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This infectious disease is considered one of the most dangerous and widespread in the Russian Federation. Mycoplasmosis of cattle and pigs is most often diagnosed, but the pathology can also affect birds. The peculiarity of the disease is that its causative agents are microorganisms that lack a cell wall. Because of this feature, mycoplasmosis is poorly treated with traditional antibiotics of previous generations, and therefore requires the use of the latest effective drugs. The lack of timely veterinary intervention is fraught with the development of many complications, leading farms to large economic losses. Mortality can be 10-15% of the total number of sick individuals.

Causes of animal mycoplasmosis

In nature, there are more than 10 types of mycoplasmas - microorganisms similar to bacteria, but differing in structure.

The main causes of the disease include:

• violation of hygiene in the place where animals are kept;
• dampness, high air humidity in the premises;
• decreased immunity of individuals due to poor microclimate and nutrition;
• purchasing an infected individual with hidden clinical manifestations of the disease into the herd (the incubation period of microorganisms reaches 27 days).

Infection occurs aerogenously - through breathing. Young individuals are especially sensitive. Most often, piglets between 3 and 10 weeks of age are affected. Mycoplasmosis in calves usually develops between 15 and 60 days of age.

Symptoms of mycoplasmosis

Among the common manifestations of pathology are:

• inflammation, pain in the knee and wrist joints with the formation of fistulas;
• lameness;
• redness of the eyes;
• apathy, lack of appetite;
• increase in body temperature to 40.1-40.5°C;
• sneezing, mucous discharge from the nose;
• cough, difficulty breathing (more often in piglets).

In adult cows, the disease affects the udder, so the milk becomes yellow, its consistency becomes uneven, and milk yield decreases.

Infection leads to numerous complications:

• in cows - mastitis, endometritis, vulvovaginitis, premature termination of pregnancy, birth of underdeveloped offspring;
• in calves - arthritis, pneumonia, meningitis, rhinitis, conjunctivitis;
• in bulls - epididymitis, orchitis;
• in pigs - pneumonia, respiratory diseases.

If left untreated, cows may develop infertility. Piglets with respiratory complications may die from suffocation.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is made on the basis of external examination, clinical manifestations and laboratory tests of tissues, secretions, aborted or stillborn fetuses. In the laboratory, the PCR method is used to detect the pathogen.

Treatment of mycoplasmosis

The only effective treatment is the use of antibiotics. For mycoplasmosis, drugs of the latest generation are used, since the microorganisms that cause mycoplasmosis develop resistance to traditional antibiotics.

The NITA-FARM company proposes to use a drug for mycoplasmosis - an antibiotic of the latest generation of fluoroquinolones.

• It is based on levofloxacin, a substance belonging to the third generation fluoroquinolones.
• Treatment of a wide range of infections that are resistant to previous generation antibiotics.
• The bioavailability of the drug is 99%.
• Within 2 hours after use it reaches maximum effectiveness, penetrating well into the tissue.
• 100% effectiveness within 24-48 hours.
• Equally effective in the treatment of mycoplasmosis in pigs and cattle.
• One daily injection is enough for a 3-5 day course.
• Within 2 days it is completely eliminated from the body, mainly in the urine.
• Already 48 hours after using the drug, milk can be used for food purposes.

The effectiveness is confirmed by clinical studies and relevant documents. You can order Lexoflon directly from NITA-FARM.

Prevention

Veterinarians and farm workers should follow the following recommendations:

• maintain cleanliness in areas where animals are kept;
• feed calves with milk tested for the absence of mycoplasmas;
• pay special attention to cases of mastitis, rhinitis and check the animal for infection;
• take care of a nutritious diet to improve immunity;
• Avoid stress factors such as increased humidity and temperature changes.

The problem of prevention and treatment of viral diseases of farm animals is relevant, its solution is associated with the development of drugs for these purposes.

One of the ways to solve this problem is the use of endogenous interferonization by introducing interferon inducers into the body. In this case, a state of antiviral protection is initiated, and other mechanisms of specific and nonspecific resistance are simultaneously stimulated.

For the first time in our country, experiments on farm animals to study the effect of interferon inducers (phage dsRNA, polyguacil, tilorone, levamisole) were carried out at the VGNKI of veterinary medicine in the early 1980s. Unfortunately, these studies did not result in the introduction of this new class of drugs into widespread veterinary practice. It was based on both the incompleteness of the technological base for their production and the imperfection of the methodology for their application. However, these studies showed the promise of using interferon inducers for the above purposes.

Research carried out at NIKTI BAV SSC VB "Vector" on the production of natural and synthetic interferon inducers based on double-stranded RNAs made it possible to begin the creation of an antiviral drug obtained by microbiological synthesis from yeast for use in veterinary medicine in both higher and lower vertebrates . The commercial name of the drug is Vestin.

As a result of the work, a technology for producing the drug Vestin, technological documentation was created, and pilot batches of drugs were produced, which made it possible to test the drug in veterinary medicine.

Testing of the drug in mammals was carried out in joint studies with the Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Far Eastern Medicine and with the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the NSAU; in fish, this work was carried out with VNIIPRKh (Virology Sector of the Department of Ichthyopathology).

The data obtained indicated that vestin has all the properties of an interferon inducer in the tested animals.

Therapy of mycoplasmosis and other infections of young cattle using immunostimulants

Therapy for mycoplasmosis in calves

An attempt to solve the problem of prevention and treatment of mycoplasmosis in young cattle with the help of immunostimulants was made by the Laboratory of Young Animal Diseases of the IEVSiDV together with the Department of Surgery and Internal Non-Contagious Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the NSAU.

The purpose of the work was to improve treatment regimens for bovine mycoplasmosis. The experiments were carried out on the basis of the MTF OPH "Elitnoye" of the Novosibirsk district of the Novosibirsk region. The clinical picture of mycoplasmosis was assessed based on observations using the generally accepted method on 20 sick calves 30 - 60 days of age. Groups of calves for research were formed taking into account the severity of clinical signs of the disease, 5 animals each. Serological tests for the presence of mycoplasma antibodies were carried out at the Russian Republican State Academy. In parallel with treatment, hematological studies were carried out, hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes and leukocytes were determined, followed by the determination of the leukocyte formula. Treatment was carried out with the long-acting antibiotic levotetrasulfine (LTS) in combination with the interferon inducer vestin (ridostin) (VR) and the cytokine TNF-a (alnorin) (FA).

Treatment regimens for mycoplasmosis are presented by group (Table 1). Treatment of animal mycoplasmosis is relatively poorly developed and ineffective. The solution to the problem can be complex using tetracycline antibiotics in combination with stimulators of nonspecific resistance.

Table 1. Treatment regimens for mycoplasmosis in young cattle in complex therapy using immunostimulants

* — IM — intramuscular injection

Clinical symptoms were observed in calves 30 - 60 days old. Sick animals were observed to have cough, diarrhea, sometimes alternating with constipation, and damage to the joints of the hind or forelimbs. On palpation, the joints are enlarged, hard, slightly painful, and their local temperature is increased. During puncture, a cloudy liquid with an unpleasant odor is released from the joint. The body temperature of animals is increased to 40 - 40.5 °C. A serological study of blood serum from 8 sick calves revealed a positive reaction with antigens (M. alcalescens and M. agalactiae) in a titer of 1:1280. Previously, outbreaks of mycoplasmosis in calves were noted on this farm, confirmed by bacteriological methods of culture isolation.

