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The first dream of Rodion Raskolnikov (Chapter 5 of the first part) in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky « Crime and Punishment"

Essay plan:

1. Sleep in nature. A dream about killing a horse is an excursion into the hero’s past.

The essence of Raskolnikov, his soul of a pure, compassionate person, a dream helps to understand the hero, to penetrate into the hidden corners of the human soul,

In the scene of the killing of a horse, Dostoevsky identifies Raskolnikov’s internal contradictions,

The hero's path from fall to purification is outlined,

The ambiguity and symbolism of the dream (images, artistic details, colors are determined, which will subsequently determine the events and fates of the heroes),

3. The dream is a kind of plan according to which Raskolnikov is invited to act - “God! - he exclaimed, - can I really take an ax, start hitting her on the head, crushing her skull ... "

4 . Raskolnikov's first dream is one of the key moments in the plot of the novel Crime and Punishment.

Working materials for the essay

(analysis - study of the text of the novel “Crime and Punishment”)

Dream content:

How old was the hero in the first dream? (“He is about seven years old and is walking on a holiday, in the evening, with his father outside the city.”

What attracts little Rodya? (“A special circumstance attracts his attention: this time it’s like there’s a party here... He and his father are walking along the road to the cemetery and pass by a tavern..."

What struck Rodya? (“a small, skinny, ugly peasant nag was harnessed to such a large cart... Everyone climbed into Mikolka’s cart with laughter and witticisms...” -

What happens in the cart and in the crowd? (“The laughter in the cart and in the crowd doubles, but Mikolka gets angry and, in a rage, whips the little filly with rapid blows, as if he really believes that she will gallop.. Suddenly laughter is heard in one gulp and covers everything, the little filly could not bear the rapid blows and, powerless, began kick".

How does little Rodya react to this? (“Daddy, why did they... kill that poor horse!” he sobs, but his breath is taken away, and the words burst out in screams from his constricted chest... He wraps his arms around his father, but his chest is constricting, constricting him." The soul of a seven-year-old boy rebels, he I feel sorry for the poor horse.

2.What does Raskolnikov’s first dream reveal? The secret meaning of sleep.

The hero rushes between mercy and violence, good and evil. The hero is split in two.

The dream dramatizes Raskolnikov's mental struggle and constitutes the most important event in the novel: threads stretch from it to other events.

Trying to get rid of his obsession, Raskolnikov strives to get as far from home as possible. Falls asleep in nature. It is obvious that the terrible theory about the division of people into “trembling creatures” and “those with rights” is hidden not in the St. Petersburg slums, but in the consciousness of the hero himself.

The dream plays a cruel joke on Raskolnikov, as if giving him the opportunity to make a “trial test”, after which the hero goes to the old pawnbroker for a second attempt.

“The last part of the dream undoubtedly reflected the features of the terrible plan he had come up with - let it be horses for now. (Daria Mendeleeva).

Raskolnikov's nightmare has ambiguity and symbolism, is an excursion into the past and at the same time predestination, a kind of plan according to which he had to act.

1. Novel "Crime and Punishment"- first published in the magazine "Russian Bulletin" (1866. N 1, 2, 4, 6–8, 11, 12) with the signature: F. Dostoevsky.
The following year, a separate edition of the novel was published, in which the division into parts and chapters was changed (in the magazine version the novel was divided into three parts, not six), individual episodes were slightly shortened, and a number of stylistic corrections were made.
The idea for the novel was nurtured by Dostoevsky for many years. The fact that one of his central ideas had already taken shape by 1863 is evidenced by an entry dated September 17, 1863 in the diary of A.P. Suslova, who was at that time with Dostoevsky in Italy: “When we had dinner (in Turin, in the hotel, at the table d'hote'om.), he (Dostoevsky), looking at the girl who was taking lessons, said: “Well, imagine, such a girl is with an old man, and suddenly some kind of Napoleon says: “Exterminate the whole city". It has always been like this in the world.”1 But Dostoevsky turned to creative work on the novel, thinking about its characters, individual scenes and situations only in 1865–1866. “Notes from Underground” (1864; see vol. 4 of this edition) The tragedy of the thinking hero-individualist, his proud rapture of his “idea” and defeat in the face of “living life”, the embodiment of which in “Notes” is the direct predecessor of Sonya Marmeladova, a girl from a brothel , - these main general contours of the “Notes” directly prepare “Crime and Punishment.” (Suslova A.P. Years of intimacy with Dostoevsky. M., 1928. P. 60.) ()

Episodes from the novel "Crime and Punishment"

3. Part 3, ch. VI.
Both walked out carefully and closed the door. Another half hour passed. Raskolnikov opened his eyes and threw himself up on his back again, clasping his hands behind his head... [...]

