Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

In the Russian language, there are a large number of syntactic constructions, but the scope of their application is the same - the transmission of written or oral speech. They sound in ordinary colloquial, and in business, and in scientific language, they are used in poetry and prose. It can be both simple and complex syntactic constructions, the main purpose of which is to correctly convey the thought and meaning of what was said.

The concept of complex structures

Many writers prefer to present the narrative in their works with simple and short sentences. These include Chekhov (“brevity is the sister of talent”), Babel, O. Henry and others. But there are authors who use sentences with a complex syntactic construction in order not only to more fully convey the description, but also the emotions that it evokes. They were most widely used by such authors as Hugo, Leo Tolstoy, Nabokov and others.

A complex syntactic construction is a sentence in which there are different types of syntactic links. They can combine:

• Coordinating and non-union connections: "Large snowflakes first slowly sank onto the sidewalk, and then fell faster - a snowstorm began."
• Non-allied with subordinates: "In the evening the weather deteriorated sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business."
• Mixed type: "All the guests went into the hall in silence, took their places, and only after that they began to talk in a whisper, until the one who invited them here appeared at the door."
• Coordinating and subordinating connections: "The big beautiful fell at my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put it in a vase at home."

In order to correctly compose complex syntactic constructions, one should know exactly how their parts are interconnected. It also depends on the placement of punctuation marks.

Coordinating connection type

In the Russian language, a complex syntactic construction can consist of parts united by one of the 3 types of connections - coordinating, subordinating and unionless, or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a coordinative type of connection combine two or more equal sentences connected by a coordinating union.

Between them it would be possible to put an end to or swap them, since each of them is independent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:

• Read this book and you will discover a whole new vision of reality. (You can put a period between two sentences, and the content remains the same).
• A thunderstorm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind stirred the treetops. (Parts can be swapped, while the meaning of the sentence will be the same).

It can be one of the connecting components in complex sentences. Examples of its combination with an allied bond are known.

Combining with intonation

A complex syntactic construction often combines a coordinative connection with a non-union one. This is the name of the parts of which are interconnected exclusively by intonation, for example:

"The girl accelerated her pace (1): the train, puffing, drove up to the station (2), and the whistle of the locomotive confirmed this (3)".

Between the 1st and 2nd parts of the construction there is an asyndetic connection, and the second and third sentences are united by a coordinating connection, they are completely equal, and a full stop can be put between them.

In this example, there is a combination of coordinating and non-union connections, united by a single lexical meaning.

Constructions with coordinating and subordinating connection

Sentences in which one part is main and the other is dependent are called complex. At the same time, from the first to the second, you can always pose a question, regardless of where it is located, for example:

• I don't like (when what?) being interrupted. (The main part is at the beginning of the sentence).
• When they interrupt me, I don't like it (when?). (The sentence starts with a subordinate clause).
• Natasha decided (for how long?) that she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), because what happened had a strong impact on her. (The first part of the sentence is the main in relation to the second, while the second - in relation to the third).

Combined into one whole, the coordinating and subordinating connections form complex syntactic constructions. Below are examples of proposals.

"I realized (1) that new challenges await me (2), and this realization gave me strength (3)".

The first part is the main one in relation to the second, since they are connected by a subordinate relationship. The third is attached to them by a coordinative connection with the help of the union and.

"The boy was about to cry (1) and tears filled his eyes (2) when the door opened (3) so that he could follow his mother (4)".

The first and second sentences are connected by a coordinative link with the help of the union "and". The second, third and fourth parts of the construction are connected by subordination.

In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences of which they are composed can be complicated. Consider an example.

"The wind picked up, growing stronger with every gust (1), and people hid their faces in their collars (2) when a new squall overtook them (3)."

The first part is complicated by adverbial turnover.

Types of unionless and subordinating constructions

In Russian, you can often find non-union sentences combined with a subordinating type of connection. In such constructions, there can be 3 or more parts, some of which are main for some and dependent for others. Parts without unions are attached to them with the help of intonation. This is the so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with a subordinating-union-free relationship:

"In moments of extreme fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I'm doing something (2) to which I have absolutely no soul (3)."

In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are interconnected by a common meaning and intonation, while the 2nd (main) and 3rd (dependent) are a complex sentence.

"When it snowed outside (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I could not move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play snowballs with other guys (4)".

In this sentence, the 2nd part is the main one in relation to the 1st, but at the same time it is connected with the 3rd intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main one in relation to the fourth and is a complex structure.

In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be connected without a union, but at the same time be part of a complex subordinating sentence.