The treatment results obtained using the above therapeutic regimens are given in Table. 2.

Table 2. Indicators of hematological studies in calves affected by mycoplasmosis before and after complex treatment using immunomodulators

Indicators | Treatment regimen and group of calves (n=5)|

P/I - band, s/I - segmented neutrophils

As the observation results presented in table show. 14, selecting equivalent groups of sick analogue calves is an extremely difficult task. Therefore, the selected groups were unequal in hematological parameters. In all groups, anemia and significant erythrocytosis were observed, apparently caused by mycoplasmosis and concomitant diarrhea in calves of all groups. As is known, mycoplasmas are localized in erythrocytes, blood plasma, neutrophils, and mononuclear cells.

Based on clinical observations and laboratory studies, it has been established that the most effective treatment regimen for calf mycoplasmosis is a combination of the long-acting antibiotic levotetrasulfine with the immunomodulators Vestine and TNF-a. When treating animals according to this scheme, the recovery period was reduced by 1.5-2 times.

Prevention of rhinovirus infection in calves

The use of vestin (ridostin) in cattle was tested in JSC "Kirzinskoye" of the Ordynsky district of the Novosibirsk region against rhinovirus infection of calves. Rhinovirus infection was confirmed on the farm using both clinical methods and diagnostics. The doses of the drug used in the prophylactic regimen were 0.1 - 0.5 mg/kg of animal weight, and its effectiveness reached 80%, while in the treatment regimen the effectiveness was lower - 50%.

Therapeutic and prophylactic effectiveness of individual immunomodulators for calf dyspepsia

The work was carried out at the Department of Pharmacology and General Pathology of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the NSAU (scientific supervisor - Prof., Doctor of Veterinary Sciences G. A. Nozdrin).

In recent years, the problem of mixed bacterial and viral infections in animals, occurring mainly against the background of immunodeficiency, has increasingly arisen in veterinary medicine. This requires the use of drugs that have immunomodulatory and antiviral effects.

With a simple form of dyspepsia, a decrease in the immunological status was found in calves. For calf dyspepsia caused by this form of infection, a complex of drugs was used: Vestin intramuscularly at 8 mg per head once a day, 3 days in a row, and Vetom 1.1 at 75 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 days. As a result of this therapy, the disease proceeded in a milder form, and the duration of treatment, compared with analogues from the control, was reduced by 2 - 3 and 1 - 2 days, respectively, with 100% effectiveness. In the control group, the effectiveness of treatment was 71.4%.

Thus, the inclusion of immunomodulatory agents in the treatment regimen for calves with dyspepsia shortened the duration of the disease and increased the effectiveness of therapy, due to an increase in the level of nonspecific resistance and mobilization of the physiological capabilities of the animal’s body.

The drug vestin (ridostin) is an etiotropic antiviral agent for emergency prevention and effective therapy in a wide range of vertebrates: mammals, birds, fish.

The drug is able to suppress viruses of different families.

The drug can be used in both preventive and therapeutic regimens in agricultural, domestic and laboratory animals using various routes of administration.

The drug has immunomodulatory properties: it can increase the effectiveness of antiviral and antibacterial vaccines, stimulate recovery processes and nonspecific resistance in immunodeficiency states, and activate the processes of growth and development of animals.

Effective doses of the drug have been determined and optimal regimens for its use in young cattle have been developed:

for the treatment of associated diarrhea of ​​viral and bacterial origin, vestin is used in a dose of 8 mg per animal, intramuscularly, once a day, 3 days in a row, together with probiotics: subalin, Vetom 1.1, bacterin-SL, etc.;

for the treatment of mycoplasmosis in calves, Vestin is used at the rate of 0.06 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, intramuscularly, together with levotetrasulfine at a dose of 0.4 ml/kg, once a day; treatment is repeated after 15 days;

For the prevention and treatment of rhinovirus infection in calves, Vestin is used at the rate of 0.1 - 0.5 mg per 1 kg of animal weight, intramuscularly, twice every 3 days.

Enzootic pneumonia is caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. It is widespread in swine populations and is present endemically in most herds around the world. It is transmitted either through contact between sick and healthy pigs, or by air over a distance of up to 2.5-3 km, if climatic conditions permit.

The bacterium quickly dies in the external environment, especially when dried. In humid conditions it lasts for two to three days. The incubation period ranges from two to eight weeks. Under good conditions and management, the course of the disease without complications does not pose a threat to the body.

However, mycoplasmosis can have more serious consequences in the presence of diseases such as actinobacillus pleuropneumonia (APP), pasteurellosis, hemophilosis, PRRS or influenza. Mycoplasmosis always affects the apical and cardiac lobes, sometimes the accessory or middle part of the diaphragmatic lobe, causing an increase in the density of the lung tissue up to the soft tissue and liver.

If more than 15% of the lungs are affected, then it is very likely that mycoplasmosis is present in the population. In herds free from M. hyopneumoniae, the number of affected lungs ranges from 1 to 2% and the volume of compacted tissue is very small.

If mycoplasmosis is absent, then the effects caused by other pathogenic microorganisms are greatly reduced. Therefore, it is believed that M. hyopneumoniae opens the gates of infection for other diseases.

Clinical symptoms

Acute form

The acute form can usually be observed when M. hyopneumoniae is first introduced into a herd. Between six and eight weeks after infection, severe acute pneumonia, cough, respiratory failure, fever, and high mortality occur in all age groups. This clinical form is extremely rare and is often complicated by other pathogens.

Chronic form

Under normal conditions, the pathogen can persist in the herd for a long period. Maternal antibodies are passed through colostrum to the piglets and they develop colostral immunity, which lasts from seven to twelve weeks, after which clinical symptoms begin to appear. The disease is accompanied by a long, incessant cough, some animals have difficulty breathing and signs of pneumonia appear.

Diagnostics

In most cases, the diagnosis is based on the clinical picture and post-mortem diagnosis of the lungs in pigs.

For laboratory confirmation, one or more studies are carried out: ELISA test, histological examination of stained lung preparations, complement fixation reaction, polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay or isolation of a pure culture of the pathogen.

Slight compaction of the anterior lobes of the lungs can be caused by other pathogens, such as influenza, PRRS, hemophilia, some viruses or other mycoplasmas.

Treatment

In disadvantaged farms, treatment should be based on the following principles:

• separate keeping of animals aged from 10 to 20 weeks;
• antibiotic therapy (lincomycin, tetracycline, tiamulin, tylosin);
• culling of seriously ill animals;
• symptomatic therapy.

Antibiotics only prevent the development of clinical signs, but do not free the animal’s body from the pathogen.

Prevention and management

The basis for the prevention and recovery of mycoplasmosis is vaccination of piglets.

For mycoplasmosis-free farms

The main place in disease prevention is given to veterinary, sanitary and zoohygienic measures. Pigs for farm stocking should be purchased only from safe farms, quarantined after import and carefully examined to identify mycoplasma carriers.

It is necessary to create optimal housing and feeding conditions, observe pig breeding cycles, stocking density standards, and carry out technological sanitary breaks when housing animals.

