the book of Swordsmen author Mogilevsky Boris Lvovich

Brain blockages

From the book Conspiracies of a Siberian healer. Issue 37 author Stepanova Natalya Ivanovna

Brain cyst

From the book Conspiracies of a Siberian healer. Issue 31 author Stepanova Natalya Ivanovna

Brain concussion

author

Brain contusion

From the book Pocket Guide to Symptoms author Krulev Konstantin Alexandrovich

Brain compression

From the book Pocket Guide to Symptoms author Krulev Konstantin Alexandrovich

LECTURE No. 9. Blood supply to the brain and spinal cord. Syndromes of vascularization disorders in the vascular territories of the brain and spinal cord

From the book Nervous Diseases: Lecture Notes author Drozdov A A

Meridians of the brain (pericardium) and spinal cord (triple warmer)

From the book Treatment of Children with Unconventional Methods. Practical encyclopedia. author Martynov Stanislav Mikhailovich

Brain anemia

From the book Spaniels author Kuropatkina Marina Vladimirovna

There can be several types of anemia, but the most common is iron deficiency. It is diagnosed in more than 80% of all cases and develops against the background of an acute lack of iron in the body. The microelement itself plays an important role in blood formation, so without it red blood cells and hemoglobin cannot be produced. The consequences of anemia also affect the production of cellular enzymes.

If malaise, general weakness, drowsiness, rapid heartbeat and other symptoms begin to occur, they should not be ignored and associated with ordinary fatigue. Failure to take timely measures to eliminate this pathology can lead to irreversible consequences for the body.

General possible consequences

Without proper treatment, the consequences of anemia can be quite serious:

Enlargement of the liver with subsequent disturbances in its functioning.
Deterioration of the body's immune system, leading to the development of infectious pathologies. As a result, a person with anemia is more susceptible to viral and respiratory diseases.
A decrease in concentration and intelligence occurs as a result of the fact that brain cells do not receive enough nutrition.
Swelling of the lower extremities.
Chronic fatigue, which reduces the functioning of all body functions and worsens the patient’s quality of life.
Epithelial destruction. Cells of the skin and mucous membranes undergo deformation, which in turn leads to the development of gastrointestinal pathologies, as well as the appearance of eczema, erythema and other skin diseases.
Disturbances in the functioning of the nervous system. Anemia also negatively affects this system, making a person more nervous, irritable, with sudden mood swings and other characteristic changes.
The development of cardiopathy and heart failure, which can be fatal. If cells regularly do not receive enough oxygen, then the load on the heart increases and complications develop in its work.

Anemia is a fairly serious disease, which, in the absence of timely measures to eliminate it, can lead to irreversible complications.

Consequences of anemia in older age?

Anemia and its consequences are risk factors for many serious diseases. With a regular lack of oxygen, as well as when enzymes are disrupted, the risk of developing cerebral ischemia, as well as cardiac tissue, increases. And by the age of 50, the onset of a stroke or heart attack is approaching. Anemia itself accelerates this process and has the following consequences:

Blockage of blood vessels with plaques;
Infarction of internal organs;
Closure of the lumen of large vessels.

In old age, a person who has anemia, in most cases already has foci of cardiosclerosis and serious heart rhythm disturbances in his body. Also, against the background of anemia, liver function is disrupted at the cellular level, which entails various pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.

There is a deterioration in the quality of food processing and the body’s absorption of medications. This means that it is more difficult for the doctor to determine the dosage of medications. As a rule, by the age of 50 there are some chronic diseases, the treatment of which is complicated by the consequences of anemia.

Many cells in the body, including neurons in the brain, suffer from this lack of oxygen. Such oxygen starvation contributes to early old age, memory impairment and decreased intellectual abilities. Without treatment, anemia can lead to serious complications and the development of chronic diseases.

Consequences of anemia for pregnant women

This disease can often develop during pregnancy. The last trimester is characterized by blood dilution, which is physiological in nature. However, if anemia is observed at an earlier stage, then this is a reason to consult a doctor. Timely detection of pathology can take the necessary measures in a timely manner and reduce the risk of developing negative consequences for both the mother and her unborn child.

Even at an early stage, this pathology can increase the risk of developing gestosis (late toxicosis), as well as structural changes in the placenta itself. Against this background, the fetus experiences oxygen starvation, which can lead to a delay in its development, muscle atrophy and other negative factors.

Anemia can also cause serious complications of the birth process, namely:

A protracted initial period, which occurs as a result of the slow opening of the uterus.
Weak contractions and absence of labor.

You can reduce the risk of the negative effects of anemia during pregnancy by getting regular blood tests.

Consequences for the fetus

If anemia is detected in the mother, its effects can be passed on to the unborn child. A hypoxic state leads to disruption of the formation of the baby’s internal organs, and as a result, he is born with various defects.

Also, anemia often leads to premature birth. A premature baby, if saved, is born with an underdeveloped respiratory and digestive system. Nursing such children takes place in a special isolator under complete sterility and requires a lot of time and effort. The most dangerous consequence of anemia during pregnancy is the stillbirth of a child.

As you can see, anemia is a pathology of the circulatory system, which can cause serious complications. Its danger can be minimized with timely diagnosis. Therefore, you should not neglect annual medical examinations and turn a blind eye to the appearance of warning symptoms. Moreover, in the early stages, treatment consists of a special diet and giving up bad habits.