He forgot; It seemed strange to him that he did not remember how he could have ended up on the street. It was already late evening. The dusk deepened, the full moon grew brighter and brighter; but somehow the air was especially stuffy. People walked in crowds along the streets; artisans and busy people went home, others walked; it smelled of lime, dust, and stagnant water. Raskolnikov walked sad and worried: he remembered very well that he left the house with some intention, that he had to do something and hurry, but he forgot what exactly. Suddenly he stopped and saw that on the other side of the street, on the sidewalk, a man was standing and waving at him. He walked towards him across the street, but suddenly this man turned and walked as if nothing had happened, with his head down, without turning around and without giving any sign that he was calling him. “Come on, did he call?” - thought Raskolnikov, but began to catch up. Not ten steps away, he suddenly recognized him and was frightened; it was a tradesman from a long time ago, in the same robe and hunched over in the same way. Raskolnikov walked from a distance; his heart was beating; We turned into the alley - he still didn’t turn around. “Does he know that I’m following him?” - thought Raskolnikov. A tradesman entered the gates of a large house. Raskolnikov quickly walked up to the gate and began to look: would he look back and call him? In fact, having gone through the entire gateway and already going out into the yard, he suddenly turned around and again seemed to wave to him. Raskolnikov immediately passed through the gateway, but the tradesman was no longer in the yard. Therefore, he entered here now on the first staircase. Raskolnikov rushed after him. In fact, two stairs up, someone else's measured, unhurried steps could be heard. Strange, the stairs seemed familiar! There's a window on the first floor; the moonlight passed sadly and mysteriously through the glass; here is the second floor. Bah! This is the same apartment in which the workers smeared... How did he not find out immediately? The steps of the man in front died down: “it means he stopped or hid somewhere.” Here is the third floor; should we go further? And how quiet it was there, it was even scary... But he went. The noise of his own steps frightened and worried him. God, how dark! The tradesman must be hiding in a corner somewhere. A! the apartment is wide open to the stairs; he thought and entered. The hallway was very dark and empty, not a soul, as if everything had been taken out; Quietly, on tiptoe, he walked into the living room: the whole room was brightly bathed in moonlight; everything is the same here: chairs, a mirror, a yellow sofa and framed pictures. A huge, round, copper-red moon looked straight into the windows. “It’s been so quiet for a month,” thought Raskolnikov, “he’s probably asking a riddle now.” He stood and waited, waited for a long time, and the quieter the month was, the stronger his heart beat, and it even became painful. And all silence. Suddenly, an instant dry crack was heard, as if a splinter had been broken, and everything froze again. The awakened fly suddenly hit the glass and buzzed pitifully. At that very moment, in the corner, between the small wardrobe and the window, he saw a cloak as if hanging on the wall. “Why is there a cloak here? - he thought, “after all, he wasn’t there before...” He approached slowly and guessed that someone seemed to be hiding behind the cloak. He carefully pulled back his cloak with his hand and saw that there was a chair standing there, and an old woman was sitting on a chair in the corner, all hunched over and her head bowed, so that he could not see her face, but it was her. He stood over her: “Afraid!” - he thought, quietly released the ax from the loop and hit the old woman on the crown, once and twice. But it’s strange: she didn’t even move from the blows, like she was made of wood. He got scared, leaned closer and began to look at her; but she also bent her head even lower. He then bent down completely to the floor and looked into her face from below, looked and froze: the old woman was sitting and laughing - she burst into quiet, inaudible laughter, trying with all her might so that he would not hear her. Suddenly it seemed to him that the door from the bedroom opened slightly and that there, too, seemed to be laughing and whispering. Fury overcame him: with all his might he began to hit the old woman on the head, but with each blow of the ax the laughter and whispers from the bedroom were heard louder and louder, and the old woman was shaking all over with laughter. He rushed to run, but the entire hallway was already full of people, the doors on the stairs were wide open, and on the landing, on the stairs and down there - all the people, head to head, everyone was watching - but everyone was hiding and waiting, silent... His heart he felt embarrassed, his legs didn’t move, they were frozen... He wanted to scream and woke up.

He took a deep breath, but strangely, the dream seemed to still continue: his door was open wide, and a complete stranger to him stood on the threshold and looked at him intently.

Raskolnikov had not yet had time to fully open his eyes and immediately closed them again. He lay on his back and did not move. “Is this dream continuing or not,” he thought, and slightly, inconspicuously, again raised his eyelashes to look: the stranger stood in the same place and continued to peer at him.