The increase in incidence is associated with:

• excessive density of animals in pens and premises;
• temperature changes and drafts;
• hypothermia;
• high environmental humidity;
• high levels of carbon dioxide and ammonia indoors;
• poor sanitation;
• high dust content in the air;
• moving and mixing pigs, stress;
• lack of feeding places;
• poor quality or inadequate feeding;
• sudden change in diet;
• less than 3 cubic meters of air space and 0.7 square meters. metro area on the head;
• lack of air circulation in the room;
• the presence of diseases such as PRRS, Aujeszky's disease, APP, influenza.

To control mycoplasmosis and respiratory diseases in disadvantaged farms:

• vaccination;
• optimization of the number of animals in pens and premises;
• strict control over sanitation and hygiene in the premises;
• control of dust in premises, optimization of feed grinding to reduce it;
• ventilation optimization;
• do not allow mixing and simultaneous keeping of pigs of different age groups;
• strict adherence to the “empty-occupied” technology and implementation of a technological gap.

Mycoplasmosis is a contagious animal disease characterized by damage to the upper respiratory tract, serous-catarrhal inflammation of the lungs, serous integument, keratoconjunctivitis, arthritis in young animals, abortions in pregnant animals, endometritis, mastitis and the birth of a dead, non-viable offspring.

Historical reference

The first report of widespread pneumonia in cattle was made in 1699 and belongs to J. Valentini. The infectious nature of contagious pleuropneumonia was established in 1765, and in pigs the causative agent of this disease was identified in 1903 by W. Grips.

Spread of the disease

Animal mycoplasmosis is recorded on all continents of the globe. It is also registered in the Republic of Belarus.

Economic damage

The economic damage caused by this disease consists of mortality, forced slaughter, loss of live weight, offspring, quality of the resulting products, costs of treatment, prevention and its elimination.

Etiology

The causative agent of the disease is mycoplasmas belonging to the family Mycoplasmataceae, the genus Mycoplasma, species that cause corresponding diseases in animals: M. bovis (pneumoarthritis of cattle), M. bovoculi (keratoconjunctivitis), M. ovipneumoniae (mycoplasma pneumonia of sheep); M. suipneumoniae, M. hyopneumoniae (enzootic pneumonia of pigs); M. hyorhinis M. hyosynoviae M. granularum M. hyoaptrinosa (porcine polyserasitis and polyarthritis); M. mycoides (contagious pleuropneumonia of cattle, infectious pleuropneumonia of goats); M. agalactiae (infectious agalactia of sheep and goats). Mycoplasmas belonging to the genus Ureaplasma and the species U. diversum cause ureaplasmosis in cattle. The causative agents of mycoplasmosis, belonging to the family Acholeplasmataceae, the genus Acholeplasma and the species A. granularum and A. Laidlawii, cause polyserositis and polyarthritis in pigs.

For the cultivation of mycoplasmas, cell-free (modified Edward's medium) and cellular (RKE, primary cultures) media are used. Mycoplasmas are resistant to low temperatures and can be stored for up to a year when frozen. Sunlight and air drying kill mycoplasmas within 4-5 hours. They survive in rotting material for up to 9 days. Freeze-dried mycoplasmas are virulent for over 5 years. At high temperatures, the pathogen is quickly inactivated. Mycoplasmas are sensitive to the effects of antibiotics and sulfonamides. Conventional disinfectants in generally accepted concentrations quickly and reliably neutralize the pathogen on environmental objects.

Epizootological data

Animals of all ages are susceptible to mycoplasmosis, but young animals are more sensitive. The source of the causative agent of mycoplasmosis infection are sick and recovered animals, in whose bodies mycoplasmas can persist for up to 13-15 months.

The pathogen is released into the external environment through discharge from the nose, eyes, mucus when coughing, with milk, urine and other secretions. Transmission factors are feed, water, bedding, care items, etc. contaminated with mycoplasmas. Infection occurs through airborne droplets, nutritional means, contact routes, and also in utero.

There is no pronounced seasonality in mycoplasmosis, but the greatest number of cases of the disease occurs in the autumn-winter period. The disease is characterized by stationarity, which is explained by a long period of carriage of the pathogen in the body of recovered animals (infection of the herd persists for years). The disease occurs in the form of enzootic outbreaks. The breadth of distribution, the intensity of the epizootic process and the severity of the disease are significantly influenced by the microclimate of the premises, the conditions of feeding and keeping animals.

Course and symptoms of the disease

For pneumoarthritis in cattle, the incubation period is 7-26 days. Calves get sick from the first days of life. They experience decreased appetite, depression of general condition, serous and then mucous discharge from the nose, increased body temperature up to 40.5 ° C and cough. As the disease progresses, the general condition sharply worsens, profuse mucopurulent discharge from the nose appears, rapid, shallow breathing, frequent and wet cough, and wheezing in the lungs is heard on auscultation. Many sick calves show signs of damage to the vestibular apparatus: they tilt their heads to one side or the other and make manege movements. After 20 days, polyarthritis develops. Sick calves develop lameness, stiffness and limited movement. The affected joints are swollen and hot. In cows with this disease, the udder is affected. It becomes swollen, hot, painful. The milk turns yellowish and contains flakes. Milk yields are declining sharply.

In some calves, mycoplasmosis may manifest as keratoconjunctivitis. At the same time, sick animals show anxiety and photophobia. Often calves have their eyes closed. Subsequently, the conjunctiva becomes red, lacrimation appears, the reaction to light increases sharply and inflammation spreads to the cornea, causing keratitis. The cornea becomes cloudy and takes on a gray tint. A red ring forms around it, after which blindness occurs.

The main symptom of genital mycoplasmosis (ureaplasmosis) in cows is the discharge of purulent exudate from the vagina, which dries on the tail hair in the form of crusts and scales. The mucous membrane is hyperemic, a large number of small bright red nodules are revealed on its surface, as a result of which it becomes rough. In pigs, ureaplasmosis is manifested by massive infertility of sows and abortions, which are recorded in the first 1.5 months of pregnancy. When sows are artificially inseminated with sperm infected with ureaplasma, infertility reaches 100%. The number of stillborn piglets in the litter is 1-2%, and their death before weaning is 10-11%. In infected sows inseminated with the sperm of healthy boars, infertility rates range from 20 to 25%, the number of stillborn piglets reaches up to 0.4%, and death from birth to weaning is 5%. Often the sexual cycle increases from 30 to 120 days.

For mycoplasma arthritis and polyserositis, the incubation period lasts 3-10 days. The disease occurs acutely and chronically. Acute in piglets 3-10 weeks of age. They experience increased body temperature, loss of appetite, inactivity, increased sensitivity in the abdominal area, and difficulty breathing. Two weeks after the first signs of the disease appear, swelling of the joints and lameness are detected.

In piglets older than three months, the disease occurs suddenly and manifests itself as lameness. Body temperature is usually within the physiological norm. Several joints of different limbs are involved in the pathological process. In the area of ​​the affected joint, the skin is swollen, the piglets are depressed, the appetite is reduced and, as a result, the gain in live weight decreases. Clinical signs of joint damage are not always clearly expressed. In these cases, animals often change body position, take an unnatural pose, or stand motionless for a long time. Sometimes piglets stand on their wrist joints and have difficulty getting up.