Design with all types of communication

A complex syntactic construction in which everything is used at the same time is rare. Similar sentences are used in literary texts when the author wants to convey events and actions as accurately as possible in one phrase, for example:

"The whole sea was covered with waves (1), which, when approaching the shore, became larger (2), they crashed with noise against a solid barrier (3), and with a displeased hiss, the water receded (4) to return and strike with new force ( five)".

In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a subordinate relationship. The second and third are unionless, between the 3rd and 4th is a coordinating connection, and the fourth and fifth are again subordinating. Such complicated syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but as a whole, they carry an additional emotional coloring.

Separation of offers with different types of communication

In complex syntactic constructions, they are placed on the same basis as in complex, compound and non-union sentences, for example:

• As the sky began to gray in the east, a rooster crowed. (subordinating relationship).
• A light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses. (compound sentence).
• When the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day. (A comma stands between the main and dependent parts of a complex sentence, and a dash separates it from the non-union).

If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic construction (grade 9, syntax):

"When the sky in the east began to grow gray, a rooster crowed (1), a light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed the new day (3)".

Parsing complex syntactic constructions

To conduct with different types of communication, you must:

• determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
• find out how many simple sentences it consists of, and find their boundaries;
• determine the types of links between the parts of the syntactic construction;
• characterize each block by structure (complex or simple sentence);
• sketch it out.

So you can disassemble the structure with any number of links and blocks.

Applying sentences with different types of links

Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey the feelings and emotions of the author to a greater extent than written separately. A great master who used complex syntactic constructions was Leo Tolstoy.

; rarely - one word form), which is a syntactic unit - a phrase, a sentence, and also in general any relatively complete statement.

S. to. - the broadest concept of syntax, covering syntactic constructions that are heterogeneous in their characteristics. Among S. to. constructions are distinguished that are minimal in structure, that is, containing the minimum components necessary to build a given unit (for example, “coniferous forest”, “Children are sleeping”, “He is an engineer”, “No strength”, “drizzle”); structures that are more or less common, that is, resulting from the expansion of minimal structures in accordance with their inherent capabilities - complex phrases (for example, “coniferous forests of Russia”), common sentences (simple sentences, which include secondary sentence members, explaining, clarifying the subject and / or predicate or the sentence as a whole; for example, “My brother has been working as an engineer for three years”, “I have no strength”, “It is drizzling all day”); combined constructions - the result of combining several simpler constructions, for example, combined phrases (“quickly complete the task received”), sentences with isolated turns [“... Climbing slowly uphill / Horse, bringing sickness into h" (N. A. Nekrasov)], complex sentences[“I’m sad because I love you” (M. Yu. Lermontov)], constructions of direct speech [“Where is my friend? - said Oleg, - Tell me, where is my zealous horse th?” (A. S. Pushkin)]. S. k. is characterized by paradigmatic modifications (see Paradigmatics) - systems of forms determined by modifications of the dominant component (for example, "coniferous forest" - "coniferous forest" - "in a coniferous forest"; "He is an engineer" - "He will be an engineer" “If only he were an engineer!”).

There are two possible uses of the term "S. to. ": in relation to the abstract language model and in relation to the specific linguistic unit built on this model (cf. Grammatical units).

The signs by which S. to. are opposed to each other are different. For example, according to signs of a more general nature, predicative and non-predicative are contrasted (see. Predicativity) S. to., minimal constructions and constructions of a complicated type, free and non-free (lexically limited, phraseologized) S. to. Differ S. to. ” and “The spelling dictionary was published by an authoritative scientist”), infinitive S. to. (“It is forbidden to swim”), S. to. with an appeal (“-Son, where are you?”), Negative S. to. should not"); as part of the sentence - participial construction ("Sailboat, moored in our port y, delivered tourists to the shore"), adverbial turnover (" Having redone everything Ah, we finally sat down to drink tea”), etc.

The term "S. to. ”, as a rule, does not apply to constructions and their parts, which are units smaller than a phrase and a sentence, for example, to some intonationally separate parts of a sentence ( syntagmas) that are not phrases, to separate word forms that do not form sentences. But it is possible to apply this term to prepositional-case combinations (“near the coast”, “beyond the forest”), to compounds of homogeneous members of a sentence (“in dictionaries and encyclopedias”).

S.'s set to. is historically changeable. For example, in the course of the historical development of the Russian language, Old Russian disappeared (see. Old Russian language) constructions with the so-called dative independent (“When he enters the gates of the city, and sir his metropolitan” “When he entered the gates of the city, he was met by the metropolitan”), with the so-called. second indirect cases [with the second accusative (“I will put a prince on them” “I will make a young man their prince”), the second dative (“be a Christian for him” “be a Christian for him”)].

New phenomena in the field of the modern syntactic structure of the Russian language at its various levels are described. The main trend of change in syntax - the growth of analytic features - is considered in conjunction with modern punctuation.