(Raskolnikov’s third dream includes a mechanism of repentance. Raskolnikov Between the third and fourth dreams (the dream in the epilogue of the novel) Raskolnikov looks in the mirror of his “doubles”: Luzhin and Svidrigailov.) (

Sleep is an expression of the unconscious in the human psyche. Therefore, as an element of a work of art, it is one of the means of creating an image, an opportunity to show the inner world of the hero, his hidden thoughts, hidden from himself. .

The role of dreams in revealing Raskolnikov’s inner world

Each of these episodes has its own “double” in real life.

• The hero's first dream is a reflection of his internal state before the murder, a state of painful perception of the injustice of the world, the world of the humiliated and insulted. The dream of killing a horse (in the perception of a child) characterizes the inhumanity of this world, as well as the kindness of Raskolnikov himself, and has a compositional double - the death of Katerina Ivanovna (“They drove the nag”);

• Raskolnikov's second dream ( about the beating of the hero’s landlady by a policeman), on the one hand, a continuation of the theme of the lawlessness of this world, on the other hand, a foretaste of the hero’s future isolation from people, i.e. his punishment. The compositional “double” is the murder of the old pawnbroker and Lizaveta.

• Raskolnikov’s third dream (the repeated murder of the old woman) is an analogue of a real murder, a second living of what he did. The revived old woman (the literary double of the old countess from “The Queen of Spades” by A.S. Pushkin) is a symbol of the defeat of the hero theory.

• The hero's last dream (he sees him in hard labor) is an allegorical embodiment of the implementation of the theory, a symbol of the hero's liberation from the power of theoretical constructs, his revival to life. The literary analogue is Voltaire’s philosophical treatise on the madness of humanity. This dream does not have a real compositional double, which is symbolic.
  The hero abandons the theory - it cannot come true.

Raskolnikov's dreams are a kind of dotted line, which at different levels reflects the ideological and artistic content of the novel.

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. Maznevoy O.A. (see "Our Library")

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In the composition of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky’s “Crime and Punishment,” Raskolnikov’s dreams occupy a very important place, being an integral part of the structure of the work. Dreams in the novel are a reflection of the hero's inner world, his ideas, theories, thoughts hidden from his consciousness. This is an important component of the novel, which gives the reader the opportunity to penetrate Raskolnikov, to understand the very essence of his soul.

Dreams in psychology

The study of human personality is a very subtle science, balancing between precise guidelines and philosophical conclusions. Psychology often operates with such mysterious and ambiguous categories as “consciousness,” “unconscious,” and “psyche.” Here, to explain a person’s actions, the dominant thing is his inner world, sometimes hidden even from the patient himself. He pushes his immoral thoughts and feelings deep inside, ashamed to admit them not only to others, but even to himself. This causes mental imbalance and contributes to the development of neuroses and hysteria.

To unravel a person’s condition and the true causes of his moral suffering, psychologists often use hypnosis or dream solving. It is a dream in psychology that is an expression of the unconscious in the psyche of a person, his suppressed self.

Dream as a technique of psychoanalysis in a novel

Dostoevsky is a very subtle psychologist. It’s as if he turns the souls of his characters inside out in front of the reader. But he does this not explicitly, but gradually, as if painting a picture in front of the viewer, in which everyone should see special patterns. In the work "Crime and Punishment" a dream is a way of revealing Raskolnikov's inner world, his experiences, emotions and thoughts. Therefore, it is so important to determine the content of Raskolnikov’s dreams, their semantic load. This is also necessary in order to understand both the novel itself and the personality of the hero.

Church and tavern

Throughout the entire work, Rodion Romanovich dreams five times. More precisely, three dreams and two semi-deliriums, occurring on the verge of consciousness and unreality. Raskolnikov's dreams, a brief summary of which allows one to grasp the deep meaning of the work, allow the reader to feel the internal contradictions of the hero, his “heavy thoughts.” This happens in the case of the first dream, in which to some extent there is an internal struggle of the hero. This is a very important point. This is a dream before the murder of the old pawnbroker. It is necessary to focus attention on it. This is a system-forming episode, from which, like a stone thrown into water, waves spread across every page of the novel.

Raskolnikov's first dream is the product of a morbid imagination. He sees him in his “little room” after he met a drunk girl on the boulevard. The dream takes Rodion back to his distant childhood, when he lived in his hometown. Life there is so simple, ordinary and boring that even on holidays nothing can brighten up the “gray time”. Moreover, Dostoevsky portrayed Raskolnikov’s dream in dark, repulsive tones. The only contrast is created by the green and red and blue shirts that belong to drunken men.