For respiratory mycoplasmosis in pigs, the incubation period lasts from 7 to 30 days. Body temperature can rise to 40.1 -40.5 ° C, then the general condition and appetite worsen. Piglets experience sneezing, mucous discharge from the nose, and coughing - initially dry and rare, and then in the form of prolonged attacks. Breathing is increased to 70-80 movements per minute. The cough is especially worse in the morning when getting up or when moving animals.

When the main pathological process is complicated by bacterial microflora in piglets, the disease is more severe. Breathing becomes difficult, appetite is reduced, exhaustion is noted, the mucous membranes are cyanotic. At the final stage of the disease, piglets experience severe shortness of breath; they sit on the back of the body and try to exhale air from collapsed, inelastic, chronically inflamed lungs with abdominal blows.

In sheep, mycoplasma pneumonia begins in the first weeks of life and manifests itself in the form of mild wheezing, which is detected only by auscultation of the chest. Then a wet cough and serous-mucous discharge from the nose appear. With infectious agalactia of sheep and goats, fever, depression, and loss of appetite are observed. Subsequently, mastitis develops (more often - one lobe of the udder). Subsequently, with a decrease in milk production, complications develop - damage to the joints and eyes is noted. In cases of recovery, the original milk production is not restored.

Pathological changes

When autopsying dead animals, in most cases, hyperemia of the mucous membranes of the nasal cavity is detected. In the initial or latent period of the disease, multiple bronchopneumonic foci are found in the lungs (usually in the apical lobes) in the middle and main lobes. Such lobular lesions have a gray or gray-red color with a dense consistency when cut. Interlobular and interlobular connective tissue are gray-white strands that divide the lung parenchyma into lobules and lobes. Mucopurulent exudate is released from the bronchi of the lungs. The walls of the bronchi are thickened and gray in color. The mediastinal and bronchial, and often the prescapular, submandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes are enlarged and hyperemic. After complications of the mycoplasma process with secondary bacterial microflora, necrotic foci are found in the lungs. Regional lymph nodes on the incision are swollen and hyperemic, with necrotic foci. The kidneys are slightly increased in volume, the border between the cortex and medulla is smoothed, and hemorrhages are sometimes observed. Dystrophic changes are observed in the liver and kidneys. The spleen is slightly swollen.

When the eyes are affected in animals, hyperemia and swelling of the conjunctiva, injection of blood vessels, clouding and roughness of the cornea are noted. When the mammary gland is affected, the consistency of the parenchyma is dense, and there is a proliferation of connective tissue in the interlobular spaces. Abscesses are possible.

In cows with damage to the genital organs, swelling of the uterine mucosa, thickening of the oviduct and accumulation of serous or serous-purulent exudate in their lumen, catarrhal-purulent endometritis and salpingitis are noted, and in bulls - vesiculitis and epididymitis.

In pigs during the acute course of the disease, serous-fibrinous pericarditis, pleurisy and peritonitis are noted. Changes in the joints are characterized by swelling and hyperemia of the synovial membranes with a large accumulation of synovial fluid. In the subacute period, changes are mainly localized in the serous membranes. The synovial membrane loses its luster, thickens and hypertrophies, and the synovial fluid becomes thicker. In the chronic course of the disease, organized fibrinous foci of adhesion are detected on the pleura and pericardium. The synovial membrane of the joints is sharply thickened and hyperemic, and some areas are covered with fibrinous masses. The volume of synovial FLUID is increased, sometimes with an admixture of fibrin. The joint capsules are thickened, and contractures are sometimes observed.

Diagnostics

The diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is made comprehensively, taking into account epidemiological data, clinical signs, pathological changes, results of bacteriological and serological studies.

For research, bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes, pieces of affected lungs (at the border of healthy and diseased tissue), spleen, liver, brain, aborted fetuses, stillborn fetuses (or their organs), unopened affected joints, and milk for mastitis are sent to the laboratory. For inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, nasal mucus and nasal washes can be examined.

Pathological material is selected no later than 2-4 hours after the diagnostic slaughter or death of the animal and sent to the laboratory in a frozen thermos with ice. The material must be obtained from an animal that has not been treated. For intravital diagnostics, paired blood serum samples can be taken (the first sample at the onset of the disease, again after 14-20 days).

In the laboratory, microscopy of fingerprint smears, inoculation on nutrient media, identification of isolated cultures by cultural and biochemical properties, as well as on the basis of serological properties are carried out (for this, RA, RNGA, RSK and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent method are used). The diagnosis is considered established when a culture of the pathogen is isolated from the primary pathological material and its identification; when the antibody titer increases 4 times or more in paired blood serum samples.

Differential diagnosis

In cattle, mycoplasmosis should be differentiated from RTI, PG-3, respiratory syncytial infection, viral diarrhea, adenoviral infection, chlamydia, pasteurellosis, leptospirosis, brucellosis.

In pigs - from hemophilus polyserositis, hemophilus pleuropneumonia, erysipelas, influenza, chlamydia, salmonellosis, brucellosis, leptospirosis, classical swine fever. In sheep - from erysipelas and staphylococcal polyarthritis, pasteurellosis, adenomatosis.

Differentiation of diseases is carried out on the basis of epizootic data, clinical signs, pathological changes, but the main method is laboratory (results of virological, serological and bacteriological studies).

Specific treatments for animals with mycoplasmosis, developed to date, do not have a pronounced therapeutic effect, so intensive work is being done to improve them. For therapeutic purposes, you can use convalescent serum, which is produced on the farm where the disease occurred.

Treatment should be comprehensive and include etiotropic, pathogenetic, symptomatic and dietary therapies. The greatest therapeutic effect can be obtained in the initial stages of an animal’s disease. During this period, drugs to which mycoplasmas are sensitive are used: tylanic, fradiazine, chloramphenixol, chloramphenixol, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, macrolides, tiamulin, chlortetracycline, enroflon, spelink, colivet, gellimycin, tetravet, tilar, spectam, biomutin, etc. It should be borne in mind that that these drugs do not destroy mycoplasmas located inside the cells of the body, so some animals, after treatment, become mycoplasma carriers.

The therapeutic effectiveness of antibiotics increases markedly when they are used in the form of complex forms of prolonged action on a polymer basis. For example, when prescribing dibiomycin in combination with polyethylene glycol or trivitamin. For respiratory mycoplasmosis, a positive therapeutic effect is obtained with aerosol use of drugs. Aerosol generators (SAG, VAU-1) are placed in a room or a special treatment chamber at the rate of one device per 200-250 m 3 area or 550-650 m 3 room volume. They are hung at a height of 80-120 cm<>t floor level. The generator operates using a compressor that supplies compressed air under a pressure of 4-4.5 atm. The duration of the inhalation session is 30-60 minutes. The full course of treatment with aerosols of antibiotics and sulfonamides with daily treatment should be 7-10 days or more, depending on the severity of the pathological process and the clinical condition of the animals.

Internally in a group method you can use: Terravitin-500 20-40 mg/kg of animal weight 2 times a day, trimerazin 1.0 per 15 kg of live weight 2 times a day, Biovit-120 3-5 g per animal 1 time per day day, ascorbic acid 1 ml per animal once a day. Vetdipasfen 1.5-2 g and aspirin 1.0 g per animal twice a day, ascorbic acid 1.0 g once a day. The course of treatment is 6-7 days.