Foreword- p. 3 Introduction - p. 4 Different understanding of new syntactic phenomena in the literary language - p. 4 Syntactic types of prose - p. 7 References- page 13 Chapter 1. Changes in the system of phrases and syntactic connections - p. 15 Simplification of polynomial phrases Contamination and disintegration of phrases - p. 16 Activation of weak control connections - p. 19 Independent use of prepositional case forms - p. 26 Functioning of the nominative case form in dependent syntactic positions - p. .31 References- page 34 Chapter 2. Changes in the scope of the sentence - page 37 Changes in the size of the sentence - page 37 Changes in the use of syntactically related components - page 44 Development of insert structures - page 52 Development of sentences with uncoordinated main members - page 65 References- page 75 Chapter 3. Expressive syntax constructs - p. 79 The concept of expression at the syntactic level - p. 79 Dynamics of expressive constructions - p. 93 References- page 103 Chapter 4 The development of individual segmented constructions - p. 106 Nominative representations - nominative themes - p. 106 Segmented constructions with type fusion - p. 115 Lexical repetition with syntactic spread - p. 125
complex sentence - p. 133 Activation of the pronoun what (instead of which) - p. 141 New syntactic phenomena and punctuation - p. 146 Used literature - p. 157 Conclusion - p. 160 Summary - p. 162 Zusammenfassung - p. 163 Summary - p. 164 Resume - page 165 Conditional abbreviations - page 166

Foreword

The syntax of the modern Russian language is usually considered in textbooks and lecture courses mainly from a static point of view: the main models of various syntactic levels are described and a classification of these models is given. However, in the syntactic system of the Russian language, during its development, changes occur, leading to a structural and stylistic redistribution of syntactic constructions. The skills of syntactic analysis of the text, acquired in high school on samples from Russian classical literature, turn out to be insufficient when referring to the texts of modern fiction, journalism, not to mention the poetic text. The study of the leading trends in the development of the syntactic structure is necessary not only for a more complete understanding of its current state, which is stylistically more diverse compared to the so-called classical syntax, but also for understanding modern punctuation, which undoubtedly changes under the influence of corresponding shifts in the syntactic structure.
Accounting for new phenomena in the field of syntax is also necessary for methodological purposes - to prepare philology students for their various future activities: for work in secondary and higher schools, in publishing houses, in information agencies, etc.
In this manual, the description of new syntactic phenomena covers the main syntactic levels - a phrase and a sentence. The degree of detail of the presentation depends on the coverage of a particular issue in the specialized literature or on its controversy. The syntactic appearance of modern texts is interpreted against a historical background, because new phenomena of syntax naturally find their initial reflection both in the period of the final formation of modern syntactic norms (Karamzin-Pushkin period), and even in the previous era (literary language of the second half of the 18th century).

Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with heterogeneous syntactic links. Such constructions are very widespread in speech, and are equally often used in works of different functional styles. These are combined types of sentences, they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts in them, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.

Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:

1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready.(Sim.);

2) with an essay and an allied connection: My direction is to another unit, but I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant(Cossack.);

3) with subordination and unionless communication: On a walk in the woods, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.(Shv.);

4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they swim along with the water, as ice floes recently floated(Prishv.).

Sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable components or several, among which, in turn, there may be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main components have the same type of connection - coordinative or non-union. For example, in a sentence The swordsman did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster(Fad.) four components: 1) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase; 2) but he knew they were after him; 3) and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him; 4) and he ran even faster. All these parts are connected by compositional relations, but within the parts there is subordination (see the second and third parts).

More often, in such combined sentences, there is a division into two components, and one of them or both can be complex sentences. The connection between the components can be of only two types - coordinating or non-union. Subordination is always internal.

1) The greatest pictorial power lies in sunlight, and all the grayness of Russian nature is good only because it is the same sunlight, but muffled, passing through layers of moist air and a thin veil of clouds.(Paust.);

2) There was one strange circumstance in the Stavraka case: no one could understand why he lived until his arrest under his real name, why he did not change it immediately after the revolution.(Paust.);

3) One circumstance always surprises me: we walk through life and do not know at all and cannot even imagine how many greatest tragedies, wonderful human deeds, how much grief, heroism, meanness and despair have happened and are happening on any piece of land where we live(Paust.).

Such syntactic constructions are subject to two levels of articulation: the first articulation - logical-syntactic, second - structural-syntactic. At the first level of division, larger logical parts of the structure, or components, are distinguished, at the second - parts equal to individual predicative units, i.e. the simplest "building elements" of a complex sentence. If we convey these two levels of division of complex syntactic constructions graphically, then the schemes of the given sentences can be represented as follows:

Thus, at a higher level of division - logical-syntactic - complex syntactic constructions can only have coordinating and non-union connections, as the most free connections, as for the subordinating connection (closer connection), it is possible only as an internal connection between parts of the components , i.e. is found only at the second level of articulation of a complex syntactic construction.