In this dream there are two places that are opposed to each other: a tavern and a church in a cemetery. A church in a cemetery is a certain symbol: just as a person begins his life in a church, so he ends it there. And the tavern, in turn, is associated by Rodion with anger, baseness, ossification, drunkenness, dirt and depravity of its inhabitants. The fun of the inhabitants of the tavern, both among those around him and in the little Rodya himself, evokes only fear and disgust.

And it is no coincidence that these two centers - the tavern and the church - are located a short distance from each other. By this, Dostoevsky wants to say that a person, no matter how disgusting he may be, can at any moment stop living a low life and turn to an all-forgiving God. To do this, you just need to start a new, “clean” life, a life without sins.

Old childhood nightmare

Let us now turn not to the symbols of this dream, but to Rodion himself, who in a dream plunged into the world of his childhood. He relives a nightmare that he witnessed in early childhood: Rodion and his father go to the cemetery to visit the grave of his little brother, who died at the age of 6 months. And their path ran through a tavern. There was a cart harnessed to a cart at the tavern. A drunken horse owner came out of a tavern and began inviting his friends to ride a cart. When she didn’t budge, Mikola began to whip her with a whip, which he then replaced with a crowbar. After several blows, the horse dies, and Rodion, seeing this, rushes at him with his fists.

Analysis of the first dream

It is this dream in the novel “Crime and Punishment” that is the most important component of the entire novel. It allows readers to see the murder for the first time. Only the murder is not planned, but real. The first dream contains a meaning that carries a huge semantic and symbolic load. He clearly demonstrates where the hero developed his sense of injustice. This feeling is the product of Rodion’s quest and mental suffering.

Just one of Raskolnikov’s dreams in the work “Crime and Punishment” is a thousand-year experience of oppression and enslavement of people to each other. It reflects the cruelty that rules the world, and an incomparable longing for justice and humanity. This thought with amazing skill and clarity by F.M. Dostoevsky was able to show in such a short episode.

Raskolnikov's second dream

It is interesting that after Raskolnikov had his first dream, for a long time he no longer dreams, except for the vision that visited him before the murder - a desert in which there is an oasis with blue water (this is a symbol: blue is the color of hope, the color of purity). The fact that Raskolnikov decides to drink from the spring suggests that all is not lost. He can still renounce his “experience”, avoid this terrible experiment, which should confirm his extravagant theory that killing a “harmful” (bad, vile) person will certainly bring relief to society and make the lives of good people better.

On the verge of unconsciousness

In a feverish fit, when the hero understands little due to delirium, Raskolnikov sees how the owner of his apartment is allegedly beaten by Ilya Petrovich. It is impossible to separate this episode, which occurred in the second part of the novel, into a separate dream, since it is mostly “delirium and auditory hallucinations.” Although this to some extent suggests that the hero has a presentiment that he will be a “renegade”, an “outcast”, i.e. on a subconscious level he knows that punishment awaits him. But also, perhaps, this is a game of the subconscious, which speaks of the desire to destroy another “trembling creature” (the owner of the apartment), who, like the old woman-pawnbroker, is not worthy, according to his theory, to live.

Description of Raskolnikov's next dream

In the third part of the work, Rodion, who has already dealt with Alena Ivanovna (also killing the innocent Lizaveta Ivanovna), has another dream, which gradually turns into delirium. Raskolnikov's next dream is similar to the first. This is a nightmare: the old money-lender is alive in her dream, and she responds to Raskolnikov’s fruitless attempts to kill herself with laughter, a “sinister and unpleasant” laugh. Raskolnikov tries to kill her again, but the hubbub of the crowd, which is clearly unkind and angry, does not allow him to do the job. Dostoevsky thereby shows the torment and tossing of the protagonist.

Psychoanalysis by the author

This dream fully reflects the state of the hero, who was “broken”, since his experiment showed him that he was not able to step over human lives. The old woman’s laughter is a laugh at the fact that Raskolnikov turned out to be not a “Napoleon” who can easily juggle human destinies, but an insignificant and ridiculous person. This is a kind of triumph of evil over Raskolnikov, who failed to destroy his conscience. Purely compositionally, this dream is a continuation and development of Raskolnikov’s thoughts on his theory, according to which he divided people into “trembling creatures” and those who “have the right.” This inability to step over a person will bring Rodion to the line, to the possibility of later being “reborn from the ashes.”