To treat sick calves, use a mixture consisting of a 40% glucose solution - 300 ml, 96% rectified alcohol - 300 ml, distilled water - 600 ml, soluble norsulfazole - 40 g. Intravenously, 50-60 ml of solution per animal Once a day for 3 days in a row. On the 4th day of illness after administration of the first composition, the following composition is used: 10% calcium chloride solution - 15 ml, 40% glucose solution - 25 ml, 40% hexamethylenetetraamine solution - 10 ml, 20% solution caffeine sodium benzoate - 2-3 ml. Intravenously, once a day, course of treatment is 4 days.

For young animals of all types of animals, you can use a mixture consisting of 96% rectified alcohol - 75 ml, physiological solution - 250 ml, glucose powder - 25 g, sulfacamphocaine - 6-8 ml. Intravenously, at the rate of 0.5 ml per 1 kg of live weight, 1 time per day. The course of treatment is 5 days.

To restore respiratory function, improve air exchange, liquefy and facilitate the removal of exudate from the bronchi, expectorants are used internally along with chemotherapeutic agents: ammonium chloride, antimony trisulphide, terpene hydrate, potassium iodide, sodium bicarbonate, sulfur. Herbal remedies include anise seed, cumin seed, dill seed, plantain leaf, thermopsis herb, etc.

To maintain cardiac activity, stimulate the central nervous system and respiratory center when the body's condition worsens and breathing is weakened, caffeine preparations are used.

To increase the general resistance and inflammation of consumed biologically active substances until recovery, Eleutherococcus extract, dibazol, vitamins B12, C, nonspecific globulin, phosphatide concentrates (sunflower or soybean) are used internally. To combat secondary dysbacteriosis, preparations of living beneficial symbiotic microorganisms are used: acidophylline, propiovit, bifidum SCG.

Throughout the entire course of treatment, sick animals are prescribed complete dietary feeding (individual or group). The slaughter of animals undergoing intensive care is permitted no earlier than 7 days after the last use of non-extended antibiotics and 25-30 days (depending on the drug) after the use of prolonged antibiotics.

Specific prevention

To carry out specific prophylaxis in pigs, the RESPISHA R vaccine is used (used for immunization of piglets). The biological product is used intramuscularly in a dose of 2 ml for the first time - from the 3rd to the 14th day of life, the second time - after 2-4 weeks. In the Republic of Belarus, the following are used: Porcilbs M (ProSystem M), Porcilis BPM (ProSystem BPM) from the Intervet company, the RespiSure vaccine from Pfizer and the vaccine against respiratory mycoplasmosis of pigs produced by the Republican Unitary Enterprise "Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine named after S. M. Vyshelessky".

Measures to prevent and eliminate the disease

The technological process on farms and complexes is carried out according to the principle of closed enterprises with the mandatory functioning of a sanitary checkpoint and a disinfection barrier at the entrance to their territory. When filling rooms and sectors with animals, the principle “everything is free - everything is occupied” should be strictly adhered to. After the premises are vacated, mandatory disinfection and a technological break from their use are carried out for 8-10 days.

Animals for stocking herds should only be imported from farms that are free from mycoplasmosis. Newly imported animals must be quarantined for 30 days before being placed into the main herd. During this time, careful clinical monitoring of their health, especially the respiratory system, is carried out. Do not allow animals of different species to be kept together, and also limit their contact with domestic and wild birds as much as possible.

All imported animals are subject to quarantine and tested serologically for the presence of mycoplasma-carrying animals. Measures are taken to destroy insects that are mechanical carriers of mycoplasmas.

In mycoplasmosis-free farms, it is necessary to observe the cyclical breeding of pigs, standard stocking density, ensure the functioning of each section according to the principle “everything is free - everything is occupied” and carry out technological sanitary breaks when housing animals.

After a diagnosis of mycoplasmosis is made, the farm is declared unsafe and restrictions are introduced. According to the terms of the restriction, it is prohibited: the removal of sick animals outside the unfavorable point, with the exception of export to a meat processing plant; importation of susceptible animals into the territory of an unfavorable point; removal of slaughter products contaminated with the pathogen in an undisinfected form; removal of contaminated feed from a problem farm; regrouping of animals without the knowledge of veterinary specialists.

Conduct a clinical examination of the entire livestock. Sick animals are isolated and treated, and those who have had contact with them are treated with antibacterial agents. If the disease is widespread, it is allowed to replace the breeding stock with new ones imported from a prosperous farm. Manure and litter are disinfected using the biothermal method. To disinfect livestock premises, walking areas, and pens, use 4% solutions of sodium hydroxide, formaldehyde, chloramine, 3% phenosmolin solution with an exposure of 3-4 hours, and a solution of bleach containing 3% active chlorine.

Forced slaughter of sick animals is carried out only in a sanitary slaughterhouse. Carcasses and other products obtained from the slaughter of animals, if they have no pathological changes, are sent for industrial processing, and those that have been changed are sent for disposal. Milk from seronegative animals is used without restrictions; milk from aborted and seropositive cows must be boiled. Deratization is carried out in all rooms, since mouse-like rodents are carriers of the pathogen. Restrictions from an unfavorable point (farm, complex) are lifted 60 days after the last case of recovery or death of the animal and the final disinfection.

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8.4. Mycoplasma mastitis

Pathogen – Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma agalactiae var. bovis (M. bovimastitidis) belong to the genus Mycoplasma.

In sick cows, the udder lobes are hard and swollen, and milk production is sharply reduced. When settling, milk quickly separates into two fractions: liquid and dense. The general condition of the cows is satisfactory.

Mycoplasma mastitis is difficult to treat. In some animals, the disease lasts for one year or more, and mycoplasmas are systematically found in milk, joints, blood, internal organs, and even in aborted fetuses.

Cows from the herd suffering from mastitis must be isolated and assigned to separate staff.

8.5. Mycoplasma arthritis of calves

Pathogen – Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, Mycoplasma agalactiae var. bovis (M. bovimastitidis), Mycoplasma bovirhinis, mycoplasma bovis belong to the genus Mycoplasma.

Clinically, the disease is manifested by a stiff gait, lameness, loss of appetite, fever, enlargement of the wrist, hip and knee joints.

It is believed that arthritis may be the main systemic manifestation of mycoplasma mastitis in dairy cattle, and that young non-lactating animals subsequently become ill.

Arthritis in animals is associated with respiratory diseases and most often occurs against a background of stress.

8.6. Mycoplasma conjunctivitis of cattle

The causative agent – ​​Mycoplasma bovirhinis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma oculli belong to the genus Mycoplasma.

Many diseases caused by mycoplasmas are often accompanied by keratitis and keratoconjunctivitis: mastitis and arthritis of cattle.

8.7. Immunity against mycoplasmosis in cattle

After recovering from the disease and vaccination, animals acquire active immunity.

Mycoplasma infections are latent, or chronic infections; however, infected organisms typically exhibit symptoms of immunodeficiency. In the mammalian body, mycoplasmas, like other infectious agents, trigger specific and nonspecific immune reactions. The results of studies of the characteristics of the reaction of immunocompetent cells to mycoplasma infections indicate that the interaction of mycoplasmas with the mammalian immune system can lead to immunopathology associated with nonspecific stimulation or suppression of immunocytes, as well as autoimmune reactions as a result of a breakdown in tolerance to the host’s own antigens.