This is especially clearly revealed when two complex sentences are combined into a complex syntactic construction. For example: Tatyana Afanasyevna signaled to her brother that the patient wanted to sleep, and everyone quietly left the room, except for the maid, who again sat down at the spinning wheel.(P.); That was the time when the poems of Polonsky, Maikov and Apukhtin were known better than simple Pushkin melodies, and Levitan did not even know that the words of this romance belonged to Pushkin(Paust.).

Complex syntactic constructions can have extremely common components: Cincinnatus did not ask anything, but when Rodion left and time dragged on with its usual jogging, he realized that he had been deceived again, that he had strained his soul so much in vain and that everything remained as indefinite, viscous and meaningless as it was(Nab.).

The main syntactic constructions are:

1) text - a graphically fixed detailed statement, acting as a coherent sequence of sentences;

2) sentence - the central unit of syntax, the central unit of the language, the generation of which in speech is served by all other components of the language system as a whole;

3) phrase - a combination of two or more significant words, characterized by the presence between them of a formally expressed semantic connection; this is a naming unit denoting an object, phenomenon, process, quality, called the core word and concretized dependent.

Each of the listed syntactic constructions can be characterized in three aspects:

a) formal-structural;

b) semantic;

c) pragmatic.

All of the listed syntactic constructions have a speech status. Only sentences and phrases have linguistic status. The text and the sentence are communicative.

Give a description of the types of syntactic connection of words and ways of formal expression of syntactic functions.

Usually they talk about the two most important types of syntactic connection: composition and subordination. The coordinative connection is characterized by the equality of the elements, which is outwardly expressed in the possibility of rearrangement without changing the meaning: wife and me / me and wife. When composing, the related elements are homogeneous, functionally close. Examples: table and chair / me or you / strict but fair.

Subordinating relationship: Table leg / down pillow / down pillow / reading a book. Here the relationship is unequal: one element is dominant ( leg, pillow, read), the other - to subordinates: ( ... table. …. from down, down …., …. book).

Ways of formal expression of syntactic links: agreement; control; adjoining; allied and non-union composition; allied and non-union subjugation. The first and second methods use morphological forms, the third - non-morphological forms (word order, intonation). Allied composition and subordination use service words (unions). Unionless composition and submission - word order, intonation.

Give a description of the morphological way of expressing syntactic links.

The morphological way of expressing syntactic links includes:

Agreement, which consists in the repetition of one, several or all grammes of one word in another word related to it, for example, agreement of the predicate with the subject in Russian: I read / she sings / we work (grammes of the person, number).

Agreement is used as a means of expressing subordinating relationships between the definition and the defined, while the grammes of the defined are repeated in the defining: new book (gender, number, case) new book new books.

2. management, which consists in the fact that one word causes the appearance of certain grammes in another word associated with it, which, however, do not repeat the grammes of the first word. Management is widely used as a means of expressing a subordinating connection, for example: in Russian, a transitive verb requires an addition in the accusative case: reading a book.

Statements of words dependent on them in certain cases also require: 1) nouns: ballet lover(genus case) ; hunger for knowledge(genus case); 2) adjectives: full of energy(genus case); happy with purchase(tv. case); 3) adverbs: on par with me(tv. case).

List non-morphological ways of expressing syntactic functions.

Non-morphological ways of expressing syntactic functions include:

1) Word order: a) positional adjacency, that is, the designation of the connection of words by their simple juxtaposition, placing them side by side, for example: an English book - an English book (adjunction of an adjective-definition to a noun).

Preposition and postposition: in Russian, the postposition of a numeral in opposition to its preposition serves to express a shade of approximation: two kilograms / two kilograms.

3) The tendency to fix certain places in the sentence for certain members of the sentence: when the nominative and accusative cases coincide (homonymy) for nouns used in the sentence as a subject and object, for example: Mother loves daughter (Daughter loves mother?). In this example, only the order of the words makes us understand the first noun as the subject, and the second as a direct object. In languages ​​without a case system, a fixed word order is characteristic: 1) Eng. language: The father loves the son /Father loves son; 2) French language: Le pere aimime le fils / Father loves son. Inversion while preserving the meaning of the entire sentence is impossible.

4) Word order can distinguish between types of sentences, for example: declarative sentence / general interrogative sentence: Russian. language: you wanted it / you wanted it? English language: The house has a garden / Has the house a garden? In this case, the inversion is accompanied by an interrogative intonation.