Last dream

Raskolnikov’s last dream in the novel “Crime and Punishment” is another kind of half-dream, half-delirium, in which one must look for hope for the possibility of the hero’s rebirth. This dream relieves Rodion of the doubts and searches that tormented him so much all the time after the murder. Raskolnikov's last dream is a world that must disappear due to illness. It’s as if there are spirits in this world who are endowed with intelligence, who have a will that can subjugate people, making them puppets, possessed and crazy. Moreover, the puppets themselves, after infection, consider themselves truly smart and unshakable. Infected people kill each other like spiders in a jar. After the third nightmare, Rodion is healed. He becomes morally, physically and psychologically free, healed. And he is ready to follow the advice of Porfiry Petrovich, ready to become the “sun”. He thereby approaches the threshold behind which lies a new life.

In this dream, Raskolnikov looks at his theory with completely different eyes, now he sees that it is inhumane, and already regards it as dangerous for the human race, for all of humanity.

Healing

Many writers have used dreams in their works, but few have been able to achieve what F.M. achieved. Dostoevsky. The way he subtly, deeply and at the same time vividly described the psychological state of the character using a dream amazes not only the average person, but also true connoisseurs of literature.

In F. M. Dostoevsky’s novel “Crime and Punishment” there are many symbolic scenes that play an important role in the meaning of the work. A striking example is Raskolnikov’s dreams and their meaning. Through the images that appear to the hero in dreams, important decisions come to him, and the reader more accurately understands the hero’s inner experiences.

Convenient table on Raskolnikov’s dreams

Raskolnikov's dreams occupy an important place in the novel. Each of them is significant for Raskolnikov’s fate. They come in especially vivid states and have a very symbolic meaning. The most convenient way to display the symbolism and meaning of the hero’s dreams is in the “Raskolnikov’s Dreams” table.

Dream		Meaning	Symbolism
Dream about a horse	Rodion's distant childhood. She and her father head to church and pass a tavern. Rodya sees how drunken men brutally beat a small, weak horse, which is harnessed to a very large cart that is disproportionate to it. Rodya wants to intercede for the animal, but before his eyes the horse is killed, beaten to the end with an iron crowbar.	The dream, as it were, prepares Raskolnikov, warns him, says that the planned crime is contrary to the pure soul and positive qualities of the hero.	The church and the tavern are like opposition to life positions, but they are very close to each other. The tavern is the personification of evil and cruelty, drunkenness, which leads to negative consequences. The Church is the personification of the pure and bright principle in man, God. It is no coincidence that a church and a tavern are found not far from each other: this shows that each person is free to choose for himself what principles to live by, and from good to evil there can be only one step.
Dream about Africa	Egypt, oasis, blue water and warm sand.	The thirst of the soul, the desire for the pure and beautiful. The dream occurs on the eve of the murder; the hero can still stop and choose the path of a pure life.	An oasis, blue water, warmth - like purity of motives and way of life in the midst of an ocean of poverty and waste, dirty thoughts and evil plans.
Dream about Ilya Petrovich and the hostess	The dream occurs as if in delirium. In a dream, policeman Ilya Petrovich comes and Rodion allegedly hears him beating the owner of the apartment downstairs.	Rodion's fear of being exposed, caught for his crime. Raskolnikov is afraid that he will be arrested and does nothing to save the mistress.	The scene acts as a compositional double of the murder of the old woman and Lizaveta. Rodion could have stopped himself, come to his senses, but did nothing.
Dream about a laughing old woman	At the call of some person, Raskolnikov comes to the pawnbroker’s apartment and sees her sitting in the corner. The hero tries to deal with the old woman, but he fails, he only hears her laughter. Raskolnikov escapes and finds himself under the gaze of many people who are hiding and silently waiting for what he will do.	The dream symbolizes the inner state of the hero. It’s not for nothing that the dream occurs just before the arrival of Svidrigailov, who confesses that he knows everything. The dream means a complete failure of the experiment on oneself.	Laughter acts as a victory for the old woman - he killed her, but did not win, but lost to her, experiencing pangs of conscience.
Dream about the end of the world	All people are susceptible to a terrible disease. They must die, they are infected with anger and cruelty, they kill each other and spread horror on Earth. Only a select few can survive by bringing light and purity into the world.	Raskolnikov has a dream when he is in hard labor, after all the torment he endured. Next to him is Sonya, who knows how to sympathize and carries all the pain of humanity, purification and suffering. Hard labor and Sonya become for the hero the beginning of a new life and atonement for his terrible sin.	Sleep as a symbol of soul renewal, its purification.

Using this table, you can write an essay on the topic “Raskolnikov’s Dreams”, indicate their meaning and symbolic meaning.

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