The characteristic morphological features of mycoplasmas, their miniature size and plasticity allow them to penetrate the crypts of the plasma membranes of infected cells. This localization provides mycoplasmas with mechanical protection from phagocytes. Therefore, mycoplasmas are either not phagocytosed at all, or phagocytosis is ineffective, including due to a lack of specific antibodies or complement.

8.8. Selection of pathological material for the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in cattle, diagnosis and treatment

♦ blood concentrated with 6% EDTA (Trilon B), 1/20 by volume;

♦ blood serum;

♦ discharge and washings from the nasal cavity, conjunctiva, genitals, sperm, breast secretions;

♦ pieces of parenchymal organs, trachea, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity;

♦ synovial fluid of joints;

♦ fecal samples.

Samples are placed in a thermos with ice and delivered to the laboratory.

Based on data from the epizootic situation on the farm, a clinical study of the farm’s livestock, post-mortem examinations and laboratory studies:

1. Isolation of the pathogen on special serum media.

2. Detection of a specific antigen in pathological material using serological reactions (RDP, ELISA).

3. Detection of antibodies in the blood serum of sick animals (RSC, RNGA, ELISA).

Mycoplasmas are sensitive to antibiotics: dioxociline, monocycline, erythromycin, roxithromycin, azithromycin, etc. (Table 27).

You need to know that antibiotic therapy for mycoplasmosis leads to clinical well-being, but is not necessarily associated with the removal of the pathogen from the body, and often only contributes to the transition of the acute form of the disease to the latent one. Persistent mycoplasmas can become active again under the influence of factors that weaken the body’s immune status. In addition, mycoplasmas quickly acquire resistance to antibacterial agents.

Mycoplasmas are absolutely insensitive to cephalosporins, penicillin, ampicillin, rimfapin, polymyxin, glycopeptides, and sulfonamides.

8.9. Prevention

Table 27 - Minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics effective against mycoplasmas.

To prevent the introduction of infection, it is necessary to comply with the entire range of organizational, economic, zoohygienic, and veterinary measures at the enterprise.

For specific prevention, a vaccine has been developed from the attenuated MA strain - VNIIVViM.

9. Immunocorrection for ARVI, chlamydia and bovine mycoplasmosis

When the body is infected with bovine ARVI pathogens, a protective role is played by specific and nonspecific humoral and cellular immunity factors associated with the participation of antibodies, macrophages, lymphocytes and leukocytes, and interferon. It should be taken into account that bovine ARVI often occurs with lifelong persistence of the pathogen with periodic exacerbations of the disease and remissions, and is a secondary immunodeficiency state.

Virus-neutralizing antibodies, whose activity is enhanced in the presence of complement, play a more important role in antiviral immunity and persist for a longer time than complement-binding antibodies. The mechanism of action of antibodies on infected cells is associated with inhibition of the release of the virus into the environment. In bovine ARVI, the formation of virus-antibody complexes is observed.

The pathogenetic role of immune complexes is associated with their possible participation in the development of immunopathological damaging changes in the body and with the influence on the functions of various effector cells. It is possible that in case of recurrent bovine ARVI, the ineffectiveness of serum antiviral antibodies is associated with the formation of similar infectious virus-antibody complexes. Antibodies can lyse infected cells in combination with complement T-lymphocytes and macrophages.

Thus, during ARVI in cattle, the synthesis of a wide range of antibodies, represented by IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, is observed. The leading role in immunity is played by antibodies against the envelope antigens of the virus and membrane virus-specific antigens of infected cells.

In case of rota-coronavirus infection, it has been established that the presence of antibodies in the blood serum does not play a significant role in providing protection against infection. In newborn animals, antibodies obtained from milk play a protective role. Antibodies to rota-coronaviruses are detected in relatively high titers in colostrum immediately after birth, but their amount in milk quickly decreases within the first day, and after 4–6 days they are not detected at all.

The mechanism of immunity in chlamydia has not yet been fully revealed, however, there are features - post-infectious immunity is not developed. If infection occurs in the embryonic period, then after birth the calves lose the ability to produce antibodies against chlamydia. This is a special type of immunological reactivity - immunological tolerance, which is also observed in cattle VD.

With a long course of chlamydial infection, the immunogenic activity of the macroorganism is disrupted, which is expressed by a sharp decrease in the number of T-lymphocytes in blasts. Such disorders in the immune system lead to the development of immunodeficiency syndrome.

After contracting mycoplasmosis, animals acquire active immunity.

Mycoplasma infections are latent, or chronic infections; however, infected organisms typically exhibit symptoms of immunodeficiency. In the mammalian body, mycoplasmas, like other infectious agents, trigger specific and nonspecific immune reactions. The results of studies of the characteristics of the reaction of immunocompetent cells to mycoplasma infections indicate that the interaction of mycoplasmas with the immune system of mammals can lead to immunopathology associated with nonspecific stimulation or inhibition of immunocytes, as well as to autoimmune reactions as a result of a breakdown in tolerance to the host’s own antigens.

The characteristic morphological features of mycoplasmas, their miniature size and plasticity allow them to penetrate the crypts of the plasma membranes of infected cells. This localization provides mycoplasmas with mechanical protection from phagocytes. Therefore, mycoplasmas are either not phagocytosed at all, or phagocytosis is ineffective, including due to a lack of specific antibodies or complement

For the prevention and treatment of ARVI, chlamydia and bovine mycoplasmosis, immunocorrection plays an important role. Immunocorrection suggests the use of pharmacological agents to increase the functional activity of the immune system. It can increase or decrease the level of the immune response. Specific immunocorrection is limited to the action of one antigen, while nonspecific immunocorrection causes more general changes in the immune response.

Immunomodulators are divided into four groups - biological substances, drugs derived from microbes, synthetic and herbal.

Currently, the biological activity of the main thymus hormones, which stimulate the T-cell activity of the immune system, has been well studied. This group of drugs includes thymosin, thymopoietin, thymulin.

Opioid peptides synthesized by the pituitary gland (endorphins) and adrenal glands (encephalins) also have a stimulating effect on lymphocyte function. They maintain the level of the immune response by promoting T- and B-cell correction. Endophins and encephalins, together with andrenocorticotropic hormones, reduce the body's stress response.

Not only the antiviral, but also the immunomodulatory effect of interferon is well known. Interferon modulates the activity of cells of the immune system by activating macrophages and biostimulating T cells.

Mixoferon is a mixture of genetically engineered alpha interferons obtained by microbiological synthesis. The drug has high immunomodulatory and antiviral properties - priming interferonogenesis, activation of macophages and natural killer cells, imparting antiviral status to cells and viral replication.

Synthetic polynucleotides with antiviral and immunomodulatory properties include drugs such as immunofan, ribotan, ligaverin, polyxidonium, which are used according to the attached instructions.

Adaptogens are widely used in the practice of health-improving measures for acute respiratory infections in cattle. Adaptogens are a group of substances, mainly of plant origin, that increase the resistance of the animal body, stimulate the synthesis of a number of endogenous biostimulants that activate the immune system and have an antiviral effect (Erocond, Vivaton, Vidor, Vitadaptin, Germivit, Guvitan-S).

Interest in immunostimulating therapy has increased sharply in recent years and is associated primarily with solving problems of infectious pathology. Research in this area allows for a new approach to the selective modulation of certain links, and serves as a theoretical basis for the development of drugs with selective action.

Based on experimental data and results obtained from the use of the drugs Mixoferon, Erocond, Vivaton, Vidor, Vitadaptin Guvitan-S and the feed additive Germivit, schemes for their use were developed on farms in the Sverdlovsk Region, the Udmurt Republic, and the Komi Republic for preventive and therapeutic purposes.

Thus, active immunization of mother cows against bovine acute respiratory infections against the background of the introduction of the above-mentioned immunomodulators and feed additives promotes the accumulation of specific antibodies in colostrum and their subsequent transmission to their offspring, which prevents outbreaks of bovine acute respiratory infections among newborn calves. Immunocorrection of pregnant cows with these drugs reduces the number of complications during pregnancy and childbirth (stillbirth, abortion, endometritis) by 3.8–9.2 times, which serves as the basis for a possible increase in the efficiency of insemination of cattle with their help.

Treatment of young animals with immunomodulators in combination with the use of feed additives during weaning and transfer to groups prevents the negative consequences of stress.

Immunomodulators mixoferon, erocond, vivaton, vidor germivit, guvitan-S are harmless to animals, have a pronounced effect on stimulating specific immunity, increase the protective activity of vaccines, and feed additives - in addition - have a sedative effect on the central nervous system, weakening the negative effect stress factors on the body.

Drug Vidor– patent No. 2316329 dated 02/10/2008 “Method of preparing a drug for the prevention and treatment of diseases of viral etiology in cattle and a method of treating these diseases” (Travnik LLC under a license agreement with the Ural State Agricultural Academy, authors O.G. Petrova, Petrov A.E., Khamatov M.Kh.) – a preparation consisting of infusion and extract of medicinal herbs.

Vidor is characterized by high efficiency, breadth of immunopharmacological properties, and safety.

The fundamental difference from other immunotropic drugs is its high detoxifying activity; it is able to reduce the toxic properties of many compounds, including pharmacological drugs, that are dangerous to the animal’s body, and remove them from the body.

Studies have shown that Vidor is a true immunomodulator and normalizes both hypo- and hyperfunctions of the immune system.

The experience of clinical use of Vidor in more than 1000 heads of cattle indicates high clinical effectiveness and safety in the complex treatment of almost all immunodeficiency conditions of various origins that manifest themselves in cattle IRT.

Parenteral administration of Vidor in accordance with the schemes (see below) does not cause allergic reactions, does not have hepatonephrotoxic or toxic effects on the hematopoietic organs, and the drug is well tolerated by animals. According to general clinical and laboratory research methods, no side effects or complications were identified with the administration of the Vidora drug.

The use of Vidor in the complex therapy of animals with the genital form of bovine IRT is an effective way to reduce clinical manifestations in the acute phase, shorten the duration of relapses and noticeably reduce their frequency in the long-term period.

The use of the injection form of Vidor does not cause allergic reactions, side effects or complications. The drug does not have nephro- and hepatotoxic effects with this dosage regimen.

One of the nosological forms caused by the herpes virus in animals is respiratory, intestinal and genital herpes. Currently, these forms of infection are considered the most common diseases among other infections transmitted by airborne droplets and through artificial insemination. The peculiarity of bovine IRT is associated with asymptomatic virus carriage. There is evidence that 50 to 70% of newborn calves that develop neonatal herpes are born to mothers who are asymptomatic carriers.

Bovine RTI can cause reproductive dysfunction, abortions, and stillbirths.

Treatment of bovine IRT (genital form) has so far presented a certain difficulty, since:

2. herpes viruses persist for life in the axonoganglial structures of the central and peripheral nervous system.

The whole variety of methods for the treatment and prevention of bovine RTIs comes down to 3 main indicators: 1) immunoprophylaxis, 2) immunotherapy, 3) a combination of these methods.

The main target for the use of immunomodulatory drugs are secondary immunodeficiencies, manifested by frequent, recurrent, difficult-to-treat infectious and restorative processes of different localization. Such processes that require immunocorrection include recurrent herpesvirus infection, in particular its genital form.

Vidor, as an activator of the immune system, is used for the treatment and prevention of protective activity before vaccination in cases of bovine IRT, mastitis of herpes etiology, and enteritis caused by bovine IRT.

Perenteral administration of Vidor in combination with vaccine prophylaxis for bovine IRT is an effective way to reduce clinical relapses and a noticeable reduction in their frequency in a separate period.

Early administration of Vidor promotes faster re-epithelialization and a more pronounced prolongation of remission in cattle IRT.

In farms unaffected by bovine IRT, Vidor is administered subcutaneously to cows and calves at a dose of 0.025-0.03 cm 3 and 0.1-0.2 cm 3, respectively, per 1 kg of live weight before vaccination 24 hours before vaccination.

For the respiratory form of bovine IRT, sick calves are treated with Vidor at a dose of 0.1–0.2 cm 3 per 1 kg of live weight subcutaneously for 3–5 days once a day.

For the genital form of bovine IRT, cows are given Vidor subcutaneously at a dose of 0.025 ml per 1 kg of live weight and into the uterine cavity using a catheter syringe once a day, 20–25 cm 3 depending on the severity of the disease, for 3–5 days.

For mastitis, the drug is administered intramammary at a dose of 10.0 cm 3 twice a day with an interval of 48 hours for 3–7 days. In more severe cases of the disease, it is recommended to administer the drug not only to the affected quarter, but also to the remaining quarters of the udder, as well as subcutaneously, once a day, for 3–5 days, 10.0 cm 3.

To prevent the intestinal form of bovine IRT, newborn calves are given convalescent serum with Vidor orally - 20.0 cm 3 of Vidor is added to a bottle of serum of 200.0 cm 3 and administered at the dose indicated above. Vidor does not have a general or local adverse effect on the animal body. Store at temperatures between 4 and 15 °C.

Vitadaptin– a medicine based on raw materials of plant origin. As active ingredients, Vitadaptin contains carotenoids, ergosterol, vitamin E, linoleic, linolenic and arachidic acids of natural origin. It is used for the prevention and treatment of hypovitaminosis A, D, E, F, rickets, osteomalacia, toxic liver dystrophy, dermatitis, poorly healing wounds and ulcers, inflammatory processes, metabolic disorders, in order to improve immune status, stimulate reproductive function, animal growth and increasing the effectiveness of means of specific prevention of infectious diseases (ZAO “Pink Lotus”, Yekaterinburg).

For prophylactic purposes, Vitadaptin is administered intramuscularly once every three weeks, with therapeutic purposes once every seven days in doses: for breeding bulls - 10.0-15.0; cows – 10.0-15.0; calves 2.0–5.0 cm 3 / head.

In order to increase the effectiveness of specific ARVI prevention agents, the drug is injected 24 hours before the vaccine is administered.

Store Vitadaptin in its original packaging (100 cm3 dark glass bottles), in a dry place, protected from light, at a temperature of +5-25 °C.

Guvitan-S– a medicinal product based on sodium salts of humic acids of natural origin with high sorption capacity (Ariadna LLC, Yekaterinburg). Guvitan-S is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes for diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic disorders and to increase the resistance and productivity of animals.

The drug is administered orally in the form of an aqueous solution. In order to prevent gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic disorders, as well as to increase nonspecific resistance and productivity of animals, it is given at the rate of 0.5 ml/kg of animal weight 1–2 times a day for 20–30 days, after which a break is taken 15 days, then the cycle is repeated. For therapeutic purposes, an aqueous solution of Guvitan-S is used at a dose of 0.75 ml/kg of animal weight 2-3 times a day for 7-8 days. If necessary, the course of treatment is repeated.

The shelf life of the working solution of Guvitan-S in a tightly closed container at a temperature of +5 °C is 3 months, and packages with a dry preparation are 1 year.

Germivit– a high-energy feed additive (330 Kcal) of natural origin, manufactured using a unique patented technology, designed to enrich diets with nutrients (protein, fat) in order to increase the safety and productivity of farm animals and poultry (ZAO “Pink Lotus”, Yekaterinburg). It contains a complex of amino acids (17), vitamins (B 1, B 2, B 3, B 5, B 6, B 12, E (710 mg/kg), β-carotene), macroelements (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium , potassium), trace elements (manganese, iron, zinc, copper) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (11).

Addition rates (g/head/day): calves up to 2 months – 50–80, young cattle aged 2–6 months. – 80-150, over 6 months. and dairy herd - 150, dry and fresh cows - 150 and 250, respectively, sires - 300–400.

Vitadaptin, Guvitan-S and Germivit can be used individually to improve the health of the broodstock and obtain strong, viable offspring, but the most justified is the combined use of two veterinary drugs and a feed additive (Table 28).

Table 28 – Scheme for the use of Vitadaptin, Guvitan-S and Germivit on animals of the dead wood group

Observations and studies have shown that an integrated approach to solving the problem of improving the health of livestock of Sovkhoz Beregovoy LLC, Kaslinsky district, Chelyabinsk region from acute respiratory infections in cattle (subject to the use of Vidor and Vitadaptin in the scheme) increased the effectiveness of immunization against IRT, VD-BS, PG-3 (the average increase in antibody titer compared to conventional vaccination averaged 2.5–2.7 log 2). In addition, thanks to the use of feed additives Germivit, Guvitan-S and the veterinary drug Vitadaptin during the preparation of cows for calving, the levels of Ca, P, sugar, protein in the blood serum came into compliance with physiological standards, the functional activity of the liver was restored, and the concentration of immunoglobulins in the blood classes G, M, A increased by 22.5 on average; 33.33 and 23.80%, respectively, the ratio between T- and B-lymphocytes improved (on average by 23.4%), the live weight of calves at birth increased by 10.33%, while the incidence of postpartum complications decreased by 8.08 times, the average duration of the service period for the herd was established at 90.36 days (initially - 131.85 days), the milk productivity of cows during the milking period increased by 21.18% and the incidence of calves decreased by 85.70%. (digestive organs + respiratory organs) of the milk period.

As a result, the implementation of the entire complex of organizational, economic, technological and special measures made it possible to obtain an economic effect in the amount (data for 9 months of 2009) of 2.27 rubles per ruble of costs.

Preventive measures for acute respiratory viral diseases should begin with the creation of colostral immunity in newborn calves. The level of colostral antibodies depends on the time the calf received the first dose of colostrum and the amount of antibodies in the colostrum. With the intensive introduction of dairy farming, disturbances in the homeostasis of the cow's body undoubtedly lead to a decrease in the body's ability to produce antibodies.

The first numerous outbreaks of acute respiratory diseases, which caused significant damage to agricultural organizations in the Chelyabinsk region, were registered during the wintering period of 2003–2004. On 20 farms in 9 districts, 3,804 heads of cattle fell ill between November and April, including 1,208 cows. The death rate during the outbreak period in these farms amounted to 12 heads, of which 4 were cows. 237 heads of cattle were forced to be killed, including 55 cows. Infectious rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza type 3 were laboratory confirmed. Respiratory diseases were most widespread in the Chebarkul district (8 farms) and the Krasnoarmeysky district (4 farms). In 2003–2004, the Trivak vaccine was used in the region for the prevention of viral respiratory diseases (a polyvalent dry vaccine against infectious rhinotracheitis, viral diarrhea-disease of the mucous membranes, parainfluenza type 3, State Scientific Institution of All-Russian Research Institute of Virus named after Y.R. Kovalenko, Moscow). Since 2005, a number of farms in the Chelyabinsk region have been using the Kombovac series vaccines (inactivated, polyvalent vaccines against acute respiratory diseases of cattle (NPO Narvak, Moscow).

Despite the measures taken, respiratory diseases remain the main cause of economic losses in livestock farming in the Chelyabinsk region.

As a result of virological and serological studies on acute respiratory diseases of cattle, we studied the protective effect of some immunomodulators (Gumin-Eco, Vidor).

We were tasked with studying the effect of Gumin-Eco on the intensity of immunity to viruses of infectious rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza type 3 and on biochemical blood parameters in calves 10–28 days of age.

To study the effect of Gumin-Eco on the intensity of immunity to these viruses and the biochemical parameters of calves in 2 farms of the Chelyabinsk region, FSUE PKZ “Dubrovsky” and LLC “Beregovoy”, 2 groups of calves of 10 heads each (experimental and control) were taken from which blood from the jugular vein for serological and biochemical studies.

The calves of the experimental group were fed Gumin-Eco according to the instructions for its use 10–14 days before preventive vaccinations.

Humin-Eco is a complex preparation (Biohumus LLC, Yekaterinburg), consisting of free humic acids of at least 4.0 g/100 g, calcium of at least 180 mg/100 g, phosphorus of at least 25 mg/100 g , lysine not less than 20 mg/100 g, methionine not less than 30 mg/100 g. The drug combines all the positive properties of an immunomodulator. It increases the reactivity of immunocompetent cells due to the presence of humic acids. The drug was given to calves with water or milk at the rate of 0.2 g per kg of live weight once a day for a month. The studies were carried out in the regional veterinary laboratory of Chelyabinsk. The results are presented in table. 29.

Table 29 - Biochemical blood parameters in calves

The table data shows that Gumin-Eco has a beneficial effect on the biochemical parameters of the blood serum of calves. In the experimental group, compared to the control group, during the entire period of the experiment there was a significant decrease in the content of total protein, which can be explained by the normalization of protein metabolism in the calf’s body. During the period of the experiment, there was an increase in albumin content in the blood of calves in the experimental group, with a constant level of gamma globulins and a decrease in the level of alanine aminotransferase, which indicates normalization of liver function. The amount of glucose in the blood of the experimental calves increased significantly by the end of the experiment.

Serological studies of blood serum before the introduction of Gumin-Eco revealed titers of antibodies to infectious rhinotracheitis viruses, parainfluenza type 3 – 3.1±0.19 lg 2, 2.18±0.3 lg 2, respectively. After the administration of this drug, seroconversion to viruses to the above listed pathogens was noted in titers of 3.38 ± 0.27 lg 2, 4.68 ± 1.14 lg 2, which is higher by 4.03 ± 0.51 lg 2 compared to the control group, respectively (the difference is significant at P? 0.05).

Humin-Eco normalizes homeostasis, which has a beneficial effect on the development of immunity, forming a uniform and intense antiviral immunity during acute respiratory viral infections of cattle.